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Generalidades y Mecanismos 2020 PDF
Generalidades y Mecanismos 2020 PDF
Leonardo Castellanos H
Orgánica I
Alcanos Tarea RMN H y C
IR
Alquenos Capítulos 12 y 13
Mc Murry
Alquinos
Aromáticos
Esteroquímica (enantiómeros, diasteroisómeros)
Mecanismo de reacción
Nucleófilos
Electrófilos
Gold BOOK IUPAC
Mechanism of a reaction
A detailed description of the process leading from the reactants to the
products of a reaction, including a characterization as complete as possible of
the composition, structure, energy and other properties of reaction
intermediates, products and transition states. An acceptable mechanism of a
specified reaction (and there may be a number of such alternative
mechanisms not excluded by the evidence) must be consistent with the
reaction stoichiometry, the rate law and with all other available experimental
data, such as the stereochemical course of the reaction. Inferences
concerning the electronic motions which dynamically interconvert successive
species along the reaction path (as represented by curved arrows, for
example) are often included in the description of a mechanism. It should be
noted that for many reactions all this information is not available and the
suggested mechanism is based on incomplete experimental data. It is not
appropriate to use the term mechanism to describe a statement of the
probable sequence in a set of stepwise reactions. That should be referred to
as a reaction sequence, and not a mechanism.
Nucleófilos y sustitución nucleofílica
Electrophilic reagents are Lewis acids. 'Electrophilic catalysis' is catalysis by Lewis acids.
The term 'electrophilic' is also used to designate the apparent polar character of certain
radicals as inferred from their higher relative reactivities with reaction sites of higher
electron density.
Electrofilos y nucleófilos comunes
2. USO DE LAS “FLECHAS”
Cómo se ilustran los
mecanismos de reacción
Ruptura heterolítica
Ruptura homolítica
Otros símbolos
The The The
Reaction Equilibrium Resonance
Arrow Arrow Arrow Tautomería?
¿Cómo se ilustra la
formación de un
carbocation, un carbanión
y un radical a partir de
bromuro de tercbutilo?
¿Cuáles son
nucleófilos? ¿Cuáles
son electrófilos?
3. Estabilidad de intermediarios
Hibridación
Hibridación heteroátomos
Estabilidad de carbocationes
http://www.uam.es/departamentos/ciencias/qorg/docencia_red/qo/l00/pral.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWuPCnqYFe4
Mecanismo SEA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzVyaD-rkto
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9pG_6Mr03M
REACCION ES DE SUSTITUCION
ELECTROFILICA AROMÁTICA
•Nitración
•Sulfonación
•Alquilación
•Acilación
Ejercicios
1. Ordene por reactividad hacia la SEA los siguientes compuestos
aromáticos.
Benceno, tolueno, anilina, fenol, fenóxido, nitrobenceno, clorobenceno, anilina en
medio fuertemente ácido
substitution reaction
A reaction, elementary or stepwise, in which one atom
or group in a molecular entity is replaced by another
atom or group.
http://www.uam.es/departamentos/ciencias/qorg/docencia_red/qo/l00/pr
Sustitución nucleofílica:
Nucelófilos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ES5aCixkJkY
A) Segundo orden :
Mecanismos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ivyCqmM2o0
Consideraciones: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7jx48reZDY
B) primer orden
Mecanismos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW4cZ--u_Kg
Consideraciones https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_IVWPc_bjM
Generalidades
Hay dos tipos de reacciones de sustitución nucleofílica:
SN 2
SN1
¿Estereoquímica?
Nucleófilos
La sustitución nucleofílica
depende del nucleófilo en el
sustrato, y del nucleófilo que
ataca.
Productos
Más sustituido.
Más estable
Eliminaciones
SN2
SN1
Repasos
Adición electrofílica
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpkV3TgRtJU
Markovnikov
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWvEID_m58c
Carbocationes y transposiciones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yS01jklmdhI
4.6. Reacciones de oxido-reducción
Oxidation:
✓ The complete, net removal of one or more electrons from a molecular entity (also
called 'de-electronation').
✓ An increase in the oxidation number of any atom within any substrate.
Reduction
The complete transfer of one or more electrons to a molecular entity (also called
'electronation'), and, more generally, the reverse of the processes described under
oxidation (2) and (3).
Asignando números de oxidación
Depende de la
electronegatividad
4.7. Reacciones por radicales libres
A molecular entity such as .CH3 , .SnH3 , Cl. possessing an unpaired electron. (In
these formulae the dot, symbolizing the unpaired electron, should be placed so
as to indicate the atom of highest spin density, if this is
possible.) Paramagnetic metal ions are not normally regarded as radicals. However, in
the 'isolobal analogy' the similarity between certain paramagnetic metal ions and radicals
becomes apparent. At least in the context of physical organic chemistry, it seems
desirable to cease using the adjective 'free' in the general name of this type of chemical
species and molecular entity, so that the term 'free radical' may in future be restricted to
those radicals which do not form parts of radical pairs. Depending upon the core atom
that possesses the unpaired electron, the radicals can be described as carbon-, oxygen-,
nitrogen-, metal-centred radicals. If the unpaired electron occupies an orbital having
considerable s or more or less pure p character, the respective radicals are termed σ- or
π-radicals. In the past, the term 'radical' was used to designate a substituent
group bound to a molecular entity, as opposed to 'free radical', which nowadays
is simply called radical. The bound entities may be called groups or substituents,
but should no longer be called radicals.
Mecanismo
resúmen
Tipos de reacción por grupo funcional
La forma racional de entender la química orgánica