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Governing Equations

Conservation of Mass and

Momentum Theorem
AE3120 Aircraft Aerodynamics and Flight
Performance
Dr. ir. Djoko Sardjadi
Ema Amalia, ST., MT.

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

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Conservation of Mass

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• At time l/V, this entire slug will have

passed through the reference plane.
The volume of the slug is Al, so that a
mass of pAl was transported across the
reference plane during the time l/V.
• Hence the mass rate of flow is:

• For incompressible flow, 𝜌 is constant.

[1]

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• AV is a flux, and 𝜌𝐴𝑉 is mass flux.

• Mass flux could be expressed as:
• Momentum flux is:
𝑛ത is the normal vector with the direction for the flux to be positive

• For a control volume with many control surfaces, the

following integral should be evaluated over the entire
surfaces.

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• Consider the conservation of mass is applied to

differential control surface.
The mass flux out the right face:
The flow passing through this element has
velocity components of u
and v in the center of the element in the x
and y directions, respectively

The net mass flux:

[1]

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• The net mass flux out of the differential

elenlent must equal the rate at which the
mass of the fluid contained within the
elements is decreasing

then,

[1] 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕
+ ∆𝑥∆𝑦 = − 𝜌∆𝑥∆𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

Or,

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• For three-dimension:

• Where

• For incompressible flow,  is constant, therefore:

This is the divergence of

the velocity vector

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Momentum Theorem

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• The momentum theorem in fluid mechanics is the

counterpart of Newton's second law of motion in solid
mechanics, which states that a force imposed on a
system produces a rate of change in the momentum of
the system
The sum of external forces (or moments) acting on a control surface and internal forces
(or moments) acting on the fluid within the control surface produce a change in the flux
momentum (or angular momentum) through the surface and an instantaneous rate of
change of momentum (or angular momentum) of the fluid particles within the control
surface.

For linear motion

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• For angular momentum

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Example

−𝑖𝐹 = −36 × 105 𝑖 7.85 × 10−3 = −28.3 × 103 i N

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References
[1] Barnes W. McCormick, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight
Mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

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Thank You

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