Geometry Chapter 9

Lesson 9
Laurent series
1
Thursday, 5 September 13
fˆk z k
k=0
Ĝ
2
fˆk z k
k=0
1
fˆk z k
k=
Ĝ 2
fˆk z k
k=0
1
fˆk z k
k=
fˆk z k
k=0
Ĝ 2
Analyticity at infinity
3
f (z)
1
f
z
Ĝ 1, z1 1
z2
z+1
z 1 21/z
f D
D
4
f (z)
1
f
z
Ĝ 1, z1 1
z2
z+1
z 1 21/z
f D
D
5
f f (1/z)
f (1/z) = ck z k
k=0
0
k
f (z) = c kz
k=
c k = fˆk
6
f f (1/z)
f (1/z) = ck z k
k=0
0
k
f (z) = c kz
k=
c k = fˆk
7
h?2Q`2K C
S`QQ7
f (z) fˆk = 0 k>0
f (z) fˆk = 0 k<0
f (z) = fˆ0
8
G2KK f D 1/D
2
D f (z) = O z
f (z) /z = 0
S`QQ7
f (1/ )
f (z) /z = 2
/
1/
2
f (1/ ) = O
f (1/ )
2
= fˆ k
k 2
k=0
f (1/ )
2
/ =0
9
G2KK f D 1/D
2
D f (z) = O z
f (z) /z = 0
S`QQ7
f (1/ )
f (z) /z = 2
/
1/
f (1/ ) = O 2
1
=
f (1/ )
z
2
= fˆ k
k 2
k=0
f (1/ )
2
/ =0
10
G2KK f D 1/D
2
D f (z) = O z
f (z) /z = 0
S`QQ7
f (1/ )
f (z) /z = 2
/
1/
f (1/ ) = O 2
1
=
f (1/ )
z
2
= fˆ k
k 2
k=0
f (1/ )
2
/ =0
11
G2KK f D 1/D
2
D f (z) = O z
f (z) /z = 0
S`QQ7
f (1/ )
f (z) /z = 2
/
1/
f (1/ ) = O 2
1
=
f (1/ )
z
2
= fˆ k
k 2
k=0
f (1/ )
2
/ =0
12
*Q`QHH`v
tk
/t = 0
U t z
k 0 z k<0 z 13
*Q`QHH`v
tk
/t = 0
U t z
k 0 z k<0 z
S`QQ7
k 0 z
tk
t z
13
*Q`QHH`v
tk
/t = 0
U t z
k 0 z k<0 z
S`QQ7
k 0 z
tk
t z
k<0 z
tk
t z
O tk 1
=O t 2
13
G2KK f D 1/D
2
D f (z) = O z
1 f (t)
f (z) = /t
2 B t z
14
z
15
z
15
z z
15
After switching orientations:
1 f (t)
dt = f (z)
2 i Br (z) t z
z z
15
After switching orientations:
1 f (t)
dt = f (z)
2 i Br (z) t z
z z
z
Zero due to
analyticity
15
Laurent series
16
f
Ĝ 21/z+z z+2
z
f (2B ) = fˆk 2Bk

k=
f (z) = fˆk z k
k=
+
f
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
z
17
f
Ĝ 21/z+z z+2
z
f (2B ) = fˆk 2Bk

k=
f (z) = fˆk z k
k=
+
f
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
z
18
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
+
(z) (z)
19
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
1
+
(z) = ˆ
fk z k
(z) = ˆ
fk z k
k=0 k=
20
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
We now show
+ 1 f (t) 1 f (t)
(z) = dt (z) = dt
2 i t z 2 i t z
21
h?2Q`2K f
1 f (t)
+
(z) = /t
2 B t z
1 f (t)
(z) = /t
2 B t z
S`QQ7
|z| < 0
1 f (t) 1 tk
/t = fˆk /t
2 B t z 2 B t z
k=
1 tk 1 +
(z)
= fˆk /t = /t
2 B t z 2 B t z
k=0
+
= (z)
(z) 22
h?2Q`2K f
1 f (t)
+
(z) = /t
2 B t z
1 f (t)
(z) = /t
2 B t z
S`QQ7
|z| < 0
1 f (t) 1 tk
/t = fˆk /t
2 B t z 2 B t z
k=
1 tk 1 +
(z)
= fˆk /t = /t
2 B t z 2 B t z
k=0
+
= (z)
(z) 23
h?2Q`2K f
1 f (t)
+
(z) = /t
2 B t z
1 f (t)
(z) = /t
2 B t z
S`QQ7
|z| < 0
1 f (t) 1 tk
/t = fˆk /t
2 B t z 2 B t z
k=
1 tk 1 +
(z)
= fˆk /t = /t
2 B t z 2 B t z
k=0
+
= (z)
(z) 24
Analyticity in an ellipse
25
• Suppose f is analytic in an annulus A
0 1
r R
26
• Suppose f is analytic in an annulus A
• We will show for all z in A
+
0 1 f (z) = (z) + (z)
r R
= ˆ
fk z k
k=
26
1 f (t)
f (z) = dt
2 i Br (z) t z
27
1 f (t)
f (z) = dt
2 i Br (z) t z
27
1 f (t) 1 f (t) 1 f (t)
f (z) =
2 i t z
dt = dt dt
Br (z) 2 i RU t z 2 i rU t z
z
z
27
h?2Q`2K
fˆk = O R k
k>0
fˆk = O r k
k<0
S`QQ7 M f
1 1
fˆk = f (z)z k 1
/z = f (z)z k 1
/z MR k
2 B U 2 RU
1
fˆk = f (z)z k 1
/z Mr k
2 rU
28
h?2Q`2K
fˆk = O R k
k>0
fˆk = O r k
k<0
S`QQ7 M f
1 1
fˆk = f (z)z k 1
/z = f (z)z k 1
/z MR k
2 B U 2 RU
1
fˆk = f (z)z k 1
/z Mr k
2 rU
29
h?2Q`2K
fˆk = O R k
k>0
fˆk = O r k
k<0
S`QQ7 M f
1 1
fˆk = f (z)z k 1
/z = f (z)z k 1
/z MR k
2 B U 2 RU
1
fˆk = f (z)z k 1
/z Mr k
2 rU
30
ez+1/z
Computed Laurent coefficients for f (z) =
(z + 1/2)(z 3)
1
0.001
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
-40 -20 0 20 40
31
Analytic continuation
32
f is analytic in A g is analytic in B
33
f = g in the intersection of
A and B
33
Then g is the
unique analytic
continuation of f
f = g in the intersection of
A and B
33
f and g are analytic in A
34
f = g on continuous curve
34
Then f = g on A
f = g on continuous curve
34
+
1 f (t)
+
(z) = /t
2 B RU t z
+
(z)
1 f (t)
(z) = /t
2 B rU t z
z A
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
+
R z A
+
(z) = fˆk z k
k=0
1
(z) = fˆk z k
k=
35
+
1 f (t)
+
(z) = /t
2 B RU t z
+
(z)
1 f (t)
(z) = /t
2 B rU t z
z A
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
+
R z A
+
(z) = fˆk z k
k=0
1
(z) = fˆk z k
k=
36
+
1 f (t)
+
(z) = /t
2 B RU t z
+
(z)
1 f (t)
(z) = /t
2 B rU t z
z A
+
(z) + (z) = f (z)
+
R z A
+
(z) = fˆk z k
k=0
1
(z) = fˆk z k
k=
37
Warning:
theoretical equality doesn’t imply numerical
equality
38
Error in approximating f (z) = ez+1/z by approximate Fourier series
n = 10
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z U
39
n = 20
6. ¥10-7
5. ¥10-7
4. ¥10-7
3. ¥10-7
2. ¥10-7
1. ¥10-7
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z U
39
n = 60
3.5 ¥10-15
3. ¥10-15
2.5 ¥10-15
2. ¥10-15
1.5 ¥10-15
1. ¥10-15
5. ¥10-16
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z U
39
n = 80
4. ¥10-15
3. ¥10-15
2. ¥10-15
1. ¥10-15
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z U
39
n = 10
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z 2U
40
n = 20
0.00035
0.00030
0.00025
0.00020
0.00015
0.00010
0.00005
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z 2U
40
n = 60
6. ¥10-8
5. ¥10-8
4. ¥10-8
3. ¥10-8
2. ¥10-8
1. ¥10-8
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z 2U
40
n = 80
0.00003
0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
5. ¥10-6
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z 2U
40
n = 100
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
z 2U
40
n = 10
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
U
z
2 41
n = 20
0.00035
0.00030
0.00025
0.00020
0.00015
0.00010
0.00005
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
U
z
2 41
n = 40
1.2 ¥10-10
1. ¥10-10
8. ¥10-11
6. ¥10-11
4. ¥10-11
2. ¥10-11
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
U
z
2 41
n = 60
1.2 ¥10-7
1. ¥10-7
8. ¥10-8
6. ¥10-8
4. ¥10-8
2. ¥10-8
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
U
z
2 41
n = 80
0.00025
0.00020
0.00015
0.00010
0.00005
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
U
z
2 41
n = 100
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
U
z
2 41
Unit interval
42
T
z = 2B
U
I = [ 1, 1]
T
z = 2B
U
I = [ 1, 1]
Periodic interval
T = [ ⇡, ⇡)
T
z = 2B
U
I = [ 1, 1]
Periodic interval Unit circle

T = [ ⇡, ⇡) U=e iT
ei✓
T
z = 2B
U
I = [ 1, 1]
Periodic interval Unit circle Unit interval

T = [ ⇡, ⇡) U=e iT I = [ 1, 1]
✓ ◆
1 1
ei✓ 2
z+
z
Joukowsky Map
44
1 1
J(z) = z+
2 z
z = x + iy
45
1 1
J(z) = z+
2 z
z = x + iy
1
z =x iy
45
1 1
J(z) = z+
2 z
z = x + iy
1
z =x iy
45
1 1
J(z) = z+
2 z
z = x + iy
z = x + iy
J(z) = x
1
z =x iy
45
1 1
J(z) = z+
2 z
z = x + iy
z = x + iy
J(z) = x J(z) = x
1
z =x iy
z = x + iy
45
f (x) x I
1 1
g(z) = f (J(z)) = f z+ = ĝk z k
2 z
k=
U
J(z) g
f
f * [ 1, 1] g * [U]
46
f (x) g(z) = f (J(z))
47
f (x) g(z) = f (J(z))
1 1
x = J(z) = z+
2 z
z2 2zx + 1 = 0
47
f (x) g(z) = f (J(z))
1 1
x = J(z) = z+
2 z
z2 2zx + 1 = 0
2x ± 4x2 4
z= =x± x2 1=x±B 1 x2
2 47
f (x) g(z) = f (J(z))
1 1
x = J(z) = z+
2 z
z2 2zx + 1 = 0
2x ± 4x2 4
z= =x± x2 1=x±B 1 x2
2
1
z z
J 1
(x) = x + B 1 x2 J 1
(x) = x B 1 x2
47
g(z) = f (J(z)) = f (J(1/z)) = g(1/z)
g f
48
g(z) = f (J(z)) = f (J(1/z)) = g(1/z)
g f
1 1
g(J (x)) = f (J(J (x)) = f (x)
1
g(J (x)) = f (x)
48
g(z) = f (J(z)) = f (J(1/z)) = g(1/z)
g f
1 1
g(J (x)) = f (J(J (x)) = f (x)
1
g(J (x)) = f (x)
f g
f gm
g
1
fn (x) = gm (J (x))
48
1
f gm (J (x))
m=5
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
49
1
f gm (J (x))
m = 10
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
49
1
f gm (J (x))
m = 15
4. ¥10-7
3. ¥10-7
2. ¥10-7
1. ¥10-7
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
49
1
f gm (J (x))
m = 20
5. ¥10-10
4. ¥10-10
3. ¥10-10
2. ¥10-10
1. ¥10-10
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
49
1
f gm (J (x))
m = 30
8. ¥10-16
6. ¥10-16
4. ¥10-16
2. ¥10-16
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
49

Geometry Chapter 9

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Geometry Chapter 9

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Lesson 9

f (z) fˆk = 0 k>0

f (z) fˆk = 0 k<0

f (2B ) = fˆk 2Bk

f (2B ) = fˆk 2Bk

• We will show for all z in A

Periodic interval Unit circle

Periodic interval Unit circle Unit interval

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

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