See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/327527161

Assessment of Material Loss in a Human Teeth Support by Applying EMI

Technique

Article  in  International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering · September 2018

CITATION READS

1 46

5 authors, including:

Hector Andres Tinoco Carlos Ivan Cardona García

Universidad Autónoma de Manizales Universidad Autónoma de Manizales
42 PUBLICATIONS   152 CITATIONS    4 PUBLICATIONS   15 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Fabio Marcelo Peña Juan Pablo Gomez

Universidad Autónoma de Manizales Universidad Autónoma de Manizales
14 PUBLICATIONS   47 CITATIONS    13 PUBLICATIONS   22 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Optimización de operaciones manuales View project

Design of Piezoelectric Sensors View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Hector Andres Tinoco on 08 September 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04 113

Assessment of Material Loss in a Human Teeth

Support by Applying EMI Technique
Hector A. Tinoco*a,b, Carlos I. Cardonaa, Fabio M. Peñaa , Juan P. Gomezc, and Samuel I. Roldan-Restrepod
a
Experimental and Computational Mechanics Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales. Antigua Estación del
Ferrocarril, Edificio Sacatín C.P. 170001. Manizales, Colombia
b
Institute of Physics of Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zizkova 22, 616 62, Brno, Czech Republic
c
Department of Health, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Antigua estación del Ferrocarril, Edificio Sacatín C.P. 170001.
Manizales, Colombia
dCentro de Innovación Roldan, Medellin, Colombia
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: Tel + 420 532 290 338. E-mail: htinoco@autonoma.edu.co

Abstract-- Part of bone structure provides structural
stability to the teeth helping to accomplish its functionality.
Bone structure responds modifying its micro and macro
architectural configuration, enhancing its ability to support
continually the changing force distributions. However, the
monitoring of these changes can be an expensive and invasive
challenge. In this paper, an experimental method is described
to identify material losses in a tooth support produced by
successive drillings. This experimental scheme seeks to mimic
the bone-tooth system. A sensor system was developed to
measure variations in the supporting structure via the tooth.
The device is composed of a bonded stainless-steel bracket
with a segment of orthodontic wire which is attached to two
piezoelectric transducers. Additionally, a concentrated mass
is fastened to an end of the wire. High frequency voltage
(between 5-10 KHz) was applied through the piezo-
transducers to excite the device, which moves the tooth by
means of the wire vibrations. High frequency vibrations
allow the appraisal of the mechanical response from the
material that supports the tooth. Measurements are
quantified applying the electromechanical impedance
technique (EMI). Results show that when a quantity of
material is removed, resonance peaks of the electrical
impedance are shifted. With the proposed methodology it is
possible to assess and to quantify the material loss (material)
by means of a sensitive analysis done in the frequency.
Index Term-- tooth vibrations, teeth, piezoelectric
transducer, electromechanical impedance,
structural health monitoring
I. I TRODUCTION
Bone, the material that composes the skeletal system, is one of
the most versatile and dynamic tissues in the human body. Its
basic functions include providing and maintaining the rigid
structure that sustains the body as well as to serve as a reservoir
of calcium, a vital resource for human metabolism. This is
possible thanks to its surprising capability of perceiving
variations in its electro-chemical and mechanical environment
which reacts for modifying its form and mineral content. When
and where it is required, a continuous process of modeling and
re-modeling is given by removing and replacing bone. This
183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS
adaptive capacity fundamentally depends on a complex
phenomenon called "mechano-transduction", in which bone
cells, especially osteocytes (as well as osteoblasts and
fibroblasts), perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli that
produce signals that regulate the osteoblast and osteoclast
functions. Different types of mechanical manifestations have
been proposed as inductors of mechano-transduction [1],
extracellular hydrostatic pressure [2], extra-cellular fluid shear
stress [3-7], cyclic tensile strain [8], piezo-electric effect [9],
the role of cytoskeleton [10] and specifically associated with
alveolar bone and its adaptation to forces acting on teeth, shear
sub-periosteal compression strain [11, 12].
Mechanical response and adaptation to external loads is not the
only cause of modifications in form and composition of bone
tissue. Pathologic processes also produce structural
deformation and variation of individual or multiple bones and
changes in bone density (increase or decrease), locally or
systemically. The enormous variability in microstructure and
level of mineralization of bone tissue imply the formidable
challenge of devising a method for continuous monitoring of
these variables, in live subjects, in a reliable and safe manner.
Current technologies used for bone mineral density (BMD)
measurements include; Dual and Single energy X-ray
absorptiometry (DEXA/SEXA), Dual-energy Photon
Absorptiometry (DPA), Computerized Radiogrammetry
(CRG), Radiographic Photodensitometry (RP), Quantitative
Computed Tomography (QCT). Additionally, alternatives
using conventional digital radiographs [13] and micro-CT [14,
15] have shown promising results assessing BMD values. High
cost, low sensitivity and noxious effects of ionizing radiation
associated with current technologies justify the effort of
developing alternatives for monitoring the composition and
structure of bone tissue. The World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends DEXA for diagnosis of osteoporosis,
albeit unsettling observations presented by Holmberg et al.
[12]; “Osteoporosis is generally under-diagnosed and there is a
relatively high use of DXA in low -risk women and the
relatively low coverage in women with multiple risk factors”,
once again, advocating for a safer and more cost-effective
diagnostic technique.
Investigations using DEXA have suggested a correlation
IJENS
 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04
between BMD values obtained from maxillary bones with those
acquired from sites recommended by the WHO for osteoporosis
screening (lumbar vertebras and femur). Although significant
correlation was found between specific maxillary alveolar
values and the neck of the femur, substantial variation was
found in the different sites measured in the maxilla as shown by
Li et al. [16]. Bone density values obtained using QCT in child
mandible showed considerable variability with sex, age and
localization of measurement. Computerized radio-grammetry
(CRG) using mandibular dental films pasted with an aluminum
step wedge were used to predict bisphosphonate related
osteonecrosis of jaw by measuring localized changes in BMD
adjacent to the lesions [17]. Existing evidence clearly suggests
that there is a high degree of inter and intra individual
variability of BMD values obtained from different
measurement techniques. This variability poses a complex
challenge when the assessment of small, localized changes in
bone density is required, since values obtained from distant
sites are not necessarily inferable. In cases where localized
changes in bone density are to be studied, localized, repeated
BMD measurements must be accomplished, creating the need
for a reliable, non-invasive and cost-effective method.
The teeth coupling with the bone, it opens a possibility to assess
it using the teeth as interfaces. Ribolla and Rizzo [18] explored
the use of a technique based on piezoelectric transducers called
Electromechanical Impedance (EMI) technique for assessing
the dental stability of an implant. The feasibility was
demonstrated in vitro, bovine bone-implant-piezoceramic
transducer scheme of experimentation. Numerical comparisons
by means of a 3D finite element model that included a piezo-
transducer bonded to the abutment of a dental implant placed in
a host bone site were done by Ribolla et al. [19]. Their results
show a potential application in the evaluation of implant
stability in bone. Tabrizi et al. [20] validated the use of EMI-
based instruments for accurate assessment of implant-bone
interface integrity. It is important to mention that EMI
technique is widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM)
field, in which structures can be supervised by a monitoring
system based on piezoelectric-transducers [21]. This is possible
due to the fact that piezoelectric transducers can be used as
actuators and sensors at the same time [22]. In particular, the
electromechanical impedance (EMI)-based SHM technique
offers several advantages in which we can mention the
capability to distinguish incipient damage, easy instrumentation
and potentially low-cost applications [23, 24].
The fact that the root portion of a tooth is embedded in
maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone permits an indirect
coupling between and mandibular alveolar bone and teeth.
Recent studies took advantage of the privileged location of the
radicular portion of the tooth [18, 25, 26], which is firmly
embedded in its supporting structure (alveolar bone),
potentially acting as a natural "probe" for specialized analysis
of alveolar bone. Mimicking this set-up with natural teeth
inserted in different materials, Tinoco et al. [25] validated the
use of a tooth-supported sensor called bracket-beam–
piezoelectric sensor (BBPS) as a promising method for
structural differentiation of tooth supporting substances,
183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS
114
quantifying and discriminating electromechanical impedance
(EMI) measurements obtained from four different materials.
The objective of the present study is to propose an experimental
technique that permits to assess material losses produced by
changes in a supporting structure that contains human teeth.
The main motivation is to explore the viability of a less
invasive, cost and time effective technology to identify bone
mineral density (BMD) variations as a future application given
all challenges mentioned before.
II. M ATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Electromechanical impedance Technique (EMI)
Piezoelectric materials present electrical properties which can
operate as electric elements, however, mechanical properties
are related to its electrical properties by electromechanical
coupling [27-30]. If a piezo-transducer (PT) is deformed by an
external force source in the frequency, electrical charges are
moved through the poling direction producing an electric field,
it is called the indirect effect. On the contrary case, when an
electrical field is applied in the frequency domain, it changes its
shape mechanically [22]. Therefore, when a piezo-transducer
(PT) is bonded to a host structure, the mechanical properties are
coupled by the electromechanical phenomenon which reflects
the mechanical properties of the host structure in the electrical
properties of the PT. This characteristic is not common in all
materials.
According to Sirohi and Chopra [27], a PT can be analyzed as
an open electrical circuit or short circuit, respectively. If a PT
is connected to an electrical circuit, this is considered as a
resistive-capacitive element. It means that there is no
inductance. This can be probed with the phase of the electrical
impedance since for a resistive-capacitive element is between
(0-90) degrees. It means that the electrical impedance of a PT
is composed by a real part (resistance R ) and an imaginary part
(reactance X ) and it may be described in general terms as
V ( )
Z PE ( )   R  X ( ) j, (1)
i( )
where  is the frequency, X ( ) is a capacitive reactance;
being V ( ) and i ( ) the input voltage and output current. In
practical terms, the constants inside X ( ) can be
experimentally determined using a parameter identification
from the electrical impedance if those parameters are unknown.
Fig. 1 shows a simple model that represents a mechanical
system corresponding to a host structure (B) coupled to a PT
(A). Each mechanical system can be represented by its
mechanical impedances Z pM ( ) and Z sM ( ) (A and B) which
are correlated by dynamic laws. It means that any change in the
mechanical impedance, i.e. stiffness variations  k , it modifies
the mechanical impedance which in turn is associated with the
electrical impedance. Liang et al. [28] determined that
electromechanical admittance (inverse of electrical impedance
IJENS
 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04
Z PE ( ) ) is coupled with the mechanical impedances of the PT
and the host structure, a scheme is represented in Fig.1. Liang
et al. [28] obtained a one-dimensional model for the coupling
effect between a PT and a structure as follows:
Fig. 1. a) Electromechanical scheme piezo-transducer-structure. b) Coupled
electromechanical system of one degree of freedom [28, 29, 30].
2 jwp   Z pM ( )  2 E  tan(kl p )  
YPE ( )  e33  d312 y E   M   ,
 Z ( )  Z ( )  31  kl
M
d y
hp   p s   p  
(2)
where, h p is the thickness, l p is the length, w p is the width
of the piezoelectric sheet, d31 is the piezoelectric strain
coefficient corresponding to x(1)  z (3) coordinates,
y E  y E (1   ) is the complex Young's modulus of the
piezoelectric sheet, at constant electric field and
e   e (1   ) is the complex electric permittivity of the
piezoelectric material at constant stress.  and  denote both
mechanical loss and dielectric loss factors. Z pM ( ) and Z sM ( )
are the mechanical impedances of the piezo-sheet and structure.
Equation (2) shows that the mechanical impedances of both
structures are coupled to the electrical admittance. The basic
principle of this technique is defined by the electromechanical
properties of the piezo-transducers, since these can be act as
actuators and sensors, simultaneously.
It is important to clarify that mechanical impedance reflects the
properties of a linear vibration system. Therefore, these do not
depend on external forces neither displacements. The
dependency may occur only if the dynamic system has a
nonlinear behavior, such as friction or material dependency on
frequency. A detailed description of the mechanical impedance
can be reviewed in [32] and its definition is based on the
relation between force F ( ) and velocity v( ) as
F ( )
Z M ( )  , (3)
v( )
183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS
115
The importance of the EMI principles is given by the
applications of the electromechanical phenomenon that
have been shown by many researchers as nondestructive
evaluation technique [31]. In our study,
this consideration is based on the search of biomedical
applications as for example bone monitoring, since with
EMI technique is possible to identify structural variations
[21].
B. Supporting structure (substrate) of teeth and procedure of
material loss in the substrate
Fig. 2. a) Supporting substance, dimensions in mm, except diameters. b)
Dimensions of drillings. c) Superior drilling (eight). d) Transversal
drilling (four).
This section shows the characterization of the specimens and
the experimental tests defined to assess material losses.
Material loss refers to the elimination of material in the support
structure used as fixation for the teeth. A human canine and
molar are chosen as the main interfaces among the supporting
structure and a piezo-device which will be described
subsequently. Teeth specimens were extracted from normal
healthy human beings. Teeth were partially embedded in a
substance with which 60 ml of silicone I and II (SIKASIL) were
prepared and constrained by the dimensions shown in Fig. 3a.
The preparation of the specimens was performed using a mold
fabricated. To reduce factors in the experiments, location and
position of the teeth were standardized using a rubber template
positioned at the mold center. Silicone (PVS) was used as
supporting structure since the objective is to determine a
material variation from a canine and a molar tooth.
Additionally, a stainless-steel bracket was bonded at the center
of the surface of teeth crown. The slot of the bracket is used to
IJENS
 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04
retain the device defined as piezo-sensor, as illustrated in Fig.
4.
The experiments will be divided in two classes; supporting
structure with transverse drillings (Fig. 3d) and vertical
drillings (Fig. 3c). For the first case, four drillings (1/16 in
diameter) were done systematically and located as shown in
Fig. 3d. The second case is the support with eight vertical
drillings, as described in Fig. 3c. The main idea of this
procedure is to mimic the functionality of the bone structure
from a mechanics point of view.
C. Fundamental principles for the experimental setup
This section presents the experimental methodology to evaluate
the supporting structure by means of EMI technique. A
schematic drawing of the fundamental working principle of the
electromechanical device designed for the experiments is
shown in Fig. 4a. An orthodontic wire is clamped to a tooth by
means of a bracket; in the wire, there is a system that transmits
motions by mechanical vibrations with the aim to move the
tooth inside the material (supporting structure). This is a
Fig. 3. a) Working principle of the sensor device. b) Dimensions and drawing of the piezo-device [34].
The piezo-device is composed by the following elements; a beam
made of a 0.017 x 0.025 in stainless steel wire used in orthodontic
treatments is bonded to a bracket of the same material.
Piezoelectric patches are bonded to the wire with epoxy adhesive
forming a composite joint between them. Finally, a mass is
added in an end to complete an inertial system, as shown in Fig.
4b. Piezo-transducers used in the sensor device were acquired as
SEN10293ROHS [33] (SparkFun Electronics, Niwot, CO) and
these were cut to adequate shape and size, as shown in Fig. 5.
To determine material loss on the support, an experimental setup
is proposed with four principal components [34]; 1. Sensor
(Piezo-device); 2. Canine and molar teeth; 3. Supporting
substance (silicone material); and 4. measurement instrument
183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS
116
consideration proved experimentally by Tinoco et al. [25].
Depending on the structural changes of the substrate, the
electromechanical device captures these changes by the
vibrations emitted and received. It is due to that in theory, the
dynamic system (whole system) is modified. According to the
mechanical principles, a dynamic system depends on three
parameters (mass, stiffness and damping), any variation in
those parameters, it changes its behavior [32]. High frequency
vibrations are transmitted from the piezo-device to detect the
structural changes by wave propagation in the system. It is
important to denote that vibrations can be damped by the
damping properties, however, a frequency range should can be
checked by previous experiments to get some resonance points
of the system. The core of the EMI technique is based on
vibrations which can be emitted and received at the same time.
Mechanical vibrations are converted in an electrical signal by
the piezo-device which has the capacity to work electro-
mechanically [21, 24, 26, 29]. It means that in the same degree
of freedom it is possible to deform the structure and to measure
its response.
(Impedance analyzer AD5933) as illustrated in the scheme of
Fig. 5. The experimental tests were performed in the following
steps; piezo-device is bonded to a bracket coupled to the tooth
(canine and molar) crown specimen which is embedded in the
support A. Mechanical vibrations are generated in the mechanical
system (beam-mass) when a harmonic voltage is applied on the
piezo-transducers. With the impedance analyzer AD5933 [35],
the piezo-patches are activated and the current that pass through
it is read. To carry out the experimental measurements, each
specimen was constrained with a press to establish stability
conditions in the experimental setup. The working hypothesis is
that the beam moves the tooth due to its bending and vibrations
are produced and transmitted by the whole system.
IJENS
 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04
Frequency bandwidth is established in between 5 to 10 KHz for
the measurements, with a resolution of 10 Hz. Applying previous
experiments was determined the frequency range with the
impedance signal as will be explained in the next section. We
led four experiments with five stages each one and each stage is
defined by 5 measurements that are averaged. The four rounds
are divided in the following way; Canine with lateral and
superior drillings and the other two using the molar tooth. In each
experimental round, the first stage is given by a support without
damage and the other four with transversal or lateral drillings.
Drilling sequence and location are detailed and described in Fig.
3. It is important to mention that lateral drillings passes through
the material from one side to another. However, the superior
drillings are controlled to achieve a desired length between 18-
21 mm, with the purpose of filling the cavities with conventional
oil. The reason to put oil is to change the damping property,
however this is not measured as a control parameter.
Fig. 4. Experimental setup with superior drillings (canine tooth).
D. Sensitive analysis in frequency domain
A sensitive analysis is presented to carry out a frequency analysis
in this section. Material loss in the tooth support will be captured
with the electrical impedance signatures via EMI technique.
Different studies have shown that depending on type of piezo-
transducer, the electrical impedance presents a main pattern.
Inside the pattern appears some peaks as described in the study
by Na and Lee [36]. According to the authors, the main electrical
impedance signature either it could have peaks or could be a
smooth curved. However, some peaks can be identified
augmenting the resolution in specific frequency intervals which
correspond either to the host structure or to the piezo-transducer.
Tinoco et al. [25] showed that the shape of a peak has the profile
shown in Fig. 6. This correspondence is associated to the natural
frequencies of the whole system which means that the
mechanical impedances are coupled in the dynamic system.
Cherrier et al. [37] mentioned that structural changes cause
locally a modification in the damping properties as well as in the
stiffness (changes in the geometry by the material losses)
changing the mechanical impedance of the structure [38, 39, 40].
Therefore, the electrical impedance is affected by these
variations. In line with this reasoning, let’s consider an electrical
impedance signal with a resonant peak that has ¨S¨ shape in a
183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS
117
frequency interval as represented in Fig 6a. There are two main
characteristics that can be extracted from the resonant signal; the
mean value in frequency ( 0 ) which finds between Z1 and Z 2 ;
and the derivative of the electrical impedance dZ ( ) d .
Tinoco et al. [25] observed that electrical impedance changes if
the material properties are modified. It means that the stiffness
is varied in the structure due to that it depends on elastic
properties and geometry.
Taking into consideration the aspects mentioned above, mass
variations (material losses) can be quantified from the frequency
values using a signal as reference (see Fig. 6a). We can
characterize the information determining the values in the
frequency and correlating these with the material loss of the
supporting substance. The material losses are made with drillings
in the supporting substance
Fig. 5. a) Electrical impedance of a coupled piezo-transducer. b) Derivative of
the electrical impedance.
For the derivative, we propose to approximate dZ ( ) d by a
Gaussian function which is represented by the following equation
( c )2
dZ ( ) A 
 y0  e 2 w2
;   1 , 2  , (4)
d w  2
where y0 , A, c and w are constants.
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
In Fig. 7, there are shown five electrical impedance signals taken
for each tooth (molar and canine) and for each supporting
substance (silicone I and II). Black curves correspond to the
pristine supporting structure, the other curves are associated with
the drillings made to the supporting substance. Each drilling
represents a structural modification since the mass (eliminated
material) is diminished by the drillings; therefore, the stiffness
parameter is changed in the set due to that the geometry is
modified. In Fig. 7, in all experiments done, there are observed
similar trends. The differences are observable in the shift of the
signals to each other. It means that the electrical impedances are
when the drillings are presented on the support. However, we can
see that the frequency intervals are different in each case. It
indicates that the resonant peak is related to mechanical
parameters of the whole system and it does not correspond to
electrical resonance. When the device is coupled to the support,
the coupling affects the resonant values as explained by Tinoco
et al. [34].
IJENS
 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04 118

For lateral drillings made in the silicone I, each electrical But, these levels do not show a trend quantifiable. However,
impedance is shifted forward when the drillings are presented. other variations can be taken by the derivative of each signal as
This can be verified in all cases done for canine and molar teeth proposed in subsection 3.4. As an example, derivatives of the
as illustrated Fig. 7a and b. On the other hand, it is seen in the electrical impedances (Silicone I) were computed and these are
electrical impedances obtained from silicone II, (superior shown in Fig. 8a and b.
drillings) signals shift backward (Fig. 7c and d). As consequence
of the structural modification in the support, the signal is shifted
with each drilling in both cases. Other characteristics are
considered in the impedance level, it refers to the maximum and
minimum values reached by the transition of the resonance
signal.

Fig. 6. Electrical impedance of a) Canine, lateral drillings. b) Molar, lateral drillings. c) Canine, superior drillings.
d) Molar, superior drillings.

Fig. 7. Numerical derivatives for Silicone I a). Canine with lateral drillings b) Molar with lateral drillings.

183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS

IJENS
 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04
The frequency window is determined from electrical impedance
intervals (6800-7400 Hz). We can observe that the signals are
distributed as a Gaussian function, however those were
approximated with Equation (4) since originals were scattering.
It is seen that the canine shows bigger changes than the molar
tooth, it means that the sensitivity depends on each tooth.
Sensitivity refers to the change in the frequency. To quantify
those variations, frequency values on the resonance peaks are
determined in both experiments, as evidenced in Fig. 9a. There
is observed that the variation in the frequency presents a
nonlinear behavior which is different for each tooth. It is
identified that the canine tooth is more sensitive to the structural
changes, since the changes in frequency are greater.
Differences between canine and molar in each experiment
were computed as abs c  m ; where c is the frequency
value for the canine tooth and m is the frequency value for the
molar tooth (see Fig. 9b). It is observed that the differences
increased when each drilling was done in both experiments. It
indicates that there is evidenced a dependence with the material
losses since the experiments were carry out in different ways.
Fig. 9. a) Variations in frequency VS volume loss of the silicone I and II. b) Difference between molar and canine for Silicone I and II.
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors want to thank for the financial support, since this work
was supported by grant from Departamento Administrativo de
Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) (Grant code
121974455599) legalized contract 739-2016 and obtained in the
announcement 744, year 2016. Furthermore, acknowledgments
to Universidad Autónoma de Manizales (UAM) and Centro de
Innovación Roldan (CIR) for additional financial and technical
support.
183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS
119
We observe an opportunity to monitor stiffness conditions in the
material used as support of each tooth.
In a real context, teeth are supported by biological structures and
these could be monitored with a similar technique, however the
feasibility should be evaluated in situ as a potential application.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, a potential application of the electromechanical
impedance technique in the biomedical field was described. A
methodology to detect material loss in a support (Silicone I and
II) of teeth was presented. In the frequency spectrum,
experiments showed that the variations caused by the material
loss can be quantified with the resonance peaks. These variations
were quantified by means of an analysis the electrical impedance.
It seen an opportunity with our research to study the bone density
variations that occur in alveolar bone using a cost-effective non-
invasive method from human teeth
REFERENCES
[1] Yamamoto T., Kita M., Kimura I., Oseko F., Terauchi R., Takahashi
K., et al., Mechanical stress induces expression of cytokines in human
periodontal ligament cells. Oral diseases, 2006, 12(2), 171-175.
[2] Kelly P.J., Bronk J.T., Venous pressure and bone
formation. Microvascular research, 1990, 39(3), 364-375.
[3] Malek A.M., Izumo S., Mechanism of endothelial cell shape change
and cytoskeletal remodeling in response to fluid shear stress. Journal
of cell science, 1996, 109(4), 713-726.
[4] Reich K.M., Gay C.V., Frangos J.A., Fluid shear stress as a mediator
of osteoblast cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Journal of
cellular physiology, 1990, 143(1), 100-104.
[5] Hillsley M.V., Frangos J.A., Review: Bone tissue engineering: The
role of interstitial fluid flow. Biotechnology and bioengineering,
1994, 43(7), 573-581.
IJENS
 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04
[6] Fritton S.P., Weinbaum S., Fluid and solute transport in bone: flow-
induced mechano-transduction. Annual review of fluid
mechanics, 2009, 41, 347-374.
[7] Sumanasinghe R.D., Bernacki S.H., Loboa E.G.. Osteogenic
differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in collagen
matrices: effect of uniaxial cyclic tensile strain on bone
morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) mRNA expression. Tissue
engineering, 2006, 12(12), 3459-3465.
[8] Zengo A.N., Pawluk R.J., Bassett C.A.L., Stress-induced bioelectric
potentials in the dentoalveolar complex. American journal of
orthodontics, 1973, 64(1), 17-27.
[9] Klein-Nulend J., Bacabac R.G., Bakker A.D., Mechanical loading
and how it affects bone cells: the role of the osteocyte cytoskeleton in
maintaining our skeleton. European cells & materials, 2012, 24, 278-
291.
[10] Murphy N.C., Bissada N.F., Davidovitch Z., Kucska S., Bergman
RT., Dashe J., et al., Corticotomy and Tissue Engineering for
Orthodontists: A Critical History and Commentary. Seminars in
Orthodontics, 2012, 18(4), 295-307.
[11] Chugh T., Jain A.K., Jaiswal R.K., Mehrotra P., Mehrotra R., Bone
density and its importance in orthodontics. Journal of Oral Biology
and Craniofacial Research, 2013, 3(2), 92-97.
[12] Holmberg T., Bech M., Gram J., Hermann A.P., Rubin K.H., Brixen
K., Point-of-Care Phalangeal Bone Mineral Density Measurement
Can Reduce the Need of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Scanning in Danish Women at Risk of Fracture. Calcified tissue
international, 2016, 98(3), 244-252.
[13] Kinds M.B., Bartels L.W., Marijnissen A.C.A., Vincken K.L.,
Viergever M.A., Lafeber F.P.J.G., et al., Feasibility of bone density
evaluation using plain digital radiography. Osteoarthritis and
cartilage, 2011, 19(11), 1343-1348.
[14] Inaba M., Ejima K.I., Motoyoshi M., Arai Y., Honda K., Shimizu N.,
Measuring bone density at orthodontic miniscrew implantation sites
using microcomputed tomography. International Journal of Oral &
Maxillofacial Implants, 2015, 30(2).
[15] Scheibel P.C., Ramos A.L., Iwaki L.C.V., Is there correlation between
alveolar and systemic bone density? Dental press journal of
orthodontics, 2013, 18(5), 78-83.
[16] Li Z.Y., Huang G., Wang J., Ren W.P., Measurement on bone density
of children's mandible by quantitative computed tomography. West
China journal of stomatology, 2008, 26(4), 355-357.
[17] Takaishi Y., Ikeo T., Nakajima M., Miki T., Fujita T., A pilot case–
control study on the alveolar bone density measurement in risk
assessment for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the
jaw. Osteoporosis international, 2010, 21(5), 815-825.
[18] Ribolla E.L., Rizzo P., Modeling the electromechanical impedance
technique for the assessment of dental implant stability. Journal of
biomechanics, 2015a, 48(10), 1713-1720.
[19] Ribolla E.L., Rizzo P., Gulizzi V., On the use of the electromechanical
impedance technique for the assessment of dental implant stability:
Modeling and experimentation. Journal of Intelligent Material
Systems and Structures, 2015b, 26(16), 2266-2280.
[20] Tabrizi A., Rizzo P., Ochs M.W. Electromechanical impedance
method to assess dental implant stability. Smart Materials and
Structures, 2012, 21(11), 115022.
[21] Annamdas V.G., Radhika M. A., Electromechanical impedance of
piezoelectric transducers for monitoring metallic and non-metallic
structures: A review of wired, wireless and energy-harvesting
methods. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,
2013, 24(9), 1021-1042.
[22] Tinoco H.A., Serpa A.L. Voltage relations for debonding detection of
piezoelectric sensors with segmented electrode. Mechanical Systems
and Signal Processing, 2012, 31,258-267.
[23] Tinoco H.A., Robledo-Callejas L., Marulanda D. J., Serpa A.L.
Damage detection in plates using the electromechanical impedance
technique based on decoupled measurements of piezoelectric
transducers. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2016, 384, 146-162.
[24] Yan W., Chen W.Q. Structural health monitoring using high-
frequency electromechanical impedance signatures. Advances in
Civil Engineering. 2010, 1-11.
[25] Tinoco H.A., Gomez J.P., Torres-Beltran J.; Velasco-Mejia M.A.,
Electromechanical Impedance Technique for Structural
Differentiation of Tooth Supporting Substance Using a Bracket-
Beam-Piezoelectric assembly, In: Proceedings of the Third
183804-9595-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS
View publication stats
120
International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Design, and
Manufacturing Technology (AMDM 2016), 2016, 1-9. Cali,
Colombia.
[26] Tinoco H.A., Gomez J.P., Torres J., Velasco M.A., Structural
Differentiation of Tooth Supporting Substances with the
Electromechanical Impedance Technique. International Journal of
Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, 2016, 16(3), 8-15.
[27] Sirohi J., Chopra I. Fundamental understanding of piezoelectric strain
sensors. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,
2000, 11(4), 246-257.
[28] Liang C., Sun F.P., Rogers C.A. 1997. Coupled electro-mechanical
analysis of adaptive material systems-determination of the actuator
power consumption and system energy transfer. Journal of intelligent
material systems and structures, 1997, 8(4), 335-343.
[29] Tinoco H.A., Marulanda D.J., Damage Identification in Active Plates
with Indices Based on Gaussian Confidence Ellipses Obtained of the
Electromechanical Admittance. Journal of Nondestructive
Evaluation, 2015, 34(3), 1-16.
[30] Tinoco H.A., Serpa A.L. Bonding influence in the electromechanical
(EM) admittance of piezoelectric sensors bonded to structures based
on EMI technique. In: Proceedings of the 14th International
Symposium on Dynamic Problems of Mechanics (DINAME XIV).
Maresias, Brazil 2011; 335-344.
[31] Na W.S., Baek J. A Review of the Piezoelectric Electromechanical
Impedance Based Structural Health Monitoring Technique for
Engineering Structures. Sensors, 2018, 18(5).
[32] Fu Z.F., He J. Modal analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann 2001.
[33] Piezoelectric-plate. 2014. Datasheet of piezoelectric sound
components. Sparkfun electronics.
https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Flex/p37e.pdf
[34] Tinoco H.A., Gomez J.P., Velasco M.A., Torres J. Identification of
stiffness variations in supporting substances of a human canine tooth
with a bracket-beam-piezoelectric sensor and its electromechanical
impedance. Future Dental Journal, 2017, 3(1), 15-21.
[35] Analog Device. 2016. Analog Devices: Datasheet AD5933. Analog
Devices. http://www.analog.com/static/imported-
files/data_sheets/AD5933.pdf
[36] Na S., Lee H.K., Resonant frequency range utilized electro-
mechanical impedance method for damage detection performance
enhancement on composite structures. Composite Structures,
2012, 94(8), 2383-2389.
[37] Cherrier O., Selva P., Pommier-Budinger V., Lachaud F., Morlier J.,
Damage localization map using electromechanical impedance
spectrums and inverse distance weighting interpolation: Experimental
validation on thin composite structures. Structural Health
Monitoring, 12(4), 311-324.
[38] Farrar C.R., Doebling S.W., Nix D.A., Vibration–based structural
damage identification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering
Sciences, 2001, 359(1778), 131-149.
[39] Montalvao D., Maia N.M.M., Ribeiro, A.M.R., A review of vibration-
based structural health monitoring with special emphasis on
composite materials. Shock and vibration digest, 2006, 38(4), 295-
324.
[40] Shahdin A., Morlier J., Gourinat Y. Correlating low-energy impact
damage with changes in modal parameters: a preliminary study on
composite beams. Structural Health Monitoring, 2009, 8(6), 523-536.
IJENS