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CH 11 - Nutraceuticals2 PDF
CH 11 - Nutraceuticals2 PDF
ABSTRACT
Byproducts from the corn wet milling starch process may be the source
of diverse bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, tocopherols
and phytosterols, all of which are retained in the by-products in
considerable quantities. The extraction of such constituents from by-
products was made with ethanol or chloroform. Phenolic contents
ranging from 0.27 to 14.98 mg/g were found in all fractions. The
quantification of tocopherols was carried out by means of a new
colorimetric test, from which total tocopherol contents of 0.08 to 9.19
mg/g were found. All extracts showed remarkable antioxidant
activities. Finally, the phytosterols from the by-products were extracted
and quantified, in which the lipids fraction (LF) contains the higher
quantity of phytosterols, where β-sitosterol was the main compound.
The results suggest that the gluten and lipids fractions could be used
to obtain useful phytochemicals.
11.1. INTRODUCTION
In Mexico, the starch industry and its derivatives processed
approximately 2.2 million tons of yellow corn during the period of 1995-
2005. Corn is processed by wet milling to obtain starch, but only around
60% of the grain is used, generating 136 thousand tons/year of by-
products of low commercial value, which can only be locally
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commercialized and basically destined for animal feed due to their high
perishable character CANAMI (2007).
generated once the germ was processed to obtain crude corn oil. Gluten,
the dry residue of corn after the starch and germ has been extracted.
Finally, the oily residues generated from the extraction and refining
process of crude corn oil were denominated as lipid fraction (LF).
Samples were collected according to standard sampling procedures and
stored in sealed polyethylene bags at 4oC until their analysis.
injector and detector temperatures were set at 300oC. Flow rate of the
carrier gas, (helium) was 2 mL/min and the injection split ratio was
20:1, the injection volume was 1 μl. The overall system was controlled
by HP-MS ChemStation G17001DA (D.02.00.SP1 MSD, 2005) Software.
The identification of phytosterols was done by comparing the standard
retention time. Quantification was done on the basis of a standard curve
of phytosterols.
Table 11.2: Total tocopherol content from the ethanolic extracts in corn byproducts
Byproduct Total tocopherols
(mg TE/g)
CWF 0.49 ± 0.08
CDF 0.18 ± 0.04
Germ 0.08 ± 0.02
Gluten 3.14 ± 0.09
LF 9.19 ± 1.25
Quantification of Phenolic Content, Tocopherols and Phytosterols ... 195
The quantities determined for CWF and CDF fractions are lower than
in the findings reported by Moreau et al. (2005), who measured the total
tocopherol content of yellow corn, as well as corn bran, and corn germ oil,
in both wet milling and dry milling, using an ethanolic extract (50°C),
reporting 1.60 mg/g of DM of total tocopherol content in corn kernel, 0.54
mg/g by corn bran, 1.19 mg/g in corn germ (fraction of wet-milling) and
0.36 mg/g in corn germ (fraction of dry-milling), It should be noted that
the corn germ analyzed by Moreau was quantified before being extracted
industrially to obtain oil from corn germ, which explains the high content
of tocopherols reported in these fractions in comparison with the low
content of tocopherols quantified in Germ fraction in the present study.
However, the quantities determined for Gluten and LF fractions are higher
than the values reported in the same study.
Table 11.3: Antioxidant activity from the ethanolic extracts in corn byproducts
Byproduct μMol gallic acid/g % Discoloration
CWF 5.01 ± 0.13 41.6
CDF 2.02 ± 0.16 28.6
Germ 0.10 ± 0.04 17.3
Gluten 5.68 ± 0.36 43.0
LF 28.21 ± 3.07 92.5
Levels of antioxidant activity for CWF and Germ coincided with the
findings of Martínez-Tomé et al. (2004) and Yadav et al. (2007), who
Quantification of Phenolic Content, Tocopherols and Phytosterols ... 197
(2003), who reports a total phytosterols content of 0.006 mg/g, and the
total phytosterols content of 0.398 mg/g for wheat flour, quantified by
Buri et al. (2004). This is probably because the aleurone layer in corn,
consisting of a single layer of living cells with thick cell walls, and having
the highest content of phytosterols among the corn by-products from
wet milling (Moreau et al., 2000), was integrated within the gluten
fraction analyzed due to a deficient pearling process of grain (Beta et
al., 2005).
Table 11.4: Phytosterol content from the chloroform extracts in corn byproducts
Byproduct Total phytosterol
(mg/100 g)
CWF 0.375 ± 0.12
CDF 0.301 ± 0.04
Gluten 2.801 ± 0.12
Germ 0.647 ± 0.26
LF 42.076 ± 7.36
11.4. CONCLUSION
Corn is cultivated throughout the world and is used as raw material for
obtaining diverse industrial products, generating a large quantity of
by-products of low economic value. These by-products are susceptible
to, or available for industrial exploitation in obtaining phytochemicals
of high added value such as antioxidants, tocopherols and phytosterols,
which are found in the diverse analyzed fractions, especially in the LF
and Gluten fractions. The high content of bioactive compounds in these
fractions opens the possibility of exploitation of these byproducts for
the treatment of general health problems at a global level, through their
incorporation in the production of functional foods.
11.5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors of this investigation wish to thank SAGARPA (Mexico) for
financing this project and Corn Products International (CPI),
Guadalajara for corn byproducts.
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