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Mechanistic Rate Decline Analysis in Shale Gas Reservoirs
Mechanistic Rate Decline Analysis in Shale Gas Reservoirs
Gas Reservoirs
Dr. George Stewart
Chief Reservoir Engineer
Weatherford Intl. Inc
Reservoir Engineering Technology Symposium
May 11, 2012
Lfar = xe/2
Dominantly
Multiple Transverse
Hydraulic Fractures Interior
W Fractures
Confining
External
Boundary
xf
xe
Wfar = W/2
Horizontal Well
Trajectory
External
Fractures Approximating
Virtual No-Flow
ye = W Boundaries
yw = W/2
Nfrac = 5
Dominantly Essentially Zero
Multiple Transverse Permeability
Hydraulic Fractures Interior
W Fractures
Confining
Modified External
Permeability Boundary
xf
xe
Wfar = W/2
Horizontal Well
Trajectory
External
Fractures Approximating
Virtual No-Flow
ye = W Boundaries
yw = W/2
Nfrac = 5
Fracture in a Closed Channel - Image Source Solution
xf
W Areal View
W
VNFB LNFB
Constant Terminal Pressure (CTP) Solution for Rate, q
pi Well produced at
q(t) constant BHP
pwf
0 t
Drawdown = pi pwf
Time, t
Boundary condition of the first kind
Basis of decline curve analysis
CTP solution can be generated from the CRD solution
CRD solutions form the basis of well test analysis
CTP solutions used to analyse production data
CTP solution obtained from the CRD solution by convolution
Real time superposition method is termed forecasting
Laplace space method is termed CTP convolution
Canonical CTP Solutions
qt 1
qD tD
kt
2kh p i p wf 1 ln 4t d
where
c t rw2
2
I.-A. Linear Flow (Plane Source)
qt 1
qD kt
/ 4 t
t Dxf
2kh pi p wf
where
3 c t x f2
Dxf
1422T telf
m(pi) m(pwf) blf S fs
kh
Q(t)
T 1
slope, mlf 64.288
Af k c t
b0lf
Af = hxf
Requires knowledge of pi
0
t
0.000263679 kt elf
0.33 Yields xf k
Sfs =0c t W / 22
assuming h known
Flowing Material Balance Cartesian Plot of m(pwf)/Q versus ta
2.355T
slope, m* =
m(p)
b g
hA c t i
Q straight
line
Rate Normalised p 1
Average Pressure te where p pi p
Drop from pi q cV
q q
Classical Definition of J ti
Transient P.I. pi pwf pwf
q
Transient P.I.
Jt
Based on p pwf p pwf
Analysis of Variable Rate Extended Drawdown
p wf p i mlf g l ( t ) q t Sl
VRD-I.-A.
p
pwf
p p wf p i q r mlf t Sl
pwf CRD - I.-A.
corr
Based on
p wf
LSTF
t or t'
1
ECR Method
mlf 4.0641 (field units)
h kc t x 2f Approximate Deconvolution
Approximate Deconvolution of Spanning Fracture in a Closed Reservoir
xf =100 ft W = 200 ft k = 1 md
Palmer and Mansoori CBM Rock Mechanics Model
k 3
=
ki i
Constrained Axial
1
M = E Modulus
(1 + )(1 2)
M 1 + Bulk Modulus
K = 3
1
SPE
E = Young’s Modulus = Poisson’s Ratio 52607
Locus of Roots of the Stress-Dependent Radial Flow Equation
Reservoir Pressure, pe
Wellbore
Pressure
pw
) p p z 1 pdp
p
( 2000 pi k i
y b
1500
pseudop including
Palmer and Mansoori SDPP effect
Model
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure, p (psia)
Linear Steady-State Flow with Stress Dependent Permeability
Linear Steady-State Flow with Stress Dependent Permeability
k p dp
Darcy’s Law q 4x f h f p
dy
Integrating:
W
4x f pe
4 x f h f ( pe )1 e pe k p
q dy h f ( p)k ( p)dp dp
0
pf pf
1 p
qW 1 e k p
pe
i.e.
4 x f keh f pe
ke p 1 p dp
f
1 e k p SDPP
p
qW
pe p f
4 x f kehef
Permeability Ratio, kf/ki versus pwf and i
1
0.9
0.8
i = 0.05
0.7
0.6
kf/ki
0.3
0.2 i = 0.005
0.1
Choked
0
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure, pwf (psia)