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 Stable – All the component must be fix tightly

 Firm base – Firmly construct, Strong enough to
carried load
 Working platform – Construction material should
not fell down from platform of scaffolding
 Properly construct
 Proper inspection
 Provide public protection

Scaffolding is a temporary structure to  Tubular steel

support a number of platforms at different  Tubular Aluminium alloy
heights to enable workers to reach their
work and to permit the raising of materials.  Timber
It includes any working platforms, ladders  Bamboo
and guard rails.

 Weight – workers, tools, materials and
equipment
 Height to which the scaffold may be erected
 Site Location / Condition – interior or
exterior
 Structure of Building – brick / RC
 Duration of work
 Public protection – requirement for
pedestrian traffic
 Means of access
 Cost / availability
 Type of work that will be done
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 Base
 A good base plate is essential and the ground should be
levelled and rammed to give a firm surface
 Timber sole plates, at least 219mm wide and 35mm thick
should be laid to support the base plates for standards
 Wherever possible, sole plate should support at least two
standards to ensure the loads carried by each standards is
distributed over a fairly large area
 Standards
 Independent tied scaffold
 2 vertical row of standards
 Inner row – 300mm from the building – give working clearance
near the wall
 Outer row – inner standard – to provide platform of width
required
 Ledgers
 Fixed horizontally on the inside of the standards with right angle
couplers
 Transoms
 Keeping the inner and outer rows of the standards evenly
apart
 Set on the top of the ledgers at right angles to them and
to the building
 Horizontal distance between transoms at working
platform level is determined by the thickness of the board
to be used
 Ledgers and transoms should not protrude more than is
necessary beyond the general guidelines of scaffold
 Working Platforms
 Minimum width is 600mm
 The surface should be even to prevent tripping
 Max span should be 1.20m between supports
 All boards should be laid closely together along their
length
 Standards boards are nominal 225mm wide x 38mm thick
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 Platforms width
 Platform should be wide enough to permit freedom of
movement and to accommodate whatever materials
need to be stored for short periods

 Toe boards and guardrails

 Required at the outside and ends of all working
platform from which men and materials can fall more
than 2.00m high or more
 It should be fitted on the inside of the standard to
prevent outward movement
 It should rise at least 150mm and guardrails at least
910mm above the working platform

 Brick guards
 Constructed of wire mesh with three hooks at the top
that will be hung over the top rail of the scaffold
 The lowest part then hands inside the toe board and
this prevents a persons or material from falling
trough the space between the top handrail and
working platform

 Means of access
 Access to scaffold must be by the use of secure
ladder
 Under no circumstances should a person be allowed
to climb up the scaffold tubes to gain access
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 This form of scaffolding consists of single row of

uprights or standards set away from the wall at a
1. Putlog Scaffolds / Bricklayer’s Scaffolds distance, which will accommodate the required width
2. Independent Scaffolds of the working platform.
3. Birdcage Scaffolds
In the putlog scaffold, the cross members or
4. Truss-out Scaffolds 
putlogs, which carry the scaffold boards forming
5. Suspended Scaffolds the working platforms, bear one end on the scaffold
6. Slung Scaffolds frame and the other on the wall which is being built.
7. Mobile Towers Scaffolds
 The putlog tube being flattened at one end and
8. Gantry Scaffolds driven into a joint.

 Alternatively, a putlog head may be used.

 The scaffold is tied back to the wall at suitable

openings where the tie is coupled to a vertical or
horizontal tying in tube secured tightly between the
reveals of an opening by means of a reveal pin.

 The scaffold is erected as the building rises and is

mostly used for buildings of traditional brick
construction.
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INSTALLATION:
1. Prepare sole plate and base plate at the
ground
2. Install standard (single row)

3. Install transom (one end fix to wall)

4. Install ledger (between standard and

standard)
5. Fix platform on top of transom and toe
board at every platform
6. Fix guard rail and mesh brick guard

7. Install step/staircase/ladder for access

8. Fix fixing stake for stabilized

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 An independent scaffold has two rows of

standards, which are tied by cross members
called transoms.

 This form of scaffolds does not rely upon the

building for support and is therefore suitable
for use in conjunction with framed structures.

 Every scaffold should be securely tied to the

building at intervals of approximately 3.60m
vertically and 6.00m horizontally.

 This can be achieved by using a horizontal

tube called a bridle bearing on the inside of
the wall and across a window opening with
cross members connected to it.

 Alternatively a tube with a reveal pin in the

opening can provide a connection point for
the cross members. If suitable openings are
not available then the scaffold should be
strutted from the ground using raking tubes
inclined towards the building.
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INSTALLATION:
1. Prepare sole plate and base plate at the ground
2. Install standard (double row)
3. Install transom (between standard and standard -
width)
4. Install ledger (between standard and standard -
length)
5. Install brace / cross brace if necessary
6. Platform on top of transom and toe board at
every platform
7. Fix guard rail and mesh brick guard
8. Install step / staircase / ladder for access
9. Fix fixing stake for stabilized

1. Illustrate and explain the differences of
construction sequences between putlog
scaffolding and independent scaffolding
(15 marks)
 The Birdcage scaffold is called because it
resembles a cage.
 It is normally used inside buildings to
provide a platform for working on ceilings,
soffits or in the installation of lighting,
ventilation or sprinkler systems.

 Small jobs would generally be done using

tower or hydraulic operated aerial platform
where possible, but for larger projects
involving longer periods of time, a birdcage
scaffold is required.
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 It’s normally used for internal works in large

buildings such as public halls and mosque to
provide access to ceilings and soffits for light
maintenance work like painting and cleaning.

 They consist of parallel rows of standards

connected by ledgers in both directions, the whole
arrangement being firmly braced in all direction.

 The whole birdcage scaffold assembly is designed

to support a single working platform, which should
be double planked or underlined with polythene or
similar sheeting as means of restricting the
amount of dust reaching the floor level.

 This is a form of independent tied scaffold used

where it is impracticable, undesirable or
uneconomic to built a scaffold from ground
level.
 A form of tied scaffold, which rely entirely on
the building for support.
 The supporting scaffold structure is known as
the truss out.
 The assembly of this form of scaffold requires
special skills and should therefore be carried
out by trained and experienced personal.
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INSTALLATION:
 These consist of a working platform in the form of a
1. Fix adjustable steel prop / strut (ceiling to floor
strut) cradle which is suspended from cantilever beams or
2. Prepare timber sole plate under strut and head outriggers from the roof of a tall building to give
plate access to the façade for carrying out light
3. Put cushioned packing to protect sill maintenance work and cleaning activities.
4. Install transom between standard (span)
5. Install standard (double row)  The cradles can have manual or power control and be
6. Install ledger between standard in single units or grouped together to form a
7. Install brace / cross brace / outrigger continuous working platform.
8. Prepare platform on top of transom and toe
board
9. Fix guard rail and mesh brick guard
10. Step / staircase / ladder
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 If grouped together they are connected to one

another at their abutment ends with hinges to form
a gap of not more than 25mm wide.

 Many high rise buildings have a permanent cradle

system installed at roof level and this is
recommended for all building over 30.0 m high.

Swing stage modular suspended platform

provides a stable secure platform for work
on high rise buildings, tall structures and
bridges. It is useful for work such as:
 Window cleaning
 Brick and masonary Restoration
 Painting
 Maintenance
 Inspection And etc.
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 At least six evenly spaced suspensions wire

ropes/ chains should be used and these should
be adequately secured at both ends.
 The working platform should be double planked
or underlined with polythene or similar sheeting
to restrict the amount of dust reaching the
floor level.
 Slung scaffolds are an alternative to birdcage
scaffolds and although more difficult to erect
have the advantage of leaving a clear space
beneath the working platform which makes them
suitable for cinemas, theatres and high ceiling
banking halls.

 These are a form of scaffold, which is suspended

from the main structure (load-bearing beams,
structural member or other overhead structures) by
means of wire ropes or steel chains.
 Not provided with a means of being raised or
lowered by a lifting appliances.
 Main use: for gaining access to high ceilings or
underside of high roofs.
 Each working platform of a slung scaffold consists
of a supporting framework of ledgers and transom
which cannot be exceed 2500 x 2500 of the plan
size.
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 This scaffold are constructed to the basic

principles as for independent tubular scaffolds
and are used to provide access to restricted or
small areas where mobility is required.
 In suitable circumstances, mobile scaffolding is
more cost effective than fixed scaffolding.
 It is suitable for a variety of purposes and
trades including painting, gyprocking, glass,
panel beaters, boat yards, roof insulations and
airshafts.
 Adequate lighting and fire safety are first
priorities in providing first class commercial
mobile scaffolding.
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 Used primarily as elevated platforms over a

public footpath where the structure under
construction or repair is immediately
adjacent to the footpath.
 Can serve as a storage and accommodation
area as well as providing staging from which
a conventional independent scaffold to
provide access to the face of the building
can be erected.
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 Erecting by one man

 The shape of the end of the ledger make inserting very
easy, even long ledgers are easy to insert from a safe
position. The wedge automatically drops into the rosette
hole regardless of position and lock.
 In use as shoring
 The high rigidity of the joint leads to an economical
structure, which is easy to erect with few component of
the scaffolding.
 The universal modular scaffolding
 The most important part of the system is the self
securing, quick to fix and particularly rigid joint of the
scaffolding. It capable of performing technically and
economically and possible with high degree of safety.
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 Speed
 The in-built joints, clearly identifiable components and the
strong, simple wedge connections, guarantee a faster
erection time.
 Safety
 The wedge connections ensure that ledger and braces
are secured to the standards and there is no risk of
materials falling.
 Safe work load
 Scaffold system can carried the weight of workers, tools,
materials and equipment.
 Reduce shut down time
 Scaffold gives great benefit in terms of works that needs
regular checks and maintenance.