LESSON 7 TEMPERATURE

AND HEAT
All matter is composed of
continually jiggling atoms or
molecules.
TEMPERATURE
The quantity that tells how hot
or cold something is compared
with a standard is temperature.
Microscopic definition:
Measure of average translational
kinetic energy of the particles in a
body.

Macroscopic definition:
A property of a body which
determines whether an object is in
thermal equilibrium with other
objects.
As an object heats up, its average
kinetic energy of the particles and
the temperature increases.
Exercises

1. How many degrees Celsius

are in 315 K?
2. How many degrees
Fahrenheit are in 30.0°C?
3. How many Kelvin are in -
15.5°F?
HEAT
 Can you cool a kitchen by
leaving the refrigerator door
open?
The energy that transfers from
one object to another because
of a temperature difference
between them is called heat.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If system C is in thermal equilibrium

with both systems A and B, then
systems A and B are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Thermal contact– a situation where

systems can exchange energy with
each other

Thermal equilibrium – a situation

where systems cease/ stop
exchanging energy
When two substances of different
temperatures are in thermal
contact, heat flows from the
higher-temperature substance
into the lower-temperature
substance.
Heat flows spontaneously
from hot objects to cold
objects.
INTERNAL
ENERGY
Internal energy is the total of all
energies in a body. It varies both
the mass and temperature of an
object.
 THERMAL
EXPANSION
Most materials expand when
heated and contract when
cooled. This change in the
dimension of an object due to
temperature change is called
thermal expansion.
Power lines sag more on hot days.
Heat makes wires expand to
become slightly longer.
Tight jar lid can be opened easily
through high-temperature water
causes the metal lid to expand.
Most tracks are built from pieces of steel
supported by wooden ties, and laid with
a gap between the ends.
When boiling water is poured into a
thick glass, the inner surface of the
glass expands more rapidly than
the outer surface.
Mercury is placed in a long, narrow
sealed tube called a capillary
because it expands at a much
faster rate than the glass capillary.
Most bridges have expansion joints
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Specific heat is the amount of heat
needed to raise the temperature of
one gram material by one degree.

The lower a material’s specific heat,

the more its temperature increases
when heat is absorbed.
Refer to Table 13.2 Specific heat capacities of
selected substances on page 235
 Specific heat
Substance capacity
(J/kg•K or J/kg•°C)
Aluminum 910
Beryllium 1970
Copper 390
Ice (near 0°C) 2100
Lead 130
Mercury 138
Silver 234
Water 4190
 PHASE
CHANGE
Latent heat is the amount of heat
needed to change the phase of a
given mass of a substance without
changing its temperature.
Latent Heat of Fusion (Lf)

The amount of heat needed to

change the phase of a unit mass
of a substance from solid to liquid
or liquid to solid.
Latent Heat of Vaporization (Lv)

The amount of heat needed to

change the phase of a unit mass
of a substance from liquid to gas
or gas to liquid.
Freezing and Melting
 Sublimation

Deposition
 Evaporation

Condensation
Heating Curve
MECHANISMS
OF HEAT
TRANSFER
1. Suppose you are in a close room.
Which one feels colder to your bare
feet, a tile or a carpet?
2. You can hold your fingers beside the
candle flame without harm, but not
above the flame. Why?
3. Everything on Earth depends on the
energy from the sun. The region
between the Earth and the sun in
nearly vacuum, yet the heat from the
sun can reach Earth. Why do you
think so?
1. Conduction
is the mechanism of heat
transfer that occurs within a
body or between bodies in
contact.
Thermal conductor is a material that
conducts thermal energy well.

Thermal insulator is a material that

conducts thermal energy poorly. A
very good example of it is air.
2. Convection
is the transfer of heat by mass motion
of fluid from one region of space to
another.

By natural convection, warm air

rises and cold air sinks.
What’s wrong with this picture?
3. Radiation
is the transfer of heat by
electromagnetic waves that
can propagate in empty space
at the speed of light.
A heating coil on a stove radiates
thermal energy. If you are close to the
heating coil, you absorb radiation.
Emissivity

The rate of radiation depends on

the nature of material described by
a quantity e

Ideal reflector e = 0
(Ideal absorber) Black body e = 1