CHAPTER 4

555 TIMER
555 TIMER
 555 timer is an integrated circuit that
very stable.
 Use as monostable multivibrator,
astable multivibrator, analog square
wave signal generator, achometer
frequency meter and others.
 Basically, 555 timer operate in 2
mode,
◦ Monostable
◦ Astable
FUNCTION OF EACH PIN TIMER
REFER TO MONOSTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR
 PIN 1 : GROUND
-all the measure voltage must refer to this pin
 PIN 2 : TRIGGER
- It is used to set the flip-flop.
- Output is LOW if voltage at pin > 2/3 Vcc
- When negative trigger pulse is 1/3 Vcc, output at
comparator 2 cause the timer output HIGH.
 PIN 3 : OUTPUT
- Output can connect at 2 output pin, pin 3 and pin 1
or pin 3 and pin 8.
- When output LOW, current will flow through load
that connected between pin 3 and pin 8 to output
terminal, know as SINK CURRENT.
- Current flow through load that connected between pin
3 and pin 1, known as SOURCE CURRENT.
- Maximum current for source current and sink current
is 200mA.
CONTINUE…..
 PIN 4 : RESET
- Reset with negative pulse
- When the reset pin is not used, the pin is connected to +Vs to avoid false
trigger.
 PIN 5 : CONTROL VOLTAGE
- Normally is connected to earth through 0.01µF capacitor
- If output voltage is connected to pin 5, the output waveform bandwidth can
be
changed.
- 0.01µF capacitor can avoid from noise problem.
 PIN 6 : THRESHOLD VOLTAGE
- Input for inverting pin at comparator 1
- When voltage at this pin ≥2/3 Vcc, output at comparator 1 is HIGH, output
timer
LOW.
 PIN 7 : DISCHARGE
- This pin is connected internally to collector at transistor Q1.
- When output HIGH, Q1 OFF, circuit open
- When output LOW, Q1 saturated capacitor C discharge through Q1.
555 TIMER INTEGRAL CIRCUIT
 MONOSTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR
 Known as shoot multivibrator
 Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC
network and connected to external of 555 timer
 Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
 When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse),
timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to
LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until
pulse is trigger again.
 The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555
pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and
the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the
time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
 The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1
and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the
output becomes LOW,
 At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V,
discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
CONTINUE….
CONNECTION FOR MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 CONTINUE….
 Operation for monostable multivibrator :
¤ Assume initial output is LOW, circuit at stable
condition, transistor Q1 ON, capacitor is connected
to ground.
¤ When negative pulse is triggered to PIN 2 , transistor
Q1 OFF (Q1 open circuit), capacitor C start
charging through resistor R1 and output is HIGH.
¤ When voltage at capacitor, C reach 2/3 Vs, output will
change to LOW through flip flop. At the same time,
flip flop output will make the Q1 ON. Capacitor will
discharge through transistor Q1.
¤ Monostable output will remain LOW until another
trigger
pulse is triggered to pin 2.
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
CONNECTION FOR ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
CONTINUE…
 Known as free running multivibrator.
 Do not have stable condition, the condition always change.
 Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the
output.
 The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor
and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
 Operation for astable multivibrator :
i) Assume the initial is HIGH. Transistor Q1 OFF and capacitor is
charging through resistor RA and RB.
ii) When capacitor voltage reach 2/3 Vee, Comparator 1 will trigger
flip flop and output change from change from HIGH to LOW.
Resistor RB and transistor Q1.
iii) When the capacitor voltage reach 1/3 Vee, comparator output 2
will trigger flip flop so the timer output is HIGH. The cycle is
repeated.
 Period for capacitor charging from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc same as
period for HIGH output at timer.
 Period for capacitor discharging from 2/3Vcc to 1/3 Vcc same as
period for LOW output at timer.
FORMULA FOR TIMER
 TH = 0.693 (RA+RB) C
 TL = 0.693 (RB) C

 Period, T = TH + TL = 0.693 (RA + 2RB) C

 Frequency, f = 1/T
= 1/ (TH + TL)
= 1.44 / ((RA + 2RB) C)

 % Duty Cycle = [TH / (TH + TL) ]x 100

= [(RA + RB) / (RA + 2RB)]
x100
555/556 Inverting Buffer
(Schmitt trigger) or NOT gate
 The buffer circuit's input has
a very high impedance
(about 1MΩ) so it requires
only a few µA, but the output
can sink or source up to
200mA.
 This enables a high
impedance signal source
(such as an LDR) to switch
a low impedance output
transducer (such as a lamp).
555 inverting buffer or NOT gate
 It is an inverting buffer or
NOT gate because the
output logic state (low/high)
is the inverse of the input
state:
- Input low (< 1/3 Vs) makes
NOT gate symbol output high, +Vs
- Input high (> 2/3 Vs)
makes output low, 0V
CONTINUE…
 When the input voltage is between 1/3 and 2/3 Vs
the output remains in its present state.
 This intermediate input region is a deadspace
where there is no response, a property called
hysteresis, it is like backlash in a mechanical
linkage. This type of circuit is called a Schmitt
trigger.
 If high sensitivity is required the hysteresis is a
problem, but in many circuits it is a helpful
property.
 It gives the input a high immunity to noise
because once the circuit output has switched
high or low the input must change back by at
least 1/3 Vs to make the output switch back.
555/556 Bistable (flip-flop) - a
memory circuit
 The circuit is called a bistable
because it is stable in two
states: output high and output
low. It is also known as a 'flip-
flop'.
 It has two inputs:
 Trigger (555 pin 2) makes the
output high.
Trigger is 'active low', it
functions when < 1/3 Vs.
 Reset (555 pin 4) makes the
output low.
Reset is 'active low', it resets
when < 0.7V.
 The power-on reset, power-on
trigger and edge-triggering
circuits can all be used as
described above for the
monostable.