Se) Cutech Arabia LLC adiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI) LEVEL-II Training Course Prepared by Dr. Samir Saad General Manager Cutech Arabia LLCAZ About the Author Experience: 17 Years (Oil and Gas) Skills & Expertise + Welding and Welding Inspection + Non-Destructive Testing + Material Technology + In Service & On-stream Inspection + Corrosion and Management + Asset Integrity Management DrSamir Saad Education Certification MSS. and Ph.D. degrees in Welding Engineering Technology. Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Professional Certification ‘ASME Authorized Inspector (A), Boland Pressure Vessel [ASNT NDT LEVEL Min 11 methods, ASNT 10: 190002, 41. Visual and Optical Testing (VT). "7. Magnetic fx leakage Testing (MEL), 2. Radiographic Testing (FN, 8. inferred thermal testing (IR), 3. Utresonic Testing (UT). 9. Leak Testing (LD, 4. Liquid Penetrant Testog (PT), 10. Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) 5. Magnetic Testing (MM), 11. Newton Radiography (NA) 6. Electromagnetic Tesing (ET), ‘AWS-CWEng, -Costiiod Welding Engineer, ID NO. 17010086. AWS-CWE - Cerfied Welding Educator, ID NO, 1902001€. ‘ANS-CWI - Certied Welding Inspector, 1D NO. 19021321. ‘ANS-CWS ~ Certied Welding Superasor, ID NO. 20030008, [AWS-CWSR - Cored Welding Sales Representative, 1D NO. 2003000R {ESWIP 3.22 - Senior Welting Inspector Personal, ID NO.74305, [BGAS-CSWIP-Painting Inspocior Grade 2-8GAS, 10:529730 ‘API 610- Pressure Vessel Inspector ID NO_ 35376, [API 870. Process Piping Inspector ID NO. 38328 ‘API 683. aboveground storage tank inspector ID NO. 96171 ‘APL RP 880 -Risk-Basod Inspection professional ID NO. 52784 ‘APLRP 671- Corrosion and Materials Profesional ID NO. 56359 ‘API 936 - Rofractory Personnol, 1D NO. 94784 [API S77 = Welding Inspection and Metalurgy, 10 NO, 94785 [API SIFE-Source Inspector Fixed Equipment, 1D NO. 95780 Lead auditor according to 180 9001:2018 from IRCChapter 1 : Chapter 2 : Chapter 2 : Chapter 4 = Chapter 5 = Chapter 6 = Chapter 7 = Chapter 8 : Chapter 9 : Chapter 1 Qualification and Certification Requirements Overview of Radiographic Testing Radiographic Techniques Film Radiography Processing Film Introduction to RTFI Film quality Weld Quality Artefacts \cceptance Criteria Chapter 11: ASMEV , ARTICLE 2 RadiographicExaminationChapter 1 Qualification and Certification we Requirements — iin = ‘Dr.Samir SaadXThere are three means of protection to help reduce exposure to radiation: DISTANCE SHIELDING Less time spent (clea ce Behind shielding ge eal re Se acd radiation received § Pecan) reac)Restricted Areas * The actual size of the defined areas will depend up the intensity of the radiation and the time spent receiving dose.Chapter 3 Radiographic Techniques Ye oe y Dr-Samir Saad7 The technique applied to inspect a particular component or weld is selected by + Reference to the possible defects which may occur, + The equipment and access available, ++ The material and the shape of the item.Q Radiographic Techniques A. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) B. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) panoramic C. Double Wall Single Image (DWSI) D. Double Wall Double Image (DWDT) E. Multiple film technique (Sandwich Technique) F. Parallax or Tube Shift TechniqueA. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) ORadiography is usually carried out by the single wall, single image (SWSI) technique which requires access to both surfaces of the object to be radiographed. Q The source of radiation is placed on one side of the item and film on the opposite side.A. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) \_ _f eeExposure Tocanon Fiten Exposure Arrangement FB SIS [Siar Sate a aRadiographic Techniques A. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)Single Wall Single Image- (SWSI) panoramic C1 An arrangement of SWSI used for vessel girth welds or for large diameter pipe butt welds is the panoramic technique where the X-ray head or gamma radiation source is placed at the center of the vessel or pipe and film is placed around the outer circumference of the weld. Q The complete weld can be radiographed in a single exposure with this technique. Q The resulting image may be on one single length of film covering the entire weld length or on a series of overlapping films with location markers. Q Location markers must be attached to the component and not to the film cassette.Radiographic Techniques...) B. Single Wall Single Image- (SWSI) panoramicB. Single Wall Single image- (SWSI) panoramic Exposure | Reaiographie Technique | ~ Viewng Tosaton Marker End View Side View Pacement Exposure Arrangement AQ Qa Double Wall Techniques ‘There are many instances where radiography by SWSI techniques is not possible due to the requirement for access to both surfaces of the item to be inspected. This occurs with radiography of pipe butt welds for example where access along the pipe is restricted by size or bends or where the pipework is in service. In these situations techniques are used which involve having the radiation source and film on opposite sides external to the pipe and passing the radiation beam through both pipe walls to produce an image of part of the weld circumference on the film.C. Double Wall Double Image (DWSI) > The double wall single image (DWSI) technique is used on large diameter pipe welds greater than 3 % in. diameter. > The film is wrapped around the pipe and the exposure made by passing radiation through, both pipe walls. >» Only the image from the weld section closest to the film will be suitable for examination since the side furthest from the film will produce a blurred and distorted image. > For complete coverage of the weld it is necessary to make several separate overlapping exposures at positions around the pipe > The number of exposures required is dependent on the diameter and wall thickness of the pipe. > The relevant standards give guidance on establishing the required number of exposures. Since access to the pipe bore is usually restricted film side IQIs are permitted for this techniqueDWSI (Contact technique) ae aa oe EnerRadiographic Techniques C. Double Wall Double Image (DWSI)D. Double Wall Double Image ( DWDI) > Small diameter pipe welds up to about 3 ¥ in. diameter can be radiographed by the double wall doubleimage (DWDI) technique > Itcan be applied where the radiation source is in line with the plane of the weld producing a radiograph where the upperand lower weld images are superimposed or by offsetting the source so that the upperand lower regions of the weld are separated in the image > Forcomplete coverage of the weld using the superimposed technique it is necessary to produce three separate radiographs with the weld rotated by 120° between each. > For the offset technique only two radiographs with 90° rotation are required > In bothcases the IQI must be positioned on top of the pipe closest to the radiation source.Elliptical Te ique__ Radiographic Techniques) / D. Double Wall Double Image ( DWDI) i a . Elliptical Radiograph ,Technique and Exposure Requirements Nominal Pipe Size Technique Type of Exposure and Viewing Min. Num. of Exposures ‘= 3-172" <3-1/2" Elliptical DbI. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing 2 ‘Superimposed DBI. Wall Exp. DbI. Wall Viewing (0,90) 3 (0,60,120) = 3-1/2" ‘Contact DBI. Wall Exp. Sql. Wall Viewing 3 (0.120. 240) = 3-1/2" Panoramic Sql. Wall Exp. Sql. Wall Viewing 1 = 3-172" Single wail Single Wall Viewing a (0.90,180,270), Multiple un technique (Sandwich Technique, — we FILMA: FineGrain Medium Speed —_Density 2.0 to 3.0 acceptable FILM B: Very Fine Grain-SlowSpeed.__,F. Parallax or Tube Shift Technique Lead Markerimages.Radiographic TechniquesChapter 4 Film Radiography Ye oe y Dr-Samir SaadQ Film Structure. “The film is sandwiched between the radiographic intensifying screens ina protective cassette. “The intensifying screens change the x-rays into visible light. The visible light exposes the radiographic film “Radiographic Film has two basic parts. 1) Base 2) Emulsion Most films have two layers of emulsion so these are referred as Double Emulsion Film sande |< sharbaridemasin | — dees cctrg Pies | <— Aisi cing |< shertomte aus x Pte cating( Film Radiography ) OFil A. Transparent Base ¥ It is the foundation of the film. ¥ 150 to 300 um thick. ¥ Provides a surface and supportfor the emulsion. ¥ It must have strength, but it should be flexible. ¥ Most film bases are composed of polyester. ¥ Polyester can withstand higher temperatures, andis more fireproof. ¥ The base is usually tinted blue to reduce light glare.{ Film Radiography ) Q Film Structure. B. Emulsion Y The emulsion is the heart of the film. ¥ The x-rays or light from the intensifying screens interact with the emulsion and transfer information to the film. vA homogeneous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals and is about 3 to 5 ym thick.Film must be protected from visible light. Light, just like x-rays and gamma rays, can expose film. Film is loaded in a “light proof” cassette in a darkroom. This cassette is then placed on the specimen opposite the source of radiation Film s often placed between screens to intensify radiation.Film contains microscopic material called silver bromide. Once exposed to radiation and developed in a darkroom, silver bromide turns to black metallic silver which forms the image. latent image Image before processing = latent image After proper chemical processing = manifest VALITT image. Once developed, the film is typically referred to as a “radiograph.” eae manifest imageFilm Types Grain size Quality Film Factor Coarse Poor Medium Medium Ultra Fine Note: Some film manufactures my use different film factor systemsChapter 5 Processing Film Ye oe y Dr-Samir Saad[ Processing, Film “In order for the image to be viewed, the film must be “developed” in a darkroom. The process is very similar to photographic film development. “Film processing can either be performed mmanuaiyii in open tanks or in an automatic processor.Manual SystemFilm RadiographyQ Film processing is carried out using the following:- A. Developer tank - alkali Stop bath or rinse tank - slightly acidic Fixer tank - acidic Final wash tank - running water Wetting agent - detergent Drying - drying cabinet or drying room‘A. Developer Suppliedas a liquid concentrated alkali mixed to 1 part developer to 4 parts water. Developer temperatures for manual processing 18 to 24°C (65 to 75 °F). Development times are §-8 minutes . Metallic Silver converted into Black metallic silver During the development process agitation should take place to avoid Graininess Replenishment may be added to maintain development times and the activity of the developer. De > > > > > ¥ "Purpose — to ensure that the activity of the developer and the developing time required remains constant "= Guideline -After 1m2 of film has been developed, about 400 ml of replenisher needs to be added. B. Stop Bath > 3% Acetic acid - neutralises the developerCc. Fixer ca > ‘Suppliedas a liquid concentrated acid (Sodium thiosulphate or ammonium thiosulphate) mixed to 1 part fixer to 3 parts water. Functions:- 1. Removes all unexposed silver grains 2. To leave the developed silver as a permanent Image 2. Hardens the emulsion gelatin Fixing temperatures for manual processing 18 to 24°C (65 to 75 °F). Fixing times are twice the clearing time. " Clearing time - The time taken for the radiography to loose its milky appearance. " clearing time about 3 minutes, fixing time about 6 minutes During the fixing process agitation should take place to avoid light spots and Graininess on the radiograph. When fixing times exceed 10 minutes the fixer should be replaced, replenishment is not normally addedD. Final wash tank - running water / wetting agent > > ¥ After washing in running water the films may be placed in a wetting agent to reduce surface tension this results in even drying, preventing Water spots on films. Films should be washed in a tank with constant running water for at least 20 minutes. Insufficient washing the film can caused the yellow fog appears D. Drying - Before drying excess water should be removed with the use of a squeegee Drying should take place in a dust free environment Typical drying times in a drying cabinet 15 minutes ‘Typical drying times in a drying room 45 minutes Care should be taken not to allow drops of water to appear on the drying films, this may cause black marks to appear on the radiographChapter 6 Introduction to RTFM, We oe y Dr-Samir SaadQ The requirements for satisfactory interpretation are that + the interpreter must have adequate ¢} ight, whether corrected or uncorrected, and have the caused by various conditions. to recognise features in the imag,( Introduction..to RIFI ) Q Before viewing a radiograph ‘The interpreter should have a basic knowledge of how the image was created and be aware of the radiographic technique used. The interpreter should have details of the weld configuration and should have some knowledge of the welding procedure used.O The standards usually quoted for eyesight require that * personnelare able to read a minimum of the J2 level on the Jaeger eyesight chart with the chart at positioned a distance of 30.5 centimetres. + Ability to recognise the features on a radiograph comes largely with experience.Q Viewing of radiographs should be carried out using “A film viewer in a darkened room. O When entering a darkened room from bright sunlight % some time should be spent under darkroom conditions prior to commencing interpretation in order that eyesight can adjust to the low light level.( Introduction..to RIFI ) Q Viewer screens should be + cleaned before viewing and care must be taken to avoid marking or damaging the Im. QO The area where films are viewed. should be “clean, work surfaces dry and the films handled by the edges to prevent fingerprints and damage to the film surfaces.Introduction. to RIFI Q Soft cotton gloves are often used by interpreters +? To limit the possibility of film damage. Q Each radiograph is masked on the viewer so that % stray light from around the film does not blind the interpreter.Q The film viewer can be activated by “A foot switch when the film to be examined is position. Q A dim side light can be used in order that % Notes can be made during the work.Chapter 7 Film quality Ye oe y Dr-Samir SaadO Radiographs should be ‘reviewed for film quality prior to interpreting the image for possible defects. ‘+ checked for identification, density and sensitivity and also for the presence of artefacts interfere with the assessment. Q Where film quality is unacceptable “the area of weld covered by the film should be re-raPili quality A. Identification Q Manufacturers may have a method of radiographic identification which is “© linked to a quality system but + The following is a guide to the normal requirements for details appearing on the radiograph. QO The identification should include + The manufacturer's symbol, the componentitem/weld number as appropriate, the location within the weld (such as location markers 1 to 2, B to C etc.) and the date radiography was carried out ee B ==m=I=™6 8 96 Sscatsen niacinee Pate | EEE ene R1 oe aeA. Identification PJ S.C.WS PROJECT —__ 40 sere y Pe Wesco] 8 96 ma Manufacturer's symbol —— 72 dLA. Identification O The identification details usually appear in the image but sometimes a system of "flashing" the details on to the film before exposure is used. U In allcases location markers which indicate the diagnostic length (extent of the weld on the film to be examined) must appear as radiographic images. O The repair status of the weld should also be shown, usually by markers Ri (repair), R2second repair) ete. O Identification details must not encroach on the weld area of interest - the length of weld and heat affected zone between the length markers.Filna quality B. Film density O Radiographicimages are viewed by transmitted light with the film placed on a light box or viewer. Q A more accu method is to use electronic device known as a film transmission densitometer. ew:B. Film density U This device simply measures the logarithmic ratio of incident to transmitted light through the image from the viewer. Incident light Transmitted light Density = Log, O Film density is therefore a number which will vary from 0 (film totally transparent) to about 5 (film virtually opaque). In general, densities above 4 are only used for special applications.B. Film density U The densitometer must be regularly calibrated for accuracy throughout its range and must be set to zero on the illuminated viewer immediately before use. Q The blackness or density of the image can be assessed by comparison with a film strip having a range of densi U A densitometer should be calibrated using a density stripB. Film density Q Film density influences the contrast and hence the visibility of defects on a radiograph. Q Film contrast is the difference in density between adjacent areas on the radiograph, the greater the density difference the higher the contrast. In addition, radiographic film characteristics are such that contrast increases with film density. For this reason a minimum film density on the area being examined is required by most codes and standards.B. Film density QO ASME V Article 2 requires ¢ a minimum of 1.8 for x-ray techniques and minimum of 2.0 for gamma ray techniques. + For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. + The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing QO BS/EN standards require “a minimum density of 2.0 (2.3 for high sensitivity techniques) for both X and gamma rays. Q Other codes such as JIS will accept a minimum density of 1.5.Film quality / B. Film density U These minimum figures for film density apply to the area of interest (the diagnostic length of the weld) on the radiograph.C. Radiographic sensitivity Sensitivity Po] IQI sensitivity Defect sensitivityC. Radiographic sensitivity 1Q) sensitivity > The image on a radiograph which is used to determine the quality level Defect sensitivity > Ability to assist the sensitivity and locate a defect ona radiograph (Depend on the defect orientation)C. Radiographic sensitivity Q The ability of a radiograph to reveal internal defects is determined by the quality 6 sensitivity of the image produced. Q Flaw Orientation “+ A significant limitation of radiography is that discontinuities must be favorably aligned with the radiation beam to be reliably detected. > This is usually not a problem for discontinuities such as porosity or slag since they are usually round in cross section and align with a beam from any direction.C. Radiographic sensitivity Q Flaw Orientation % Planarweld defects such as cracks or lack of sidewall fusion may appear faint or even be invisible if they are unfavourably orientated with the direction of the radiation beam.. Radiographic sensitivity Q Flaw Orientation Optimum Radiography has Angle sensitivity limitations When detecting & cracks, S + Vs to detect +o X-rays "see" a crack as a thickness variation and the larger the variation, the easier the crack is to detect. When the path of the x-rays is not parallel to a crack, the thickness variation is less and the crack may not be visible.C. Radiographic sensitivity 1 Flaw OrientationC. Radiographic sensitivity Q Flaw Orientation Since the angle between the radiation beam and a crack or other linear defect is so critical, the orientation of defect must be well known if radiography is going to be used to perform the inspection. a° 10° 20°C. Radiographic sensitivity O The sensitivity of the radiograph produced is affected by many factors but + basically, the higher the contrast and definition (sharpness) of the image the more sensitive the technique will be for detecting imperfections in the object being examined. OlImage Quality Indicators (IQIs) + IQI’s / Penetrameters are used to measure radiographic sensitivity and the quality of the radiographic technique used. “+ They are not used to measure the size of defects detectedC. Radiographic sensi Q Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) “© Standards for IQI’s include: > ASTM > BS3071 > BSEN 462 > DING + ‘Two types of indicatorare in common use > The wire type and > The plate/hole type.C. Radiographic sensitivity O Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) ron Eo[o[o[o Step / Hole type IQI ii Wire type IQIC. Radiographic sensitivity O Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) “> Placement of IQI > IQI must be placed on the maximum thickness of weld > Thinnest required step or wire “shim “ must be placed at the extreme edge of section under test IQI material chosen should have similar radiation absorption/transmission properties to the test specimen .C. Radiographic sensitivity Ci Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) > Placement of [QI Step/Hole Type IQI Wire Type IQIFilna quality iC. Radiographic sensitivity C Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) Placement of [QICc. Radiographic sensitivity ‘ C1 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) “Placement of [QI > In case of access problem , IQI has to placed on the film side of the object, letter “F” should be placed beside the QL. > — [QI must be placed at the source sideC. Radiographic sensitivity Q Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) Wire Type IQI “ASTM Wire Type “ The left side 01,02,03,04,05 gives the material Grouping and on the right A,B,C & D gives the four sets of wires. Each penetrameter contains 6 wires out of which 1 wires shallbe repeatedin the next adjacent set. Totally the four sets A,B,C & D will therefore account 21 wire diameters. ‘The diameter varies by a geometric progression of 1.25.C. Radiographic sensitivity Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) Wire Type IQI “ASTM Wire Type “C. Radiographic sensitivity Q Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) “Wire Type IQI “ASTM Wire Type “ 03 Magnesium Steel Aluminium bronzes & Nickel Aluminium bronze Nickel-chromium-Iron alloy ‘Nickel copper Tin bronzeincluding Gun metal & valve bronze Aluminium o1 Titanium,C. Radiographic sensitivity Q Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) “Wire Type IQI “ASTM Wire Type * > Finding Sensitivity: Sensitivity = Least wire dia visible x100 % Thickness. Y Acceptable sensitivity shall be 2% (Pressure Vessels& Pipelines). Y Hence penetrameter selection shall be 2 % of material thickness.O The thickness of a test piece is 20 mm and the ASTM wire type IQI visible on the filmis 9™ wire. Find the sensitivity achieved. > Finding Sensitivity: Sensitivity = Least wire dia Thickness. > Visible IQ] 9th wire size is 0.51 mm. > — % sensitivity achieved is=Q Using the ASTM wire type IQ! , How many IQI wires must be visible to give an IQI sensitivity of 2% if Total weld thickness is 16 mm? > Finding Sensitivity: Least wire Dia. visible = Sensitivity x Thickness 100 > Least wire dia visible = 2.x 16 = 0.32mm 100 7 wires visibleC. Radiographic sensitivity ..,cimeter Design Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) * HOLE TYPE IQI o-|—- a |__. ay oe (Peete deiraton Tikes in Thou/ mils 1 Thou = 1/ 1000inch IQI Sensitivity 1 Hole visible = 4T 2 Holes visible = T 3 Holes visible = 2TC. Radiographic sensitivity Q Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) % HOLETYPE IQI “Sensitivity Levels “ Sensitivity Level_2-1T. Here 2 implies penetrameter selection shall be 2 % of material thickness and the least visible hole was 17. Obtained Sensitivity. = 100. / TxH. x 2. Where X- material thickness in Thou. T- Penetrameter thickness in Thou. H- Holedia visible.Given:- Q> JobthicknesX = 20mm =800 Thou Q > 1Q| Thickness T= 15 Thou Q HolediaH = 2T=2x 15 Thou=30 Thou) > Determine the HOLE TYPE IQI Sensitivity Levels Sensitivity = 100 [ T™ x 2 Where X- material thickness in Thou. Sensitivity = 100 | 15x30 T- Penetrameter thickness in Thou. 800 2 H- Hole dia visible. = 1.875%C. Radiographic sensitivity Q Scatter * Scatter will lead to poorer contrast and definition and create spurious indications ¢ Internal scatter originating within the specimen © Side scatter walls and nearby objects in the path of the primary beam * Back scatter materials located behind the filmC. Radiographic sensitivity QO Scatter ¢ Internal scatter : originating within the specimenC. Radiographic sensitivity Q Scatter © Side scatter : walls and nearby objects in the path of the primary beam. Radiographic sensitivity O Scatter * Back scatter : materials located behind the filmC. Radiographic sensitivity OBack scatter Back scattered radiation from surfaces and objects behind the film during exposure can degrade the image and reduce radiographic sensitivity. Code requirements specify that a lead letter "B" must be attached to the back of the film cassette before exposure.Filna quality C. Radiographic sensitivity Q Back scatter + During interpretation , If a light image of the “B,” appears on a darker background of the radiograph would indicate that excessive backscatter had been present during exposure and that the ph is unacceptable, The absence of the lead letter image or / A dark image of the “B” on a lighter background, indicates that acceptably low scatter levels have been achievedChapter 8 Weld Quality Ye oe y Dr-Samir SaadQ Following the review of film quality, > Radiographs should be examined for the presence of defects in the weld and adjacent material. Examination should be carried out even if the film quality is unacceptable since gross defects may be visibleand the component could be rejected without the need for further radiography. Defects visible shouldbe noted and the component sentenced according to the applicable acceptance criteria. ‘Where there is doubt whether an image is due to an internal defeet ora surface feature the weld area should be examined visually to establish the cause.A. Weld surface features, Q Listed below are some of the irregular weld surface conditions that can be seen in radiographic images. C1 The severity of weld defects such as excessive penetration or undercutting is difficult to judge using radiographic evidence alone. CQ Wherever possible defects of this type should be judged for acceptability by visual examination of the weld.A. Weld surface features, Excessive root penetration Root concavity Incompletely filled groove Undercutting SpatterWeld Quallity A. Weld surface features, 1) Excessive root penetration. Excess weld mi al protruding through the root of a fusion weld made from one side appears in the radiograph as a continuous or intermittent light irregular band within the age of the weld.Weld Qualliky A. Weld surface features, 1) Excessive root penetration.( Weld Quallity ) A. Weld surface features, 2) Root concavity. Root concavity is a shallow groove which may occur in the root of a single sided weld. It appears in the radiograph as a series of dark areas along the centre of the weld varying in density according to the depth of imperfection. Rona e AdWeld Qualliky A. Weld surface features, 3) Incompletely filled groove (lack of fill/ underfill). + This is a continuous or intermittent channel in the surface of the weld, ing along its length, due to Insufficient weld material. The channel may be along the centre or along one or both edges of the weld. It produces an image in the radiograph of a dark band or dark patches within the image of the weld. Where this occurs at the edge of the weld cap it is distinguished from undercutting by the straight edge of the weld preparation on the parent material.Weld Qualliky A. Weld surface features, 4) Undercutting a % — Aminregular groove at the toe the weld in the parent material due to burning away during welding. It appears in the radiograph as a dark /irvegular /intermittent band along the edge of either the cap or root bead or between adjacent capping runs. It may therefore appear inside or outside the weld image on the radiographWeld Qualliky A. Weld surface features, 5) Spatter -e of the p rial or weld. Spatter appears in the aph as small light spots on the weld and adjacent parent material.B. Weld defects, Q_ Weld defects can occur in any position in the weld and may be visible on the radiograph for assessment. Suspected defects which appear to be surface breaking should be confirmed by visual or NDE surface inspection techniques.B. Weld defects, Cracks Lack of fusion Incomplete root penetration Slag inclusions, Metallic inclusions Gas porosity Elongated cavities (hollow bead/piping) Worm holes Crater cracks and pipesB. Weld defects, 1) Cracks + Cracks due to welding may occur at the point of solidification, during the deposition of subsequent welding runs or at a time after the completion of welding. + Cracks may occur either in the weld deposit or in the parent material. + Cracks are usually parallel to the welding direction but can also occur in the transverse plane. + Crater cracks at stop/start positions can also occur.B. Weld defects, 1) Cracks ‘The ability of the radiographic technique to detect a crack is dependent on the crack orientation relative to the direction of the radiation. Even a slight deviation from the optimum orientation will greatly reduce the chances of detection. When they are detected they appear in the radiographas dark, fine and often branching lines which are usually diffuse or discontinuous.( Weld Quality B, Weld defects, 1) Cracks YYB. Weld defects, ferret( Weld Quality B, Weld defects, 1) CracksWeld Quallity B. Weld defects, 1) CracksWeld Quality B. Weld defects, —_ ae!B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusion “Lack of fusion in welding can occur either between the weld deposit and the parent material or between successive layers of weld material.B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusion ‘The ability of radiographic techniques to detect lack of fusion is strongly dependent on the orientation of the defect with respect to the incident beam of radiation. Lack of fusion with the parent material will appear as a fine dark straight line which may be continuous or intermittent. ‘Unfavourably orientated lack of fusion with the parent material may sometimes be detected due to the presence of associated slag inclusions or porosity. a slag inclusion with a straight edge normally indicates lack of fusion. Gas escaping from an area of lack of fusion during welding may show as linear porosity.Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusion aWeld Quality B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusionWeld Quality B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusion =— <<Weld Qualliky B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusionWeld Qualliky B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusionWeld Quallity B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusionWeld Quality ) B. Weld defects, 2) Lack of fusion lack of root fusionB. Weld defects, 3) Incomplete root penetration Incomplete penetration appears in a radiograph as a dark continuous or intermittent linear band, the edges of which will be straight. Where welds are deposited without a root gap, lack of penetration may appear as a single continuous or intermittent straight dark line,( Weld Quallity J B. Weld defects, 3) Incomplete root penetration + — Root gaps frequently close during welding and even in cases where there should have been a root gap the lack of penetration may still appearin the radiographas a single fine dark line.Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 3) Incomplete root penetration ee eeWeld Quality B. Weld defects, 3) Incomplete root penetration re eee incomplete penetrationB. Weld defects, Incomplete root penetration Pre en eet)Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 3) Incomplete root penetration en Eee)(i Weld Quaillity B. Weld defects, 3) Incomplete root penetrationB. Weld defects,B. Weld defects, 3) Slag inclusions “Slag inclusions are irregularly shaped, they may be either rounded/isolated or linear/elongated. * Linearslag inclusions with a straight edge may indicate lack of fusion.l Weld Quality ) B. Weld defects, 4) Slag inclusions * Sometimes linear slag will appear on the radiograph as two irregular parallel lines referred to as tram lines or waggon tracks. ‘Most weld slag and other possible sources of non-metallic inclusions are radiographically much less absorbing than the surrounding metallic material and appear in the radiograph as dark images.Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 4) Slag inclusions( Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 4) Slag inclusionsree| Weld Quality { B. Weld defects, \ 4) Slag inclusionsWeld Quality B. Weld defects, 4) Slag inclusionsB, Weld defects, 5) Metallic inclusions ‘Materials such as tungsten or copper can be accidentally introduced into the molten weld pool during welding, the materials usually coming from the welding equipment in use. ‘Tungsten inclusions are associated with the tungsten inert-gas welding process and are caused by the break-up of the non- consumable tungsten electrode during welding. ‘Tungsten is very dense and the inclusions always appear as bright images which tend to be sharp and angular. They are usually small - typically 0.5 to 1 mm.B. Weld defects, > 5) Metallic inclusions aB. Weld defects, 5) Metallic inclusions ‘Copper inclusions can occur with submerged-arc or other welding processes where the consumable electrode is fed through a copper contact. If the copper touches the weld pool it will melt and become included in the weld. Copper is radiographically more absorbing than steel so the inclusions are bright with diffuse edges. Copper inclusions in ferritic steel welds can cause cracking.Weld Qualliky B. Weld defects, 5) Metallic inclusionsB. Weld defects, 6) Gas porosity. % Gas pores are easily detected by radiography since they are not sensitive to the direction of radiation and the gas is many times less dense than the surrounding material.{ Weld Quality ) B. Weld defects, 6) Gas porosity. Gas pores appear on a radiograph as sharply defined dark circular spots. They may be isolated, grouped or evenly distributed. Linear porosity is usually an indication of lack of fusion.B. Weld defects, 'Weld Quallity B. Weld defects, 6) Gas porosity.Weld Quallity B. Weld defects, 6) Gas porosity.Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 6) Gas porosity.Weld Quallity B. Weld defects, 6) Gas porosity. | neiceWeld Quallity B. Weld defects, 6) Gas porosity.Weld Qu B. Weld defects, 7) Elongated Cavities (hollow bead/piping) These will generally only occur at the roots of welds deposited by manual metal-are, On the radiograph they have an appearance similar to that of slag.{ Weld Quality ) B. Weld defects, 7) Elongated Cavities (hollow bead/piping) ‘The radiographic indication usually has rounded ends and is usually situated above the center of the root bead.( Weld Quaility J B. Weld defects, 7) Elongated Cavities (hollow bead/piping) ‘The radiographic indication usually has rounded ends and is usually situated above the center of the root bead.B. Weld defects, 8) Worm Holes ‘These are gas pores which have become frozen in the weld pool while migrating towards the surface. ‘© They appear on the radiograph as a dark shadow ,the shape of which depends on the orientation of the defect.B. Weld defects, 8) Worm Holes If the worm hole is in line with the radiation a very dark rounded shadow is formed. If the wormhole is not directly in line with the radiation beam then the dark spot has a faint tail. Where a lamination in the parent material or a lack of fusion is the source of wormholes they are often apparent in the radiograph ina herringbone shaped linear group. _Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 8) Worm HolesWeld Qualliky B. Weld defects, 8) Worm HolesWeld Qualliky f ; B. Weld defects, 8) Worm Holes een( Weld Quality B. Weld defects, 8) Worm Holes. Weld defects, 9) Crater cracks and pipes Crater cracks are due to shrinkage and usually occur at weld stop/start positions. ‘They often have a star like appearance in the radiograph and their radiographic image rarely measures more than 3 or 4 mm.( Weld Quaility J B. Weld defects, 9) Crater cracks and pipesWeld Quallity B. Weld defects, 9) Crater cracks and pipes Crater pipes appear on the radiograph with an image similar to that of an isolated wormhole and may be associated with cracking.Practice Problem Q-01: is the result of gas entrapmentin the solidifying metal and can take many shapes ona radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing individually, scattered, in clusters, in aligned rows, and elongated (often witha tail). yyy WY PO myPractice Problem Q-01: is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metaland can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing individually, scattered, in clusters, in aligned rows, and elongated (often with a tail). yyy Us cose LULLPractice Problem Q-02: One specific type of gas entrapment is elongated with appearance of a tail. This occurs when gas attempts escape with metal still in a liquid state. It is called,_.......Practice Problem Q-02: One specific type of gas entrapment is elongated with appearance of a tail. This occurs when gas attempts escape with metal still in a liquid state. It is called _“Wormhole” Porosity__Q-03: Another type of gas entrapmentis caused when flux coated electrodes become contaminated with moisture. Moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during welding with indications grouped very closely together. It is yyyQ-03: Another type of gas entrapmentis caused when flux coated electrodes become contaminated with moisture. Moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during welding with indications grouped very closely together. It is called “Cluster” Porosity,Practice Problem Q-04: Another type of “gas entrapment” is caused when individual defects are in a row or along a line. We must then measure the cumulative length. It is calledPractice Problem Q-04: Another type of “gas entrapment” is caused when individual defects are in a row or along a line. We must then measure the cumulative length. It is calledPractice Problem ) Q-05: This defect (also gas entrapment) is abbreviated as “HE Itusually runs only along the length of the root pass and within the root pass. It is called( Practice Problem ) Q-05: This defect (also gas entrapment) is abbreviated as “HE Itusually runs only along the length of the root pass and within the root pass. It is called _Ho_ Practice Problem Q-06: is nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In radiograph, appears dark, jagged asymmetrical shape(s) within or along weld jointareas. CYy MMM ny >» >»_.......Practice Problem Q-06: Slag or Slag Inclusion is nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In radiograph, appears dark, jagged asymmetrical shape(s) within or along weld joint areas. (ceeleteathelenaetnannnn aeendatonal f TT y * SyChapter 9 Artefacts 4") Dr-Samir SaadQ An artefact on a radiograph is any image on the film which is not related to the object being radiographed. O Artefacts can be produced by mechanical or chemical damage to the film before or after processing and by damaged or dirty intensifying screens. O Artefacts are cause for rejection of the film only if they interfere with the image in the area of interest of the weld being examined. Some examples of artefacts are described below.Artefacis. A. Scratches U A seratch on the film can appear as a dark or light image in the radiograph. Images resulting from film scratches can usually be identified by viewing the film in reflected light and should be visible on one side of the film only.“A, Scratches Q Scratches on the lead screen or damaged lead cauB. Crimp marks “Finger prints “ Q. Crimp marks take place when the film is bent during the handling of the film.Artefacis. C. Processing marks Examples of processing marks include > Roller Marks which are caused by poor maintenance of automatic film processors and > Streakiness Or Mottling which can be due to insufficient agitation during manual development. > Under or over development usually leads to a mottled effect on the finished radii aph. A similar effect is produced by exhausted developer.( Artefacts ) C. Processing marks O Watermarks > These are easily seen on the radiograph both by transmitted and reflected light and are due to a dry or partially dry film being wetted locally either by splashing or by water running down from a film hanger clip.C. Processing marks O Chemical Stains Ai( Artefacts ) C. Processing marks Q Reticulation > When the film subjected to a sudden temperature changes between the developed water. Appear as cracked filmArtefacts ‘a Processing marks Q Dust/Grime Marks( Artefacts D. Static Electricity G In very dry conditions static charge can build up on the film in the plastic film cassette or when removed from the film storage box. Q This may discharge when the film is removed for processing or loading. Q The discharge sparks cause dark marks in the image due to the exposure to light. ig dark lines. The marks can appear as dark star shapes or fine branc!Artefacts D. Static ElectricityArtefacts E. Light LeaksChapter 10 ‘wil Acceptance Criteria wv = y ! Dr-Samir SaadQ The following tables are provided as a guide only. Code or contract governs. ‘A. ASME SEC I, Paragraph PW-51, B. ASME SEC VIII D1, C. ASME B31.1, Paragraph 136.4.5, D. API STD 650 Note :- Rounded Indications shall be judged against the standards set forth in ASME SEC VII D1, Appendix 4.Louuuu Asseptance Criteria) Yable 1-1 — Maximum Discontinuity Size Allowed ASME SEC ASME 831.1 ASME SEC VIIIDT, Para. UW-51; APISTD 650 ASME SEC VIII D4 6.0 pam C2) for Tap te oom Ga). Astror trom 19.0 mm @2"> AS B7O mmm os) inchucve: evra 82) for Ove Fointorcomant Se Bear oe seca ge, Bete ees aos ee Rater te Table 22 of ie Aopends Relerig Table 22 or this Round indications are not ‘Apponane iB ‘Abponane Elongated ana atanea tungsten inclusions are, Mhaceopeabis ‘Reat Concaviy ‘GRacceprapie ne Gonaity fe greater than that Stthe parsnt materialE. ASME B31.3 O The type of weld joints and service conditions shall be considered to determine the method of NDE required. Table 2-1 is to be used with all notes for radiographic film interpretation.Liu Asseptance Criteria) TABLE 2-1: ASME B31.3 Acceptance Criteria Crieta [Ae Mi for Types oF Weide, for Senice Conaiions, and for Requved Examination Methods [Note (1 Nornat Fluls Sefvice Severe cyeite Conations Category b Fiua Service Methods | Types of Wem Methods “Types of Weiss —[metnogl “Types of welds 5 g 5 g 5 g £1e(8 3 2 els q eld 8 alelslizie Blelsl|2lelzis 2/el2/35 sles l2ielslele isles lei] « [2]s lolz EIEURIEE|E le la lela la /2 ie] © alee ls ale |ey" |e SEAS IE |e 2/8 |" |2 aa eee eee Sopacpapa paps pocps pc papa papa} pe Papeete xfs betas x Px apap ap xe PATNA 8 Spe Pe pra Pe xe Sp e-pna te papa ex ACPA RA afalfala] « afalalal « [alalala Surtace Finish x Doss a x K | Na x|x« Kk] K | nal kK x Kk | K | nal] Kk............ Asseptanse Criteria) Table 2-2 — Acceptance Criteria for Table 2-1 EH a Scape VaIEE TES SETS I [saan ormperone Zoe ina soanoraneomon $— [Sina seine peasuatr iisee tia waa or omnis cage Woops ponaimion —| Sse i's nin ony 1e0 ran (wold ona =| Sap ar isor oF osor ae nee Hae FEE RT ERT = ‘Size and distribution of Internal porosity For Tw 6.4 mm Cain.) imitis same as D Eo ftian ni meieses aoe — SSR Se noe tat ere image ae £3 Fam cvtiny ang ates wo Beparoneen Sime a nna ee SiS Gis) asta sam GEER) | Sapir a tout nrinoe cone Tost lont meen me we TORS Te ERS area it proeaatag —| PSPS GN aT args seule) athe ean aan, 2281588 w | Peeigivsesems ne Fa Be evaluated se ounded indications Etangaied Sr aligned tungsten inclusions sre unacceptanieLiu Acceptance Criteria) Notes: (1) Ciera given are for required examination, More stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. See also paragraphs. 341.5 and 341.5.3 of ASME/ANS! 631.3 (2) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam, Criteria are not intended to apply to welds made in accordance witha standard listed in Table Al or Table 326.1 of ASME 837.1. (3) Fillet weld includes socket and sea! welds, and tachment for slip-on flanges and branch reinforcement. (4) Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated laps. (8) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds § mm (3/16 in. in nominal thickness. (6) Where two limiting values are separated by "and’, the lesser ofthe values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by "othe larger value is acceptable. (7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable, (8) For groove welds, height isthe lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces ofthe adjacent components. For filet ‘elds, height is measure from the theoretical throat, Fig. 328.5.2A, of ASME/ANSI B31.3 internal protrusion does not apply.F. API STD1104, ASME/ANSI B31.4, ASME/ANSI B31.8 Table 3-1 is applicable in determining the size and type of discontinuities when viewing radiographs for final acceptance in accordance with API STD 1104, ASME/ANSI B31.4, Paragraph 434.8.5, and ASME/ANSI B31.8.Acceptance. Criteria) ‘Fable 3-1 — Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104 Indication/stest ‘Unacceptable W any of the following conditions exist Taadequate Panotraton UP Conmout hah iow) 7 Longin of an individual indication of tf sncoods oo-4 min (OS 2 The aagregate length of indications of (P im any continuous 304.8 men C12") Wang wate aeosae SES Te CF OD, 3. The aapregate lonath of maicntigns Of IP excoods 8% of the wold length in Any SERIES erS8T 8 rns CIS is tan TRSSSGUSIS PORSTSRSA GUS Tetaignow Gro) —Tongih of an individual indication of Pb) Sxcsods SOU TOT 2. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 204 8 mm C12") Pe Re eee ee 7 —Lenath of an inaividual indication of IF sxcsods 25-4 mn (OF, 2. The aggregate length of indications af if in any continucus 304.8 mm C12") tonain of wold oxcoods 254 mim (10). 3. Tho'aoarsaate lonatn of maications OF IF oxcoods 0% of the weld length in Ry BERT MeM SS etn CIS) is hens Estas aro 1. Longin of an inaividual indication of IFD oxcosds 50:0 mm CEO" 2. The naaregatn tonatty of inciemtnnsa OFED, sn any contnnunes 304.8 mm 2._Vhe aaareaate lonath of indications of ID exceeds 8% of the wold lenath. Concaviy Tey Bur TRSUGR TYAcceptance Criteria) Fable 3-1 — Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104 (Cont'd) Elongated (5), aa a unSSSgptabia ITany of the following sgngisions sxIst estore a Se eae eee eegemes |. Reames 3\_Distnbution of Porosity exceeds API STO 1104 Porosity Charts une recaprabe ‘Sin of HD longtne = 3" an any continuous 12" of walt individual HO'~ 32" separated by — 2" pape Siar cracks. “Shattow crater or star crack tength © 5/32" te unaccoptable. 1 Any combination EU & IU tongth = 2" in any continuous 12" of wold 2. Sum or EU & 10 tonatha in any combination = 1/6 of wold tenth 2. Sum tongina of indication ~ 890 of wold tangth Aa ara, one, are cay ees sg other SCOTIA Te We Pie OFG. AWS D1.1 a Radiographic acceptance criteria for AWS D1.1 is different for Statically Loaded and Dynamically Loaded structures. ‘This presentation covers only statically loaded structures. For Dynamically loaded structures, refer to the appropriate sections of AWS D1 If there is doubt as to the designation of statically or dynamically loaded, refer to the project engineer for determination. ‘The radiographic film interpreter should confirm the loading classification prior to proceeding the interpretation of lm, Rejection criteria for Statically loaded structures are provided below. Note that to determine the allowable and rejectable size of discontinuities, the use of both the tables and charts fave required.Liu Acceptance Criteria) Table 4-1 — Rejection Criteria for Statically Loaded Structures, AWS D1-1 Para 8.15.3.2 Indication Rejection Criteria Cracks None permitted Elongated Discontinuities > maximum size of chart 44 Clearance between discontinuities: < minimum clearance allowance of fig 4-1 Rounded Discontinuities > EB or> we fortez > E/3 or > 3/8" for T > 2" Minimum clearance between a rounded discontinuity > 3/32" to an acceptable rounded or elongated discontinuity or to an edge or end ‘of an intersection shall be three (3) times the larger discontinuity. Isolated Discontinuity, 1e., a cluster ‘of rounded indications. ‘Sum of greatest dimension > maximum size of a single discontinuity permitted in Fig. 4-1 Minimum clearance to another cluster or elongated discontinuity or to an edge or end of an intersecting shall be three (3) times the larger discontinuity. ‘Sum of Individual Discontinuities ‘each being < 3/32" shall not exceed 26/3 or 3/8" which ever is less in 1” of weld In-Line Discontinuities ‘Sum > E inany length of GE_ Where length of weld is = OE, permissible sum shall be proportionately less. Tungsten Inclusions Individual tungsten inclusions are be evaluated as rounded indications (Porosity). Elongated or aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.VINO SURENRSTNY —FTNMUSURIORBESLYChapter ASME V ARTICLE 2 ppresiouoric Examination P = / mm | a ene: pep ||34 The inspector should be familiar with and understand; 1. The Scope of Article 2 and general requirements, 2. The rules for radiography as typically applied on pressure vessels such as, but not limited to: a. required marking b. type, selection, number, and placement of IQI’s, c. allowable density d. control of backscatter radiation e. location markers 3. RecordsXET-210 Scope “+ The radiographic method described in this Article for examination of materials including castings and welds shall be used together with Article 1, General Requirements. 3X7 - 223 Backscatter Radiation % Alead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 1/2in. in height and 1/16in. in thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film. T- 224 System of Identification | = eT ae odSET - 224 System of Identification +A system shalll be used to produce permanent identification on the radiograph traceable to the contract, component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate. In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included on the radiograph. In any case, this information shall not obscure the area of interest. xXtT — 225 Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density.SET - 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQl) Design ‘ IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type. “ASME standard IQls shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type. Table T-233.1 Hole-Type 1QI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters 1QU Thickness, im. -1T Hole Diameter, in. 27 010 (0.25) 1.040 (1.02) 2.010 (025) 040 (1.02) 2.010 (025) 2.040102) 0.0175 (048) 0035 (089) (0.020 051) 0.040 (102) 0.080 (203) 0.025 (054) 0050 (127) 00 (254) (2.030 (076) 12030 (076) 11320 (305) 0035 (089) (0.035 (0.09) 8.040 (102) 2.040 (4.02) aos a9) 19) oyun 2990 (29 180 (457) Hole type IQ 0.080127)SET - 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQl) Design “ASME standard 1Q\s shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type. Table T-233.2 Wire 101 Designation, Wire Diameter, and Wire identity Soc (0.00) oa Soo (asa) 33) soos (os) ton) soos (oie) sp 3 coe 3 ten} ‘ es of Diameter, in. (mm) identity 0100 (254) 10 o1z6 (20) 17 S160 (406) 18 200 (Seu) 10 0250 (635) 20-01:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the 2T hole diameter for an IQ! designation 10? a) 0.001 in. b) 0.010 in. c) 0.020 in. d) 0.025 in.E-01:- Image Quality Indicator (IQl) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the 2T hole diameter for an IQI designation 10? TABLE 7-233.1 HOLE-TYPE 101 DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AND HOLE DIAMETERS iar 17 Hole 27 Hole “47 Hole Thickness Diameter, Diameter, Diameter, in (mm) in. (mmm) in (mmm) in (mmm) 0.005 (0.13) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02) 0.0075 (0.19) 0.010 2a 10.51 0.040 (1.02 a) 0.001 in. b) 0.010 in. c) 0.020 in. 0.015 (0.38) 0.015 (0.38) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52) 0.0175 (0.44) ——«0.0175(044) 0.035 (0.89) 0070 (1.78) 4) 0.028 in 0.028 (0.64) 0028 (0.6) 0.050 (1.27) 010 (284) ; - 0.020 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1152) 0.120 (305) 0.040 (1.02) 0.040 (1.02) 0.080 (203) 0.160 (4.08) Oss (14) 0.045 (1.14) 0.090 (229) 0180 (457) 0.050 (1.28smi send 0050 (127) 0.100 (254) 0.200 (speE-02:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the thickness of an IQI designation 20? a) 0.002 in. b) 0.020 in. c) 0.040 in. d) 0.200 in.E-02:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the thickness of an IQI designation 20? TABLE T-233. a) 0.002 in. HOLE-TYPE IQ! DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AND HOLE DIAMETERS b) 0.020 in. 0.005 (0.13) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (7.02) 0.0075 (0.19) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (051) 0.040 (1.02) . 0.010 (0.25) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (7.02) c) 0.040 in. 0.0125 (0.32) 0.0125 (0.32) 0.025 (0.64) 0.050 (1.27) 0.015 (0.38) 0.015 (0.38) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52) 0.0175 (0.44) 0.0175 (0.44) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78) 4) 0.200 in. 0.025 (054) 0.025 (0.64), 0.050 (1.27) 0.100 (2.54) 0.030 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52) 0.120 (3.05) 0.035 (0.89) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78) 0.140 (3.56) 0.040 (1.02) 0,040 (1.02) 0.080 (2.03) 0.160 (4.06),E-03:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire diameter for an IQI wire identity 5? a) 0.10 mm b) 0.20 mm c) 0.005 in. d) 0.010 in.E-03:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire diameter for an IQI wire identity 5? TABLE T-233.2 a) 0.10 mm WIRE IQ] DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER, AND WIRE IDENTITY ‘Set A Set B b) 0.20 mm Wire Wire Wire Wire Diameter, in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) _ Identity) c) 0.005 in. (0.08) (0.25) (0.10) (0.33) (0.13) (0.41) (0.16) (51) 4) 0.010 in. 0008 020) @D (06s) (0.25) (0.81)E-04:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the IQI identity for a wire diameter of 0.81 mm? a)3 b) 3.2 c)6E-04:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the IQI identity for a wire diameter of 0.81 mm? TABLE T-233.2 WIRE 101 DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER, "AND WIRE IDENTITY,E-05:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire IQI set for a 0.032 in. diameter wire? a)Set A b)Set B c)Set A and C d)Sets B and CE-05:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire IQI set for a 0.032 in. diameter wire? TABLE ¥-233.3 WIRE 101 DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER, "AND WIRE IDENTITY, a)Set A = = (rom) _tdentity Diameter. in._(mn)_ Identity b)Set B e852 oor (16) c)Set A and C d)Sets B and CS£1-262 Densitometer and step wedge comparison film *% T-262.1 Densitometers. ‘ Densitometers shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during use as follows: (a) Anational standard step tablet or a step wedge calibration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities fromat least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. (d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than +0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film.SET-274 Geometric Unsharpness 1-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness shall be determined in accordance with: Ug= Fd /D Source Focal Spot () Where: Ug = geometric unsharpness Source size; the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicularto the distance D from the weld or object being radiographed, inches. D = the distance from source of radiation to weld or ‘object being radiographed, inches. Detector d= distance from source side of weld or object being Penumbra (U radiographedto the film, inches. 5s ——XIT-274 Geometric Unsharpness * T-274.2 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. > Recommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness are as follows mm) —_U, Maximum, in. (mm Under 2 (50) 0.020 (0.51) 2 through 3 (50-75) 0.030 (0.76) Over 3 through 4 (75-100) 0.040 (1.02) Greater than 4 (100) 0.070 (1.78)E-01:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For a material thickness of 1.5 inches (38.1 mm), the geometric unsharpness of a radiograph , when required by referencing code ,shall not exceed? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm)E-01:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For a material thickness of 1.5 inches (38.1 mm), the geometric unsharpness of a radiograph , when required by referencing code ,shall not exceed? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm ) ( ) Material Thickness, in.(mm) __U, Maximum, in. (mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) _| LWnder2 (50) 9.020 (0.51) 2 through 3 (50-75) 0.030 (0.76) Over 3 through 4 (75-100) 0.040 (1.02) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) i" eater than 4 (100) 0.070 (1.78) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm)E-02:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] What is the recommended maximum value for geometric unsharpness (Ug) for a 2-1/2 in. thick material? a) 0.020 in. b) 0.030 in. c) 0.040 in. d) 0.070 in.E-02:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] What is the recommended maximum value for geometric unsharpness (Ug) for a 2-1/2 in. thick material? a) 0.020 in. b) 0.030 in. Material Thickness, in. (mm) U, Maximum, in. (mm) Under 2 (50) 0.020 (051) c) 0.040 in. 2 through 3 (50-75) 0.030 (0.76) Over 3 through 4 (75-100) 0.040 (1.02) Greater than 4 (100) 0.070 (1.78) d) 0.070 in.Xt T-275 Location Markers. ‘Location markers (see Fig. T-275), which are to appear as radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the part, not on the exposure holder / cassette. Their locations shall be permanently marked on the surface of the part being radiographed when permitted, or on a map, ina manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the required retention period of the radiograph. Evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that the required coverage of the region being examined has been obtained, X£T-276 1QI Selection + T-276.11Q! Material. > IQ's shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified in SE-1025 or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed.X£-T-276 IQI Selection * T-276.2 IQI Size. > The designated hole |Q\ or essential wire shall be as specified in Table T-276. Table 7-276 101 Setection Designate Wire-TypeE-01:- IQI Selection [T-276.2] What is the designated hole IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the source-side? aj6 b)7 c) 15 d)17-01:- IQ! Selection [T-276.2] What is the designated hole IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the source-side? TABLE T-276 101 SELECTION ta Nominal Singe-Wal Eswmtal —WirType —HoleType sential Wire Type Material Thickess Rang, in (mn) Hole Esra Wire Designation Hole Essential Wire Upto 025, ine. (64) 1 0 ar ver 0.25 trough 0.375(6 4 thraugh 95) 6 ar ve 0150 theugh 0.75 (12.7 thaugh 190) ar (ve 0.75 though 7.00 (190 thaugh 25.4) 5 2, 9 ar 1.00 trough 1.50 (254 trcugh 38.1) 2 arE-02:- IQI Selection [T-276.2] What is the essential wire IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the Film side? aj6 b)7 c) 15 d)17E-02:- IQI Selection [T-276.2] What is the essential wire IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the Film side? TABLE 1-276 IQ SELECTION ype Essential Wire-Typo HoleType —Esatial (mn) Designation Hole Essrtial Wire Designation (ver 0.50 through O75 (12.7 trough 190) (ver 0.75 through 1.00 (190 through 254) Over 1.00 through 1.50 (25.4 trough 38.1) 1.50 trough 200 (38.1 trough $0.8)3£T-276 IQI Selection + T-276.2 IQI Size. (a) Welds With Reinforcements. Y The thickness on which the IQ) is the nominal single- wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing Code Section. Backing rings or strips shall not be consideredas part of, the thicknessin QI selection, ‘The actual measurementof the weld reinforcementis (b) Welds Without Reinforcements. ¥ The thickness on which the IQ] is the nominal single- wall thickness. # Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of, the weld thicknessin IQ) selection. Thickness: of the Part Thickness. of the Part acting net Include7 3X1-277 Use Of IQs To Monitor Radiographic Examination + 1-277.1 Placement of IQls. (a) Source-Side 1Q\(s). Y The IQi{s) shall be placed on the source renee side of the part being examined. Y (b) Film-Side 1a\(s). ¥ Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the 1Q\(s) on the source side, the 1Qi{s) shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. Alead letter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or on the 1Q)(), but shall not mask the essential hole where hole IQls are used. 1QI film side Sims 84. =|_ Article 2, Radiographic Examination J XL1-277 Use Of IQIs To Monitor Radiographic Examination “+ T-277.1 Placement of IQls. (c) & (d) 1Q1 Placement for Welds > Hole IQls. v placed adjacent to or on the weld. > Wire IQls. v Y placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld.XL1-277 Use Of IQIs To Monitor Radiographic Examination + T-277.2 Number of IQls. > When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQ| image shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below. > (b) Special Cases (7) For segments of a flat or curved (i.e., ellipsoidal, torispherical, toriconical, elliptical, etc.) component where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three film holders, ¥ atleast three IQs, one placed at each end of the radiographed span and one in the approximate center of the span, are required.XLT-282 Radiographic density + a minimum of 1.8 for x-ray techniques and minimum of 2.0 for gamma ray techniques. For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing Mattipte tym [echntane (Sandwich Technique) i, A Fine Grain Medium Speed Density 2.0 to 3.0 acceptable FILM B: Very Fine Grain-Slow Speed...Article 2, Radiographic Examination } - XL1-284 Excessive Backscatter > Ifa light image of the “B,” appears on a darker background of tt fi f bac i nt and th shall be considered unacceptable. 5 eee eee Perera * Adark image of the “B” ona lighter background iX4T-290 DOCUMENTATION “+ T-291 Radiographic Technique Documentation Details. > The Manufacturer shall prepare and document the radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the following information shall be provided. {a) the requirements of Article 1, T-190(a) (b) identification as required by T-224 {¢) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with T-275.3 (d) number of radiographs (exposures) (e) X-ray voltage or isotope type used {f) source size (F in T-274.1) {g) base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable (h) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1) (i) distance from source side of object to film (din T-274.1) (j) film manufacturer and Manufacturer's type/ designation (k) number of film in each film holder/cassette (I) single- or double-wall exposure (m) single- or double-wall viewing