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The Integral Forms of The Fundamental Laws: V V, V V
The Integral Forms of The Fundamental Laws: V V, V V
v 1
4.2 Extensive properties: Mass, m; Momentum, mV ; kinetic energy, mV 2 ;
2
potential energy, mgh; enthalpy, H. v
Associated intensive properties (divide by the mass): unity, 1; velocity, V; V2 /2;
gh; H/m = h (specific enthalpy).
Intensive properties: Temperature, T; time, t; pressure, p; density, ρ; viscosity, µ.
4.3 (B)
4.4
System (t ) = V 1
c.v.(t ) = V 1
System (t + ∆t ) = V 1 + V 2
1 2
c.v.(t + ∆t ) = V 1
4.5
System ( t ) = V 1 + V 2
c.v.( t ) = V 1 + V 2
2
System (t + ∆t ) = V 2 +V 3 1 3
pump
c.v.( t + ∆t ) = V 1 + V 2
50
4.6 a) The energy equation (the 1st law of Thermo).
b) The conservation of mass.
c) Newton’s 2nd law.
d) The energy equation.
e) The energy equation.
4.7
n̂ v v
n̂ n̂ v ω
v v n̂
n̂
4.8 n̂
n̂
n̂ v v n̂
v v
v
4.9 n̂ n̂
v
v
v
v
n̂
n̂ v
n̂ v
n̂
1 $ 1 $
4.10 n$ 1 = − i− j = −0.707(i$ + $j ) . n$ 2 = 0.866 $i − 0.5 $j . n$ 3 = − $j .
2 2
v
V1n = V1 ⋅ nˆ1 = 10iˆ ⋅ [ −0.707( iˆ + ˆj )] = −7.07 fps
v
V2 n = V2 ⋅ n$ 2 = 10i$ ⋅ ( 0.866i$ − 0.5 $j ) = 8.66 fps
v
V3n = V3 ⋅ nˆ 2 = 10iˆ ⋅ (− jˆ ) = 0
v
4.11 flux = ηρn$ ⋅ VA
flux1 = ηρ[−0.707 (i$ + $j )] ⋅ 10i$A / 0.707 = −10ηρA
flux2 = ηρ( 0.866i$ − 0.5 $j ) ⋅ 10i$A / 0.866 = 10ηρA
flux3 = ηρ( − $j ) ⋅ 10$iA = 0 3
51
v
4.12 (B ⋅ n$ ) A = 15(0.5i$ + 0.866 $j ) ⋅ $j (10 × 12)
= 15 × 0.866 × 120 = 1559 cm 3
Volume = 15 sin 60 o × 10 × 12 = 1559 cm 3
4.13 The control volume must be independent of time. Since all space coordinates are
integrated out on the left, only time remains; thus, we use an ordinary derivative
to differentiate a function of time. But, on the right, we note that ρ and η may be
functions of (x, y, z, t); hence, the partial derivative is used.
4.14
4.15 2
system (∆t) = V1 + V 2 + V 3
3
c.v. (∆ t) = V1 + V2
1
4.16
system boundary
at (t + ∆t)
For uniform flow all quantities are constant over each area:
v v
ρ 1n$ 1 ⋅ V 1 ∫ dA + ρ 2 n$ 2 ⋅ V 2 ∫ dA = 0
A1 A
v 2
v
Let A 1 be the inlet so n$ 1 ⋅ V1 = −V1 and A 2 be the outlet so n$ 2 ⋅ V2 = V 2 . Then
−ρ 1V1 A 1 + ρ 2 V2 A 2 = 0
or
ρ 2 A 2V 2 = ρ 1A 1V 1
52
4.18 Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m V representing the mass in the volume:
dm V v dm V
0= + ∫ ρn$ ⋅ V dA = + ρA 2 V 2 − ρA 1V 1
dt c. s .
dt
dm V
= + ρQ − m& .
dt
Finally,
dmV
= m& − ρQ.
dt
4.19 Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m S representing the mass in the sponge:
dm S v dm S
0= + ∫ ρn$ ⋅ VdA = + ρA 2 V2 + ρA 3V 3 − ρA 1V1
dt dt
dm S
= + m& 2 + ρA 3V 3 − ρQ 1 .
dt
Finally,
dm S
= ρQ1 − m& 2 − ρA 3V 3 .
dt
p 200
4.20 (D) m& = ρ AV = AV = π × 0.042 × 70 = 0.837 kg/s .
RT 0.287 × 293
1.25 2 2.5 2
4.21 A1V1 = A2V2. π× × 60 = π × V2. ∴V2 = 15 ft/sec.
144 144
1.25 2 1.25 2
m& = ρAV = 1.94π × 60 = 3.968 slug/sec. Q = AV = π × 60 = 2.045 ft 3 / sec.
144 144
4.23 & in = ρA1 V1 + ρA2 V2 . 200 = 1000 π × .0252 × 25 + 1000 Q2 . ∴Q2 = 0.1509 m 3 / s.
m
p1 40 × 144 7 × 144
4.24 ρ1 = = = .006455 slug/ft3 . ρ 2 = = .000963 slug/ft3 .
RT1 1716 × 520 1716 × 610
m& .2
& = ρAV .
m ∴V1 = = . ∴V1 = 355 fps.
ρ 1 A 1 (π × 2 / 144 ).006455
2
53
p1 500 kg 1246 kg
4.25 ρ1 A1V1 = ρ 2 A2V2 . ρ1 = = = 4.433 3 . ρ 2 = = 8.317 3
RT .287 × 393 m .287 × 522 m
4.433 π × .05 × 600 = 8.317 π × .05 V2 . ∴V2 = 319.8 m/s.
2 2
d 22
4.27 a) A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 . (2 × 1.5 + 1.5 × 1.5) 3 = π × 2. ∴d2 = 3.167 m
4
d2 2
b) (2 × 1.5 + 1.5 × 1.5) 3 = π 2 × . ∴d2 = 4.478 m cosθ = 1/2
4 2 θ = 60o
r
r0
r0
r
r0
r2
4.29 a) v = 10 1 − . πr V = ∫ vdA = ∫ 10 1 − 2πrdr = 20π ∫ r − dr .
2
r0 r0 0
r0
0
0 0
20 r02 r02 10
∴V = 2 − = = 3.333 m/s.
r0 2 3 3
m& = ρA V = 1000 × π ×.04 2 × 3.33 = 16.75 kg / s. Q = AV = 0.01675 m 3 / s.
r2 r0
r2 r2 r2
b) v = 10 1 − 2 . πr02V = ∫ 10 1 − 2 2πrdr = 20π 0 − 0 . ∴V = 5 m/s
r0 0 r0 2 4
m& = ρA V = 1000 × π ×.04 × 5 = 25.13 kg / s.
2
Q = AV = 0.02513 m 3 / s.
r r
r0
54
4.30 a) Since the area is rectangular, V = 5 m/s.
m
&
m& = ρA V = 1000 × .08 × .8 × 5 = 320 kg / s. Q= = 0.32 m 3 / s .
ρ
y y2
b) v = 40 − 2 with y = 0 at the lower wall.
h h
y y2
h
h
∴ Vhw = ∫ 40 − 2 wdy = 40 × w. ∴V = 6.667 m/s.
0 h h 6
m& = ρA V = 1000 × .08 × .8 × 6.667 = 426.7 kg / s. Q = 0.4267 m 3 / s.
c) V × .08 = 10 × .04 + 5 × .02 + 5 × .02. ∴V = 7.5 m/s.
m&
m& = ρA V = 1000 × .08 × .8 × 7.5 = 480 kg / s. Q& = = 0.48 m 3 / s .
ρ
1
2 r0
r2 r02
4.31 a) A 1V 1 = ∫ v 2 dA . π × × 6 = ∫ v max 1 − 2 2πrdr = 2πv m a x .
24 0 r0 4
1
With r0 = , v max = 12 fps. ∴ v (r ) = 12( 1 − 576r 2 ) fps.
24
1 h
y2 4h
b) A 1V 1 = ∫ v 2 dA .
12
×w × 6= ∫− hv m a x 1 − h 2 wdy = v m a x w 3 .
1
With h = , v max = 9 fps. ∴ v ( y ) = 9(1 − 576y 2 ) fps.
24
r2
r0 r02
c) A1V1 = ∫ v2 dA. π × 0.01 × 2 = ∫ vmax 1 − 2 2π rdr = 2π vmax .
2
r 4
0 0
r1 r1
r2
4.33 ∫ v dA = A V . ∫0 v m a x 1 − r12 2πrdr = π ×.0025 × 2.
2
1 2 2
0
.005 2 r2
∴ 2πv max = π ×.0025 2 × 2. ∴ v max = 1 m/s. ∴ v (r ) = 1 − m / s.
4 .005 2
55
.1
4.34 ρ ×.2 × 2 × 10 = ρ ∫ 10(20 y − 100y )2 dy + ρ ×.1 × 2 × 10 + m& .
m& in = m& out + m& .
2
0
Note: We see that at y = 0.1 m the velocity u(.1) = 10 m/s. Thus we integrate to
y = 0.1, and between y = 0.1 and 0.2 the velocity u = 10.
4
4ρ = ρ + 2ρ + m& . ∴ m& = 0.6667ρ = 0.82 kg/s.
3
h h
100 3
= 10 10 h − h .
2
3
∴666.7 h3 − 200 h2 = −1. This can be solved by trial-and-error:
h = .06: −.576 ? −1. h = .07: −.751 ? −1.
h = .08: −.939 ? −1. h = .083: −.997 ? −1.
h = .084: −1.016 ? −1. ∴h = 0.0832: or 8.32 cm.
Note: Fluid does not cross a streamline so all the flow that enters on the left leaves on
the right. The streamline simply moves further from the wall.
1/ 3
0
1/ 3
( )
= 22 ∫ 6 y − 2.127 y 2 − 9 y 2 + 3.19 y 3 dy = 4.528 slug/sec.
0
2 2 4
V = u m a x = × 2 = fps. (See Prob. 4.31b).
3 3 3
2.2 + 1.94 4 1
ρ= = 2.07 slug/ft3 . ∴ ρV A = 2.07 × × 5 × = 4.6 slug/sec.
2 3 3
Thus, ρV A ≠ m& since ρ = ρ(y) and V = V(y) so that ρV ≠ ρV .
3
4 3 m of H 2 O m 3 of air
4.38 2000 × π ×.0015 × 9000 × 5 = 1.5 × (1.5h). ∴h = 0.565 m.
3 m 3 of air s
∂ρ v v
4.39 Use Eq. 4.3.3: 0= ∫ ∂t d −V + ρ 1V1 ⋅ n$ 1 A 1 . V1 ⋅ n$ 1 = −V1 .
∂ρ ( 37 + 14.7)144 ∂ρ
2
× π × × 180 =
1
∴ ρ 1 A 1V1 = − tire .
V × 17.
∂t 1716 × 520 96 ∂t
56
∂ρ slug
∴ = 3.01 × 10 −5 3 .
∂t ft − sec
4.40 & in = m
m &2+m
& 3. V1 = 20 m/s (see Prob. 4.31c).
20 × 1000π ×.02 = 10 + 1000π ×.02 2 V3 .
2
∴ V3 = 12.04 m/s.
d d
4.41 0= m c .v. + m
& net = m c. v. + m
&2 +m
&3 −m
&1
dt dt
d
∴ m c . v. = m
& 1 −m
&2 −m
& 3 = 1000 × π ×.02 2 × 20 − 10 − 1000π ×.02 2 × 10
dt
= 2.57 kg/s.
5
20 × 0.8 0.2 6/ 5 = π × 0.15 2 V 2 . ∴ V 2 = 27.3 m / s.
6
4.45 A 1V1 + ∫ v 2 dA = A e Ve
r2
0 .025
4
57
or
d 2 − d 22 &
& tissue = ρπ
m h2 + h 21 h& 1 tan 2 φ .
4
4.47 The width w of the channel is constant throughout the flow. Then
dm d
0= + ρA 2 V 2 − ρA 1V 1 . 0 = ( ρwhL ) + ρA 2 V 2 − ρA 1V 1
dt dt
dh
0=ρ w × 100 + ρ 0.2 w × 8 − ρ 4 w × 0.2. ∴ h& = 0.008 m / s .
dt
dm
4.48 0= + ρA 2 V 2 − ρA 1V 1
dt
& + 1000( π × 0.003 2 × 0.02 − 10 × 10 −6 / 60).
=m ∴ m& = 3.99 × 10 −4 kg / s.
4.49 ρ 1 A 1 V1 = ρ 2 A 2 V 2 . m& 1 = ρ 2 A 2V 2 .
400e −10/ 100 × 10 −6 × 900 = 0.2 × π × 0.05 2 Ve . ∴ V e = 207 m / s.
dm
4.50 0= + ρ 3Q 3 − ρ 1 A 1V1 − m& 2 where m = ρAh.
dt
a) 0 = 1000π × 0.6 2 h& + 1000 × 0.6 / 60 − 1000π × 0.02 2 × 10 − 10.
∴ h& = 0.0111 m / s or 11.1 mm / s
b) 0 = 1000π × 0.6 2 h& + 1000 × 0.01 − 0 − 20.
∴ h& = 0.00884 m / s or 8.84 mm / s .
c) 0 = 1000π × 0.62 h& + 1000 × 1.0/60 − 1000π × 0.022 × 5 − 10.
∴ h& = 0.000339 m/s or 0.339 mm/s.
58
du
4.52 W& = T ω + pAV + µ A belt
dy
= 20 × 500 × 2π / 60 + 400 × 0.4 × 0.5 × 10 + 1.81 × 10 −5 × 100 × 0.5 × 0.8
= 1047 + 800 + 0.000724 = 1847 W
4.53 If the temperature is essentially constant, the internal energy of the c.v. does not
change and the flux of internal energy into the pipe is the same as that leaving
the pipe. Hence, the two integral terms are zero. The losses are equal to the heat
transfer exiting the pipe.
4.54 80% of the power is used to increase the pressure while 20% increases the
internal energy (Q& = 0 because of the insulation). Hence,
m& ∆~
u = 0.2W&
1000 × 0.02 × 4.18 ∆T = 0.2 × 500. ∴ ∆T = 0.836 oC .
W&T 10000000
4.58 − = ηT ∆z . = 0.89 × 50. ∴V = 1.273 m/s
ρ AVg 100 × 3 × 60 × V × 9.8
V12 p 1 V2 p 3 ft
4.59 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 . h2
2g γ 2g γ V1
V2
2 2
12 36
+6 = + h2 .
2 × 32.2 64.4 h22
20.1
8.236 = 2 + h2 . Continuity: 3 × 12 = h2 V2 .
h2
59
This can be solved by trial-and-error.
h2 = 8': 8.24 ? 8.31 h2 = 7.9': 8.24 ? 8.22 Q h2 = 7.93' .
h2 = 1.8': 8.24 ? 8.00 h2 = 1.75': 8.24 ? 8.31 Q h2 = 1.76'.
V12 V 22 42 16
4.60 + z1 = + z 2 + hL . ∴ +2= + h 2 + 0.2.
2g 2g 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81h22
∴ 2.615 = 0.815 / h 22 + h 2 . Trial-and-error provides the following:
4.61 Manometer: Position the datum at the top of the right mercury level.
V2
9810 ×. 4 + 9810 z 2 + p 2 + 2 × 1000 = ( 9810 × 13.6)×.4 + 9810 × 2 + p1
2
p2 V 22 p
Divide by γ = 9810: .4 + z 2 + + = 13.6×.4 + 2 + 1 . (1)
γ 2g γ
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
Energy: + + z1 = + + z2 . (2)
2g γ 2g γ
V12
Subtract (1) from (2): With z1 = 2 m, = 12.6 ×.4. ∴V1 = 9.94 m/s
2g
Q = 120 × 0.002228 = π × V 1.
1
4.64 ∴V1 = 12.25 fps.
12
60
2 2
π × V1 = π × V 2 .
1 1.5
Continuity: ∴V2 = 5.44 fps.
12 12
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2 V12
Energy: + = + + 0.37 .
2g γ 2g γ 2g
12.25 2 5.44 2
∴ p 2 = 60 × 144 + 62.4 0.63 − = 8702.9 psf or 60.44 psi
64.4 64.4
0.08
4.66 V1 = Q / A1 = = 28.29 m/s. ∴V2 = 9V1 = 254.6 m/s.
π ×.03 2
V12 p1 V22 p2 V2
Energy: + = + +.2 1 .
2g γ 2g γ 2g
254.6 2 28.29 2
∴ p1 = 9810 − 0.8 = 32.1 × 10 Pa.
6
2 × 9 .81 2 × 9 .81
61
From the reservoir surface to section 1:
V02 p 0 V12 p 1
+ + z0 = + + z1
2g γ 2g γ
3.612 2 394 400
H= + = 40.0 m.
19.62 9810
p p
b) Manometer: γ ×.2 + p1 = 13.6γ ×.2 + p3 . ∴ 1 = 12.6 ×.2 + 3 .
γ γ
2 2
V1 p V p
Energy: + 1 = 3 + 3. Also, V3 = 1.96 V1 .
2g γ 2g γ
V12 1.96 2 V12
∴ + 12.6 ×.2 = . ∴V1 = 4.171 m/s.
2g 2g
The nozzle is the same as in part (a): ∴p1 = 534 700 Pa.
V 02 p 0 V2 p
4.68 a) Energy: + + z 0 = 2 + 2 + z 2 . ∴ V 2 = 2 gz 0 = 2 × 9.81 × 2.4 = 6.862 m/s.
2g γ 2g γ
Q = AV = .8 × 1 × 6.862 = 5.49 m 3 / s .
For the second geometry the pressure on the surface is zero but it increases
with depth. The elevation of the surface is 0.8 m.
V2
∴ z 0 = 2 + h. ∴ V2 = 2g( z 0 − h) = 2 × 9.81 × 2 = 6.264 m/s.
2g
∴Q = .8 × 6.264 = 5.01 m 3 / s .
Note: z0 is measured from the channel bottom in the 2nd geometry.
∴z0 = H + h.
V02 p 0 V22 p2 2
b) + + z0 = + + z2 . ∴ V 2 = 2 gz 0 = 2 × 32.2 × 6 + = 21.23 fps.
2g γ 2g γ 2
∴Q = AV = (2 × 1) × 21.23 = 42.5 cfs.
For the second geometry, the bottom is used as the datum:
V2 V2
∴ z 0 = 2 + 0 + h. ∴ 2 = ( H + h) − h.
2g 2g
∴ V2 = 2gH = 2 × 32.2 × 6 = 19.66 fps. ∴Q = 39.3 cfs.
62
4.69 From the reservoir surface to the exit: Continuity:
2 2 2
V0 p0 V2 p2 V1 .03 2
+ + z0 = + + z2 + K . V1 = V2 = .1406 V2 .
2g γ 2g γ 2g .08 2
V2 .1406 2 V22
10 = 2 + 5 ×
2g 2g
∴V2 = 13.36 m/s. ∴Q = 13.36 × π × .0152 = 0.00944 m 3 / s.
The velocity in the pipe is V1 = 1.878 m/s.
1.8782 p 1.8782
Energy 0 → A: 10 = + A +.8 + 3. ∴pA = 65 500 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
1.8782 p 1.8782
Energy 0 → B: 10 = + B + 2.0 + 10. ∴pB = −5290 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
1.878 2 p . 2
1878
Energy 0 → C: 10 = + C + 12 + 2.8 . ∴pC = −26 300 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
1.8782 p 1.878 2
Energy 0 → D: 10 = + D +0+ 5 . ∴pD = 87 500 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
V 02 p 0 V2 p 80 000 V 22
4.70 + + z 0 = 2 + 2 + z 2. +4= . ∴V2 = 19.04 m/s.
2g γ 2g γ 9810 2 × 9.81
a) Q = A 2 V2 = π ×.025 2 × 19.04 = 0.0374 m 3 / s.
b) Q = A 2 V2 = π ×.09 2 × 19.04 = 0.485 m 3 / s .
c) Q = A 2 V2 = π ×.05 2 × 19.04 = 0.1495 m 3 / s.
p0 V2 V2 80 000 16V12 V2
4.71 a) + z 0 = 2 + 1.54 1 . +4= + 1.54 1 . ∴V1 = 3.687 m/s.
γ 2g 2g 9810 2g 2g
Q = A 1V1 = π ×.05 2 × 3.687 = 0.0290 m 3 / s.
.09 2
b) A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 . V1 = V = 3.24V 2 .
.05 2 2
80 000 V2 3.24 2 V 22
+ 4 = 2 + 2.3 . ∴V2 = 3.08 m/s. ∴ Q = A 2V 2 = 0.0784 m 3 / s.
9810 2g 2g
80 000 V2 V2
c) + 4 = 2 + 1.5 2 . ∴V2 = 9.77 m/s. ∴ Q = A 2V 2 = 0.0767 m 3 / s .
9810 2g 2g
V22 V22
4.72 (C) Manometer: γ H + p1 = ρ g + p2 or 9810 × 0.02 + p1 = ρ g .
2g 2g
7.962 100000
Energy: K = . ∴ K = 3.15.
2 × 9.81 9810
63
V12
Combine the equations: 9810 × 0.02 = 1.2 × . ∴V1 = 18.1 m/s.
2
p1 p
4.73 Manometer: γH + γz + p1 = 13.6γH + γz + p 2 . ∴ = 12.6 H + 2 .
γ γ
p1 V 12 p 2 V22
Energy: + = + .
γ 2g γ 2g
V 22 − V 12
Combine energy and manometer: 12.6 H = .
2g
d12 d14
Continuity: V2 = V1 . ∴ V = 12.6 H × 2 g / 4 − 1 .
2
d2
1
d 22
1/ 2 1/ 2
d 2 π 12.6 H × 2 g H
∴ Q = V1π 1 = 4 d = 12.35 d d 4
2 2 2
4 d1 / d 24 − 1 d1 − d24
1 1 2
4
2 2 1/ 2
Q = 22.37 × 4
1 1 10 / 12
= 1.318 cfs.
2 4 .5 −.25 4
2 1/ 2
1 15 / 12
d) Q = 22.37 ×1 × 4
2
= 2.796 cfs.
3 1 −.3333 4
V 2 ∆p Q 0.040
4.75 (B) hL = K = . = V= = 7.96 m/s.
2g γ A π × 0.042
7.962 100000
K = . ∴ K = 3.15.
2 × 9.81 9810
V 22
4.76 a) Energy from surface to outlet: = H. ∴ V 22 = 2 gH .
2g
p1 V 12 p 2 V22
Energy from constriction to outlet: + = + .
γ 2g γ 2g
64
Continuity: V1 = 4V 2 . With p1 = pv = 2450 Pa and p2 = 100 000 Pa,
2450 16 100 000 1
+ × 2 gH = + × 2 gH . ∴H = 0.663 m.
9810 2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
V 22
4.77 Continuity: V1 = 4V 2 . Energy surface to exit: = H.
2g
p v V 12 p 2 V 22
Energy constriction to exit: + = + .
γ 2g γ 2g
V 22 − 16V 22
∴ pv = p2 + γ = p 2 − 15 H γ = 100 000 − 15×.65 × 9810 = 4350 Pa.
2g
From Table B.1, T = 30°C.
V 22
4.78 Energy surface to surface: z 0 = z 2 + hL . ∴ 30 = 20 + 2 .
2g
Continuity: V1 = 4V2 . ∴V 12 = 160 g. ∴V 22 = 10 g.
160 g (−94 000)
Energy surface to constriction: 30 = + + z1
2g 9810
∴z1 = −40.4 m. ∴H = 40.4 + 20 = 60.4 m.
10 2
4.79 Continuity: V2 = V = 2.778 V1 .
62 1
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2 V12 200 000 2.778 2 V12 2450
Energy: + = + . + = + .
2g γ 2g γ 2g 9810 2g 9810
65
1 D4 −97 550
a) 5 = 16 × 4 × 2 g × 5 + . ∴ D = 0.131 m
2g .2 9810
V22 V 22
4.81 Energy — surface to exit: 3 = +4 . ∴ V 22 = 11.77.
2g 2g
11.77 1176 − 100 000 11.77 2
Energy — surface to “A”: 3 = + + ( H + 3) + 1.5 .
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
∴ H = 8.57 m .
450 450
4.86 V1 = = 15.9 fps. V2 = = 10.19 fps .
π ×3 2
π × 3.75 2
1 1019
. 2 − 15.9 2 (18 − 140)144
− 10,000 × 550 = 450 × 1.94 × 32.2 + ηT .
.746 2 × 32.2 62.4
∴ ηT = 0.924
66
V 2 − V12 p2 p1 c
4.87 a) Q& − W& S = mg
& 2 + − + z2 − z1 + v ( T2 − T1 ) .
2g γ2 γ1 g
The above is Eq. 4.5.17 with Eq. 4.5.18 and Eq. 1.7.13.
p g 85 × 9.81 600 × 9.81 20 500
γ1 = 1 = = 9.92 N / m 3 . γ 2 = = .
RT1 .287 × 293 .287 T2 T2
200 2 600 000T2 85 000 716.5
∴ −( −1 500 000) = 5 × 9.81 + − + (T2 − 293) .
2 × 9.81 20 500 9.92 9.81
∴ T 2 = 572 K or 299 C . o
J
Be careful of units! p 2 = 600 000 Pa, cv = 716.5
K ⋅ kg
4.582 pB 7.16 2
4.90 (D) 36.0 + 15 = + + 3.2 . ∴ pB = 416 000 Pa
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
In the above energy equation we used
V2 Q 0.2
hL = K with V = = = 4.42 m/s.
2g A π × 0.2 2
67
4.91 Energy — surface to “C”:
10 2 200 000 10 2
W& P ×.8 + mg
& × 10 = + + 7.7 770.5.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
& = ρA V g = 1000 × π ×.05 2 × 10 × 9.81 = 770.5 N / s.) ∴ W& P = 52 700 W .
(mg
10 2 p 10 2
Energy — surface to “A”: 30 = + A + 1.5 . ∴ p A = 169 300 Pa .
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
V 2 − V O2 p B − pO V2
Energy — surface to “B”: W& PηP = mg
& B + + z B − zO + K B
2 g γ 2 g
102 p 10 2
52 700×.8 = 770.5 + B − 30 + 15 ∴ p B = 706 100 Pa.
2 × 9.81
. .
2 × 9.81 9810
20 20 V2
4.92 Manometer: γ × + γz 1 + p1 = 13.6γ × + γz 2 + p 2 + 2 ρ.
12 12 2
2
20 p 20 p V
∴ + z 1 + 1 = 13.6 × + z2 + 2 + 2 .
12 γ 12 γ 2g
V12 p p V2
Energy: + z1 + 1 = H T + z 2 + 2 + 2 .
2g γ γ 2g
20 20 V 12 18
∴ = 13.6 × + − HT. V1 = 2
= 51.6 fps.
12 12 2 g 1
π ×
3
20 51.6 2
∴ H T = 12.6 × + = 62.3' . W& T = γQ ηT H T = 62.4 × 18×.9 × 62.3
12 2 × 32.2
ft - lb
= 62,980 or 115 Hp .
sec
p1 V12 p2 V22 52
4.93 Energy—across the nozzle: + = + . V2 = V1 = 6.25V1.
γ 2g γ 2g 22
400 000 V12 6.252 V12
∴ + = . ∴ V1 = 4.58 m/s , VA = 7.16 m/s , V2 = 28.6 m/s.
9810 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
Energy—surface to exit:
28.62 4.58 2 7.16 2
H P + 15 = + 1.5 + 3.2 . ∴ H P = 36.8 m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴W& P = γ QH P / ηP = 9810 × (π × .012 )× 28.6 × 36.8/.85 = 3820 W.
68
Energy —surface to “A”:
7.16 2 p 7.162
15 = + A + 3.2 . ∴ p A = 39 400 Pa
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
Energy —surface to “B”:
4.582 p 7.16 2
36.0 + 15 = + B + 3.2 . ∴ pB = 416 000 Pa
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
Q 0.1
4.94 (A) V= = = 19.89 m / s.
A π ×.04 2
V 22 p 2 V 22
Energy —surface to entrance: HP = + + z2 + K .
2g γ 2g
19.89 2 180 000 19.89 2
∴ HP = + + 50 + 5.6 = 201. 4 m .
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
∴ W& P = γQH P / η P = 9810 × 0.1 × 201.4 / 0.75 = 263 000 W .
V 22 p 2 V 22
4.95 Energy —surface to exit: 10 = + + z 2 + 2.2 .
2g γ 2g
∴ V 2 = 7.83 m / s. Q = 0.02 = 7.83 × πd 22 / 4. ∴ d 2 = 0.0570 m .
.
m 3
. .
m m
4.97 Mass flux occurs as shown. The velocity 1 2
69
To find m& 3 use continuity:
2
8
∴ m& 3 = 640 ρ − 10 ρ 28 × 2 + = 53.3ρ.
3
2
V12 V2 u3
Rate of K.E. loss = m& 1 − 2m& 3 1 − ρ 2 ∫ 10 dy
2 2 0
2
2
32 2
= 1280 ρ − 53.3 ρ 32 − 10ρ ∫ ( 28 + y 2 ) 3 dy
2
2 0
∴ hL = 0.815 m .
1 12 1 23
A∫ 2 ∫0
4.99 V = = + 2
= × + = 29.33 m / s
2 3
VdA (28 y ) dy 28 2
2
1 1
3 ∫ 3 ∫
α= V dA =
3
( 28 + y 2 ) 3 dy
AV 2 × 29.33 0
=
1
2 × 29.33 3 [
28 3 × 2 + 3 × 28 2 × 2 3 / 3 + 3 × 28 × 2 5 / 5 + 2 7 / 7 = 1.005 ]
1 1 0.01 r2 20 0.012 0.014
4.100 a) V = ∫ VdA = ∫ 10 1 − 2π rdr = − = 5 m/s
A π × 0.012 0 0.012 0.012 2 4 × 0.012
3
r2
0 . 01
1 1
α= ∫ V dA = π × 0.012 × 5 3 ∫ 10 1 − 2πrdr
3 3
AV 3
0
0.01 2
2000 0.01 2 3 × 0.01 4 3 × 0.016 0.018
= − + − = 2.00
0.012 × 5 3 2 4 × 0.012 6 × 0.014 8 × 0.016
70
1 1 0.02 y2 10 0.023
b) V = ∫ VdA = ∫ 10 1 − wdy = 0.02 − = 6.67 m/s
A 0.02w 0 0.02
2
0.02 3 × 0.022
3
3
y2
1 1 0.02
α= ∫ V dA =
3
∫ 10 1 − 2
wdy
AV 3 0.02 × w × 6.673 0
0.02
1000 3 × 0.02 3
3 × 0.02 5 0.02 7
= 0 . 02 − + − = 1.541
0.02 × 6.67 3 3 × 0.02 2 5 × 0.02 4 7 × 0.02 6
1/ n
1 1 R r n n
4.101 V = ∫ VdA = 2 ∫ max
u 1− 2πrdr = −2u max −
A πR 0 R 2n + 1 n + 1
3 /n
V 2 ρR 3 r n n
K. E. = ρ ∫ V dA = ∫ u max 1 − 2πrdr = ρπu 3max − R 2 −
2 20 R 3 + 2n 3 + n
a) V = −2u m a x −
5 5
= 0.758 u m a x
11 6
5 5
K. E. = ρπR u max − = 0.24 ρπR u max
2 3 2 3
8 13
K . E. 0.24 ρπR 2u 3m a x
α= = = 1.102
1 1
ρAV 3
ρπR × 0.758 u m a x
2 3 3
2 2
2 2
71
V 2 − V 12 ~ ~
4.102 Engine power = FD × V∞ + m& 2 + u2 − u1
2
V22 − V12
m f g f = FD V ∞ + m
& & + cv (T2 − T1 )
2
4.103 W& η = FD × V
10− 3 m 3 kg kJ 100 km 1340 100 000
× 930 3 × q f × × 015
. = ×
5 km m kg 3600 s 1000 3600
∴ q f = 48 030 kJ / kg
V 22 p 2 V2 p νLV
4.104 0 = α 2 + + z 2 − 1 − 1 − z 1 + 32
2g γ 2g γ gD 2
V2 10 −6 × 180V
0= 2 − 0.35 + 32 × .
2 × 9.81 9.81 × 0.02 2
V 2 + 14.4V − 3.434 = 0. ∴ V = 0.235 m / s and Q = 7.37 × 10 −5 m 3 / s
V22 p 2 V12 p 1 V2
4.105 Energy from surface to surface: HP = + + z2 − − − z1 + K .
2g γ 2g γ 2g
Q2
a) H P = 40 + 5 = 40 + 50.7 Q 2
π × 0.04 × 2 × 9.81
2
20 Q 2
b) H P = 40 + = 40 + 203 Q 2
π × 0.04 2 × 2 × 9.81
Try Q = 0.25: H P = 52.7 (energy). H P = 58 (curve)
Solution: Q = 0.27 m 3 / s
Note: The curve does not allow for significant accuracy.
4.106 Continuity: A 1 V1 = A 2 V2 + A 3 V3
π × 0.06 2 × 5 = π × 0.02 2 × 20 + π × 0.03 2 V 3 . ∴ V 3 = 1111
. m/ s
Energy: energy in + pump energy = energy out
V 2 p V 2 p V 2 p
m& 1 1 + 1 + W& P × η P = m& 2 2 + 2 + m& 3 3 + 3
2 ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ
72
5 2 120 000 20 2 300 000
1000π × 0.06 2 × 5 + + 0.85W& P = 1000π × 0.02 × 20 +
2
2 1000 2 1000
11.112 500 000
+1000π × 0.03 2 × 11.11 +
2 1000
∴ W& P = 26 700 W
4.107 (A) After the pressure is found, that pressure is multiplied by the area of the
window. The pressure is relatively constant over the area.
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2 d2
4.108 + = + . V2 = V1 = 4 V1 .
2g γ 2g γ ( d /2) 2
V12 200 000 16 V 12
a) + = . ∴ V 1 = 5.164 m / s.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
p1 A 1 − F = m& (V 2 − V 1 ).
200 000π ×.03 2 − F = 1000π ×.03 2 × 5.164( 4 × 5.164 − 5.164 ). ∴ F = 339 N .
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2 92
4.109 + = + . V2 = 2 V1 = 9V1 .
2g γ 2g γ 3
V12 2 000 000 81 V12
+ = . ∴V12 = 50.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
73
p1 A 1 − F = m& ( V2 − V1 ) = m& 8V 1
2 000 000π ×.045 2 − F = 1000π ×.045 2 × 8 × 50
∴ F = 10 180 N .
V12 p1 V22 p2
4.110 + = + . V0π × .012 = Ve × .006 × .15. ∴Ve = 11.1 m/s.
2g γ 2g γ
ΣFx = m& (V 2 x − V 1x ).
10 2 V12 400 000 2.441 V12
a) V2 = V = 1.562 V 1. + = . ∴ V 1 = 23.56 m / s .
82 1 2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
∴ p 1A 1 − F = m& (V 2 − V 1 ).
400 000π ×.05 2 − F = 1000π ×.05 2 × 23.56(.562 × 23.56). ∴ F = 692 N .
10 2 V12 400 000 7.716 V12
b) V2 = 2 V 1 = 2.778 V 1. + = . ∴ V 1 = 10.91 m / s.
6 2g 9810 2g
400 000π ×.05 2 − F = 1000π ×.05 2 × 10.91(1.778 × 10.91). ∴ F = 1479 N .
10 2 V12 400 000 39.06 V12
c) V2 = 2 V 1 = 6.25 V 1 . + = . ∴ V 1 = 4.585 m / s.
4 2g 9810 2g
400 000π ×.05 2 − F = 1000π ×.05 2 × 4.585( 5.25 × 4.585). ∴ F = 2275 N .
10 2 V12 400 000 625 V12
d) V2 = 2 V 1 = 25 V1 . + = . ∴ V 1 = 1132
. m / s.
2 2g 9810 2g
400 000π ×.05 2 − F = 1000π ×.05 2 × 1.132( 24 × 1.132). ∴ F = 2900 N .
V 12 p1 V22 p 2 15 V12 p1
4.113 V2 = 4 V1 . + = + . ∴ = .
2g γ 2g γ 2g γ
2 × 9.81
a) V12 = × 200 000 = 26.67. ∴ V 1 = 5.16 m / s, V2 = 20.7 m / s.
15 × 9810
p1 A 1 − Fx = m& (V 2x − V1x ). ∴ Fx = 200 000π ×.04 2 + 1000π ×.04 2 × 5.16 2 = 1139 N.
74
Fy = m& (V 2 y − V1y ). ∴ Fy = 1000π ×.04 2 × 5.16( 20.7 ) = 537 N .
2 × 9.81
b) V12 = × 400 000 = 53.33. ∴ V 1 = 7.30 m / s, V 2 = 29.2 m / s.
15 × 9810
p1 A 1 − Fx = m& (V 2x − V1x ). ∴ Fx = 400 000π ×.04 2 + 1000π ×.04 2 × 7.3 2 = 2280 N .
Fy = m& (V 2 y − V1y ) = 1000π ×.04 2 × 7.3 × ( 29.2) = 1071 N .
2 × 9.81
c) V12 = × 800 000 = 106.7. ∴ V 1 = 10.33 m / s, V 2 = 41.3 m / s.
15 × 9810
Fx = p1 A1 + ρ A1V12 = 800 000π × .042 + 1000π × .042 × 10.332 = 4560 N.
Fy = m& (V 2 y ) = 1000π ×.04 2 × 10.33( 41.3) = 2140 N .
40 2 V12 p 1 V22 p 2 F
4.114 V2 = 2 V 1 = 80 m / s. + = + p1A 1
10 2g γ 2g γ V2
80 2
5
2
∴ p 1 = 9810 − = 3.19 × 10 6 Pa.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
p1 A 1 − F = m& (V2 x − V1x ). ∴ F = 3.19 × 10 6 π ×.2 2 − 1000π ×.2 2 × 5(80 − 5) = 353 000 N.
V12 49V12
+.7 = +.1. ∴ V1 = 0.495 , V 2 = 3.467 m / s.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
Momentum: F1 − F2 − R x = m& ( V2 − V1 )
9810 ×.35(.7 × 1.5) − 9810×.05( 0.1 × 1.5) − R x = 1000 × (.1 × 1.5) × 3.467( 3. 467 −.495)
∴ R x = 1986 N.
∴ R x acts to the left on the water, and to the right on the obstruction.
75
4.117 Continuity: 6 V1 =.2 V 2 . ∴ V 2 = 30 V1 .
Energy (along bottom streamline):
V12 p1 V22 p 2 F
+ + z1 = + + z2 F1
2g γ 2g γ
F2
V22 /900 V22
+6= + 0.2.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴V2 = 10.67, V1 = .36 m/s.
Momentum: F1 − F2 − F = m& (V 2 − V 1 )
9810 × 3( 6 × 4) − 9810 ×.1(.2 × 4) − F = 1000 × (.2 × 4 ) × 10.67 (10.67 −.36)
∴ F = 618 000 N . (F acts to the right on the gate.)
4.119 Continuity: V2 y 2 = V1 y 1 = 4V 2 y 1 . ∴ y 2 = 4y 1 .
1
1/ 2
8
Use the result of Example 4.12: y 2 = − y 1 + y 12 + y 1V 12
2
g
a) y 2 = 4×.8 = 3.2 m .
1
1/2
8
3.2 = −.8 + .82 + × .8 × V12 . ∴ V 1 = 8.86 m / s.
2 9.81
b) y 2 = 4 × 2 = 8 ft.
1
1/ 2
2 8 2
8= −2 + 2 + × 2 × V1 . ∴ V 1 = 25.4 fps.
2 32.2
76
9 12 V12
4.120 V = = 1 m / s. +3= + y1 . V1 y 1 = 1 × 3.
3×3 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
3.05 ? 2.93
V 1 = 7:
V 2
3 = V1 = 7.19 m / s.
∴ 3.05 = 1
+ . Trial-and-error:
19.62 V 1 y 1 =. 417 m.
V1 = 7.2: 3.05 =? 3.06
1
1/2
8
y2 = −.417 + .4172 + × .417 × 7.19 2 = 1.90 m.
2 9.81
V2 × 1.9 = 7 .19×.417. V2 = 1.58 m / s.
y1 60
4.121 Refer to Example 4.12: γ y 1 w − γ × 3 × 6w = ρ × 6 w × 10 10 − . (V1 y 1 = 6 ⋅ 10).
2 y1
γ y − 6 1200
∴ ( y 12 − 36) = 600 ρ 1 . ∴ ( y 1 + 6) y 1 = = 37.27. ∴ y 1 = 3.8 ft , V1 = 15.8 fps.
2 y1 32.2
π × .052
4.123 V1 A1 = 2V2 A2 . V2 =15 = 30 m/s.
2π × .0252
p1 V12 p 2 V 22 30 2 − 15 2
+ = + . ∴ p 1 = 9810 = 337 500 Pa.
γ 2g γ 2g 2 × 9.81
ΣFx = m& (V2 x − V1x ) . p1 A1 − F = m& ( −V1 ).
∴ F = p1 A 1 + m& V1 = 337 500π ×.05 2 + 1000π ×.05 2 × 15 2 = 4420 N .
V12 p 1 V 22 p2 12 2 − 8.446 2
Energy from 1 → 2: + = + . ∴ p2 = 500 000 + × 9810
2g γ 2g γ 2 × 9.81
= 536 300 Pa.
77
V12 p 1 V 32 p 3
Energy from 1 → 3: + = + .
2g γ 2g γ
12 2 − 8 2
∴ p 3 = 500 000 + 9810 = 540 000 Pa.
2 × 9.81
p1 A 1 − p 2 A 2 − R x = m& 2V 2x + m& 3V 3 x − m& 1V 1x .
∴ R x = 500 000π ×.03 2 − 536 300π ×.03 2 + 33.93 × 12 − 23.88 × 8.446 = 103 N .
p3 A 3 − R y = m& 3 V3 y + m& 2V 2y − m& 1V 1y .
∴ Ry = 540 000π ×.02 2 − 10.05 × ( −8) = 759 N.
m&
4.125 a) ΣFx = m& (V 2x − V1x ).
V2
− F = −mV
& 1. V1 =
ρA 1
300
= = 38.2 m/s F
1000π ×.05 2 V1
∴ F = 300 × 38.2 = 11 460 N .
200 = 1.94π
1.25
4.126 a) −F = m& (V 2 x − V1x ). × V 12 . ∴ V 1 = 55 fps.
12
2
4.128 (D) − Fx = m& (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000× 0.01 × 0.2 × 50(50cos60o − 50) = −2500 N.
78
2
4.132 −Fx = m& (V1 − V B )(cos 120 o − 1) = 4π ×.02 2 × ( 400 − 180) 2 (−.5 − 1). ∴ R x = 365 N.
VB = 1.2 × 150 = 180 m / s. W& = 15 × 365 × 180 = 986 000 W.
The y-component force does no work.
4.133 (A) − Fx = m& (Vr 2 x − Vr1x ) = 1000 × π × 0.022 × 60 × (40cos45o − 40) = 884 N.
Power = Fx ×VB = 884 × 20 = 17700 W.
79
∴W & = 15 R V = 15 × 48.9 × 300 = 220,000 ft - lb or 400 Hp.
x B
sec
750 sin β 1 = V r1 sin 60 o
b) o
V = 554 fps = V r 2 .
750 cos β 1 − 300 = V r1 cos 60 r1
2
& r1 (cos α 2 + cos α 1 ) =.015π × × 750 × 554(cos 30 o + cos 60 o ) = 46.4 lb.
.5
∴ R x = mV
12
80
−R x = m& (V 2x − V 1x ) = 1000π ×.015 2 × 100( −19.32 cos 60 o − 100 cos 30 o ). ∴ R x = 6800 N .
∴ W& = 12 R V = 12 × 6800 × 50 = 4.08 × 10 6 W .
x B
50 sin 30 o = V r1 sin α 1
4.136 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16: ∴ V r1 = 2500 − 86.6V B + V B
2 2
50 cos 30 − VB = V r1 cos α 1
o
30sin60o = Vr 2 sin α 2
∴ Vr 2 = Vr1 = 900 + 30VB + VB .
2 2 2
o
30cos60 − Vr 2 cos α 2 = VB
Combine the above: VB = 13.72 m / s. Then, α 1 = 59.4 o , α 2 = 42.1o .
−R x = m& (V 2x − V 1x ) = 1000π ×.01 2 × 50( −30 cos 60 o − 50 cos 30 o ). ∴ R x = 916 N .
∴ W& = 15V R = 15 × 13.72 × 916 = 188 500 W .
B x
50 sin 30 o = V r1 sin α 1
b) ∴ V r1 = 2500 − 86.6V B + V B
2 2
∴ V B = 14.94 m / s.
50 cos 30 o − VB = V r1 cos α 1
30sin70o = Vr 2 sin α 2
∴ Vr 2 = 900 + 20.52VB + VB . α 1 = 41.4 , α 2 = 48.2
2 2 o o
o
30cos70 − Vr 2 cos α 2 = VB
− Rx = m& (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000π × .012 × 50( −30cos70o − 50cos30o ). ∴ Rx = 841 N.
∴ W& = 15V R = 15 × 14.94 × 841 = 188 500 W .
B x
50 sin 30 o = V r1 sin α 1
c) ∴ Vr 1 = 2500 − 86.6VB + V B ∴ V B = 16.49 m / s
2 2
50 cos 30 − VB = V r1 cos α 1
o
30sin80o = Vr 2 sin α 2
∴Vr 2 = 900 + 10.42VB + VB . α 1 = 43 , α 2 = 53.7
2 2 o o
o
30cos80 − Vr 2 cos α 2 = VB
−R x = m& (V 2x − V 1x ) = 1000π ×.012 × 50( −30 cos 80 o − 50 cos 30 o ). ∴ R x = 762 N .
∴ W& = 15V R = 15 × 16.49 × 762 = 188 500 W .
B x
4.137 To find F, sum forces normal to the plate: Σ Fn = m & (Vout )n − V1n .
[ ]
a) ∴ F = 1000×.02×.4 × 40 −( −40 sin 60 ) = 11 080 N . (We have neglected friction)
o
81
20
∴ 0 = m& 2 − m& 3 − 0.5m& 1 ∴ m& 2 = .75m& 1 = .75 × 1.94 × × 120
144
Continuity: m& 1 = m&2 + m&3
= 22.6 slug/sec. and m& 3 = 9.7 slug/sec.
dW&
= 6(1600 − 160V B + 3VB2 ) = 0. ∴ V B = 13.33 m / s.
dVB
4.140 (A) Let the vehicle move to the right. The scoop then diverts the water to the
right. Then
F = m& (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000 × 0.05 × 2 × 60 × [60 − ( −60)] = 720000 N.
= = . ∴ ∫ − 2 =.0012 ∫ dt .
m dt 100 000 33.33
VB 0
1 1
∴ − =.0012 t. ∴ t = 26.6 sec.
16.67 33.33
F =m
& r (V1 − VB )(cosα − 1) = 1000×.06×.2 × VB ( −VB )( −2) = 24 VB2 .
dV B dV B
−F = mV B . ∴ −24V B2 = 5000V B .
dx dx
x
24 dx 27. 78 dV B 24
−∫ = ∫ . − x = ln 27.78 − ln 250. ∴ x = 458 m .
0
5000 250
VB 5000
82
2
1.25 V2
4.144 − F = m& r (V1 − VB )(cos α − 1) = 1.94π × (V1 − VB ) 2 ( −2).
12 F
dV
∴ F = 0.1323(V1 − V B ) 2 = 20 B . VB
dt
dV
At t = 0, V B = 0. Then 20 B = 0.1323V12 .
dt
dVB
With = 6, V1 = 30.1 fps .
dt
VB 2
dVB 1 1
For t > 0, ∫ = 0.006615 ∫ dt . 0.01323 = − . ∴VB = 8.57 fps.
0
( 30.1 − VB ) 2
0
30.1 − VB 30.1
4.145 For this steady-state flow, we fix the boat and move the upstream air. This
provides us with the steady-state flow of Fig. 4.17. This is the same as
observing the flow while standing on the boat.
W& = FV . 20 000 = F 50 × 1000 . ∴ F = 1440 N. (V = 13.89 m / s)
1 1
3600
V + 13.89
F = m& (V 2 − V 1 ). 1440 = 1.23π × 12 2 (V 2 − 13.89). ∴ V 2 = 30.6 m / s.
2
30.6 + 13.89
∴ Q = A 3 V 3 = π × 12 = 69.9 m 3 / s.
2
V 13.89
ηp = 1 = = 0.625 or 62.5%.
V 3 22.24
200 × 1000
4.146 Fix the reference frame to the aircraft so that V1 = = 55.56 m / s.
3600
320 × 1000 55.56 + 88.89
V2 = = 88.89 m / s. ∴ m& = 1.2 × π × 1.12 = 329.5 kg / s.
3600 2
F = 329.5( 88.89 − 55.56) = 10 980 N.
= ∆pπ × 1.12 . ∴ ∆p = 2890 Pa.
W& = F × V = 10 980 × 55.56 = 610 000 W or 818 Hp.
1
88
4.147 Fix the reference frame to the boat so that V1 = 20 × = 29.33 fps.
60
10 29.33 + 58.67
2
83
10 29.33 + 58.67
2
0 0
3
The slope at section 1 is −20. ∴ V 2 ( y ) = −20y + A .
V 2 (0) = A
Continuity: A 1V1 = A 2 V 2 . ∴ V2 = 2V1 = 2 m / s. ∴ V2 = A − 1 / 2.
V2 (.05) = A − 1
2 = A − 1 / 2. ∴ A = 2.5. ∴ V 2 ( y ) = 2.5 − 20y .
.05
.05
( y −.125) 3 800 000
flux out = 2 ∫ 1000( 2.5 − 20y ) dy = 800 000 2
= [0.00153]
0 3 0 3
= 408.3 N . ∴change = 408 − 267 = 141 N.
.1
2∫ 20 2 (.1 − y ) 2 dy
∫ V dA
2
.1 3 4
4.150 a) β = = 0
= . = 4000
V 2A 12 ×.2 × 1.0 3 3
b) See Problem 4.149: V2 ( y ) = 20( 0.125 − y ), .05 ≥ y ≥ 0. V 2 = 2 m / s.
. 05
2 ∫ 20 2 ( y −.125 ) 2 dy
∫ V dA
2
( y −.125) 3
β= = 0
= 2000 .05
= 1.021.
2 ×.1 × 1.0
2 2 0
V A 3
r2
4.152 Write the equation of the parabola: V (r ) = V m a x 1 − 2 .
r0
84
.006
r2
Continuity: π ×.006 2 × 8 = ∫
0
V max 1 − 2πrdr.
.006 2
∴ V max = 16 m / s.
Momentum: p1 A 1 − p 2 A 2 − FDrag = ∫ ρV 2 dA − mV
& 1.
2
r2
.006
0
.006 2
4.524 − FDrag = 9.651 − 7.238. ∴ FDrag = 2.11 N .
2
4.153 m& top = ρA 1V 1 − ρ ∫ V2 ( y )dA = 1.23 2 × 10 × 32 − ∫ ( 28 + y 2 )10 dy = 65.6 kg / s.
0
2
F
− = ∫ ρV 2 dA + m& top V 1 − m& 1V1 = 1.23∫ ( 28 + y 2 ) 2 10dy + 65.6 × 32 − 1.23 × 20 × 32 2 .
2 0
∴ F = 3780 N .
.1
4.154 a) m& top = m& 1 − m& 2 = ρA 1V1 − ∫ ρu( y )dA = 1.23 .1 × 2 × 8 − ∫ ( 20 y − 100 y 2 )8 × 2 dy
0
= 0.656 kg / s. (Note: y = 0.1 for u ( y ) = 8).
.1
V12 V2
4.155 a) Energy: + z1 = 2 + z 2 + hL . See Problem 4.118(a).
2g 2g
82 1.912 2
+ 0.6 = + 2.51 + h L . ∴ hL = 1166
. m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴ losses = γA 1V1 hL = 9810 × (.6 × 1) × 8 × 1.166 = 54 900 W / m of width.
V12 V 22
b) See Problem 4.120: + z1 = + z 2 + hL .
2g 2g
85
7.19 2 1.58 2
+.417 = + 1.9 + h L . ∴ hL = 1.025 m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴ losses = γA 1V1 hL = 9810×.417 × 3 × 7.19 × 1.025 = 90 300 W
5.17 2 32
c) See Problem 4.121: + 1.16 = + 2 + hL . ∴ hL = 0.0636 m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴ losses = γA 1V1 hL = 9810 × 116
. × 5.17 × 0.0636 = 3740 W / m of width.
d2
4.157 Continuity: V1 D 2 = Vd 2 . ∴V1 = V.
D2
V12 V2
Energy: + H (t) = . ∴ V = 2 gH ( t ).
2g 2g
v
d d2 s
Momentum: ΣFx − ( FI ) x =
dt ∫ ρV x d −V + m& (V 2x − V1x ). 2 = ax .
dt x
c.v .
πd 2 t
πd 2
∴ −a x m(t ) = ρ V (V ). m( t ) = mo − ρ ∫ V ( t )dt .
4 0
4
dH dH d 2 dH d2 2 gd 2
But, V1 = − . ∴− = 2 2 gH . ∴ − = 2 gdt . ∴ H 1/ 2 = t + Ho .
dt dt D H 1/ 2 D 2 2D 2
2
ρπd 2 2gd
2
πd 2 t
2 gd 2
∴ ax =
4
2 g
2D
2
t + H
o
ρ
4
∫ 2 g
2D
2
t + H
o
dt − m o
0
4.158 This is a very difficult design problem. There is an optimum initial mass of water
for a maximum height attained by the rocket. It will take a team of students
many hours to work this problem. It involves continuity, energy, and
momentum.
m& 4
4.159 Ve = = = 19.89 m / s. Velocity in a rm = V .
ρA e 1000 × 4 × π ×.004 2
.3
v v v
MI = ∫ r × ( 2 Ω × V )ρ d −
V = 4 ∫ ri$ × ( −2 Ωk$ × Vi$)ρAdr
c. v . 0
86
.3
v d v v v v v $
dt c∫. v . ∫ r × V (V ⋅ n )ρdA =.3i$ × (.707V e $j +.707V e k$)Ve ρA e .
ΣM = 0 and ( r × V )ρd −
V = 0.
c .s .
v v v $
The z-component of ∫ r × V (V ⋅ n )ρdA =.3×.707V e2 A e ρ.
c .s .
y r
v V x
4.160 A moment M resists the motion thereby
Ω
producing power. One of the arms is shown.
Ve
. 25 10 /12
v
M I = ∫ 4 ri$ × ( −2Ωk$ × Vi$ ) ρAdr = −8 ρAVΩk$ ∫ rdr = −2.778ρAVΩk$ .
0 0
v d v v v v v $ 10
dt c∫.v . ∫c.s.r × V (V ⋅ n )ρdA = 12 × V e2 ρA e × 4 k$.
ΣM = M k$ , ( r × V )d −V = 0, and
2 2
.05 2 $
= 4 Ω × 31.8 × 1000π ×.01 2 × k + 4 Ω × 1000π ×.01 2
2
42.4 2 212 3 3
− − (.2 −.05 ) k$
2
2 (.2 . 05 )
3
87
= ( 0.05Ω + 0.3Ω ) k$ = 0.35 Ωk$.
.2 .2
. 05 . 05
1000
4.162 1000 = MΩ. ∴M = = 2 N ⋅ m.
500
v
M I = ∫ ri$r × ( −2Ωk$ × V ( r )$i r ) ρ 2πr ×.02dr
R
1
∴ V r = ( 52.1 ± 52.12 + 4 × 1333 ) = 70.9 m / s.
2
The flow rate is Q = A e Vr cos 30 o = 2π ×.15 ×.02 × 70.9 ×.866 = 1.16 m 3 / s .
.008 2
4.163 See Problem 4.159. Ve = 19.89 m / s. V = × 19.89 = 3.18 m / s.
.02 2
.3
v dΩ $ $
M I = 4 ∫ ri$ × ( −2 Ωk$ × Vi$ ) + − k × ri ρAdr. A = π ×.012 , Ae = π ×.004 2 .
0 dt
.3 .3
dΩ $ 2 dΩ $
= −8 ρAVΩ k$ ∫ rdr − 4 ρA k ∫ r dr = −360 AVΩk$ − 36 A k.
0
dt 0 dt
v v v
∫ (r × V ) (V ⋅ n$)ρdA = 212V A e k$.
2
z e
c .s .
dΩ dΩ
Thus, 360 AV Ω + 36 A = 212Ve2 A e or + 31.8 Ω = 373.
dt dt
The solution is Ω = Ce −31. 8t + 11.73.
The initial condition is Ω( 0) = 0. ∴ C = −11.73.
Finally, Ω = 11.73( 1 − e −31. 8t ) rad / s.
4.164 This design problem would be good for a team of students to do as a project. How large a
horsepower blower could be handled by an average person?
88