NUR ADLINA BINTI MOHAMAD ADLAM

NAME : ………………………………………………………………………
3 SHEFFIELD
FORM : ………………………………………………………………………

TEACHER CIKGU NOORISHA

: ………………………………………………………………………

PREPARED BY :
SCIENCE TEACHERS
MRSM JELI
MRSM GEMENCHEH

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 PERFORMANCE STANDARD

PERFOMANCE DESCRIPTOR
LEVEL

1 Recall the knowledge and science skills about electricity and magnetism.

2 Understand and explain about electricity and magnetism.

3 Apply knowledge about electricity and magnetism and able to carry out
simple tasks.

4 Analyse knowledge about electricity and magnetism in context of problem

solving on events or natural phenomena.

5 Evaluate knowledge about electricity and magnetism in context of

problem solving and decision making to carry out a task.

Design a task using knowledge and science skills about electricity and
magnetism in a creative and innovative way in the context of problem
6 solving and decision making or carry out a task in a new situation with
regards to the social values/economy/culture of the community.

MUST DO EXPERIMENT :

NO LEARNING STANDARD
1 6.2.1 Carry out an experiment to build a step-up and step-down transformer.

PROJECT-BASED LEARNING :

NO LEARNING STANDARD
1 6.4.6 Communicate about ways of saving electrical energy usage at home.

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 6.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

6.1
Various GENERATION
Energy Sources OF ELECTRICITY
to Generate Electricity
6.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

Energy Sources

Non-renewable energy
Renewable energy sources
sources

Definition: Definition:
Energy sources that can be Energy sources
replaced continually and will that cannot be
never deplete. replaced and will
deplete.

Examples : Examples :
Hydro energy
Nuclear energy
Wave energy
Coal
Solar energy
Natural gas
Tidal energy
Petroleum
Wind energy
Biomass energy
Geothermal energy
Diagram 1: Types of Energy sources

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 hydro energy

geothermal
wave energy
energy

Example of
Renewable
energy
biomass
solar energy
energy

wind energy tidal energy

nuclear energy

Example of
Non-
petroleum renewable coal
energy

natural gas

Diagram 2: Examples of renewable and non-renewable energy source

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 Various Energy Sources to Generate Electricity

Bakun hydroelectric power

Energy source: hydro energy
station in Sarawak

Tuanku Jaafar power station

in Negeri Sembilan
Energy source: natural gas
Power Station in Malaysia

Sultan Azlan Shah power

Energy source: coal
station in Manjung, Perak

Gelugor power station in

Energy source: diesel
Pulau Pinang

TSH Bio-Energy Sdn. Bhd.

Energy source: biomass
Biomass power station in Sabah

Jimah Power Station in Energy source:

Lukut, Ngeri Sendilan natural gas, coal

Diagram 3: Power stations in Malaysia and its energy sources

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 Process of Generating Electricity

A generator is a device used to generate electricity.

Diagram 4: Generator model

When the crank of the generator model is turned, a current known as induced current is

produced. The flow of this induced current lights up the LED.

Explanation: Explanation:
Movement of the magnet which causes
Movement of the wire which causes the
the magnetic field lines to be cut.
magnetic field lines to be cut.
A magnet is moved as shown in
A connecting wire or solenoid is moved rapidly
Figures 6.5 and 6.6 so that the magnetic
through the space between the magnetic poles
field lines are cut by the connecting wire
as shown in Figures 6.3 and 6.4. An induced
or solenoid. An induced current is
current is produced in the connecting wire or
produced in the connecting wire or
solenoid, and it flows through the
solenoid, and it flows through the
galvanometer. The pointer in the galvanometer
galvanometer. The pointer in the
deflects.
galvanometer deflects.

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 Electricity Generated at Power Stations

1. Electricity Generated at Power Stations

Text

Diagram 5: Thermal power station

MECHANISM:

Steam Generator
Boiling water
Burning of fuel rotates the produces
produces steam
turbine electricity

ENERGY CHANGE:

chemical energy heat energy kinetic energy electrical energy

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2.
Power station using solar energy

Diagram 6: Power station using solar energy

MECHANISM:

Solar panels convert light

sunrays energy from the Sun into
electricity

ENERGY CHANGE:

solar energy electric energy

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 3.
Hydroelectric power station

Diagram 7: Hydroelectric power station

MECHANISM:

Water flows Flow of water Generator

High dam
from high level rotates produces
stores water
to low level turbine electricity

ENERGY CHANGE:

Gravitational
kinetic energy electrical energy
potential energy

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4. Power station using wind energy

Diagram 8: Power station using wind energy

MECHANISM:

Wind Blades Generator

Moving air or
moves rotate produces
wind
blades turbine electricity

ENERGY CHANGE:

kinetic energy electrical energy

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5.
Power station using nuclear fuel

Diagram 9: Nuclear power station

MECHANISM:

Boiling water Steam Generator

Nuclear reaction produces rotates the produces
steam turbine electricity

ENERGY CHANGE:

nuclear electrical
heat energy kinetic energy
energy energy

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6. Power station using biomass

Diagram 10: Biomass power station

MECHANISM:

Biomass
Boiling water Steam rotates Generator
produces
produces steam the turbine produces electricity
methane

ENERGY CHANGE:

chemical energy heat energy kinetic energy electrical energy

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 Direct Current and Alternating Current

Direct current is an electric current that flows in one direction only.

Alternating current is an electric current that flows in constantly reversing directions.

Match the following currents and their respective examples.

Speaker

Digital watch

Toy car
Direct

Antennas

Alternating Remote control

Calculator

Mobile phone

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 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.) is an electronic device that is used to show the differences in
the shape of graph, direction of current and voltage change for direct current and alternating
current.
Write the function for every parts in C.R.O

PART FUNCTION

Time-base Knob To control the movement of the light spot which sweeps
across the C.R.O. screen horizontally

X-shift Knob To adjust the position of the light spot horizontally

Y-Shift Knob To adjust the position of the light spot vertically

To change the magnitude of

Y-Gain Knob
the height of the light spot

Focus Control To control the sharpness of the light spot on the

Knob C.R.O. screen

Intensity Control To control the brightness of the light spot on the C.R.O.
Knob screen

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 6.2 TRANSFORMER

6.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

Step-up Transformer and Step-down Transformer
6.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

A transformer is a device for changing the voltage of an alternating current (a.c). A simple

transformer is made up of laminated soft iron core which is wrapped by two insulated coils, the

primary coil and the secondary coil.

Diagram 11: Structure of a simple transformer

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 Complete the following table with correct information.

Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer

Structure

Symbol

Position of Primary voltage (input), Vp,

Primary voltage (input), Vp, across
primary across the primary
the primary coil is lower than the
voltage vs coil is higher than the secondary
secondary voltage (output), Vs,
secondary voltage (output), Vs, across the
across the secondary coil.
voltage secondary coil.

less than that in the secondary coil. more than that in the secondary coil.
Number of
coil turns

camera lenses TV
Examples

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 AIM:
To construct and study the functions of simple step-up and
step-down transformers using laminated soft iron core

Problem statement:
What are the functions of step-up and step-down transformers?

Hypothesis: (a) In a step-up transformer, the secondary voltage (output) is higher than
the primary voltage (input).

(b) In a step-down transformer, the secondary voltage (output) is lower than

the primary voltage (input).

Number of turns of the secondary coil, Ns

Variables: (a) manipulated variable :
(b) responding variable : Brightness of light bulb
(c) constant variable : Number of turns of the primary coil, Np

Materials: Connecting wire, insulated copper wire and light bulbs

Apparatus: a.c. power supply and laminated C-shaped soft iron core

Procedure:

1. Wind 30 turns of wire around one arm of the laminated soft iron core to form a
primary coil as shown in Figure 6.25.
2. Wind 15 turns of wire around the other arm of the laminated soft iron core to
form a secondary coil as shown in Figure 6.25.
3. Connect the primary coil to an a.c. power supply. Then, connect light bulb P to
the primary coil and light bulb S to the secondary coil as shown in Figure 6.25.

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 Diagram 12: Apparatus set-up

Observation:

Number of turns Number of turns Brightness of bulb

of primary coil, of secondary coil,
Np Ns P S

30 15 less brighter less brighter

30 60 more brighter more brighter

Conclusion:
the hypothesis of this experiment can be accepted.

Question:
1. Based on the results of this experiment :
a) What is the effect on the brightness of the bulb if Np > Ns?
b) What is the relationship between Vp and Vs if Np > Ns?
c) What type of transformer is this?
2. Based on the results of this experiment :
a) What is the effect on the brightness of the bulb if Np < Ns?
b) What is the relationship between Vp and Vs if Np < Ns?
c) What type of transformer is this?
3. What happens to the change in voltage of the alternating current in a transformer if the
difference between the number of turns in its primary coil and the number of turns in its
secondary coil is increased?
4. Why are the numbers of turns in the primary and secondary coils different in all
transformers?
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 Transformer Equation

The ratio of the primary voltage to the secondary voltage is equal to the ratio of the number of

turns of the primary coil to the number of turns of the secondary coil in a transformer.

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
= 𝑁𝑠
𝑉𝑠

where Vp = input voltage of the primary coil or primary voltage

Vs = output voltage of the secondary coil or secondary voltage
Np = number of turns of primary coil
Ns = number of turns of secondary coil

EXERCISE

Figure below shows a transformer in a 5 V mobile phone charger connected to the 240 V main

power supply.

Diagram 13 shows a circuit diagram of the transformer in the mobile phone charger

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Based on the information above, calculate the number of turns in the primary coil.

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
240/5 = Np/10
Np = 10 x 240/5
Np = 480

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 6.3 Transmission and Distribution of Electricity
1. Answer the correct question by using words provided in the box below.

step up
transformation

step up
transformation
step down
transformation

11kV 33kV

240V 415V

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 2. Match the following components with its correct function.

Component Function

produces alternating current with the voltage

Branch substation
of 11 kV

to further reduces the voltage of the current

Power station
to supply to light industries

to activate or de-activate transmission of

Step-up transformer
electrical energy leaving the power station

Main substation carries electricity to the main substation

to increase the voltage of the current to be

National Grid Network
channelled to the National Grid Network

to step down the voltage of the current to

Switch zone
supply to heavy industries

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3. Instructions:
Students are divided into 3 groups.
Each groups assigned to study the following in school or their house.
Group 1 - Wiring system - one phase and three phases
Group 2 - Electricity supply and home electrical wiring system
Group 3 - Safety component of home wiring system
At the end of the discussion session, a student moves to the group with different titles to
get the assignment information (3 stray and 1 stay).
After 30 minutes, all the students return to their groups and share the information
obtained from the rest of the group.
Students are required to complete activity below.
Label the different parts of the electrical wiring system with the following words.

Live wire Circuit breakers Main fuse Earth wire Electric meter

main fuse
electric meter
live wire

earth wire
circuit breakers

Function Component

Carries electric current from the house back to the branch substation neutral wire
earth leakage
Melts and breaks the circuit if the current exceeds the safe value of the fuse
circuit brekaer
Carries electric current from the branch substation to the house live wire
Cuts off the electric current when excessive current flows through, or when a
lightning circuit
short circuit occurs
Carries excess current safely to the Earth power circuit

Measures the amount of electrical energy used in in the house electric meter

Connects or disconnects the electrical power from the main supply main fuse

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 4. Write down the description of type of plug used in Malaysia.

Descriptions
2-pin plug 3-pin plug

………………………………………………
Electrical …………………………………………………
appliances such as hair dryers andElectrical appliances such as electric kettles

………………………………………………
electric …………………………………………………
toothbrushes obtain electricity from and irons obtain electricity from the sockets

………………………………………………
the …………………………………………………
sockets on the walls through 2-pin plugs.on the walls through 3-pin plugs.

……………………………………………… …………………………………………………

…………………………………………… …………………………………………………

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 Label the part in the plug.

earth wire

fuse

live wire

neutral wire

5. Activity : function of the fuse.

Earth Leakage Circuit

switch 3A,5A,10Aand 13 A fuses
Breaker (ELCB)

Miniature circuit breaker

Earth wire Lightning conductor
(MCB)

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 Aim:To study the function of the fuse
bulb and fuse
Materials:…………………………………………………………………………………………

Apparatus:
copper wire
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Set up a circuit as shown in the diagram above.

2. Switch on the circuit. Observe the fuse and the bulb. Record your observations.
3. Switch off the circuit. Connect a thick copper wire across points A and B.
4. Switch on the circuit. Observe the fuse and the bulb. Record your observations.

Action Fuse Bulb

Before connecting the thick copper wire decreased less bright
After connecting the thick copper wire increased more bright

Manipulated Variable:
the………………………………………………………………………………………………………
action before and after connecting the thick copper wire

Responding Variable:
what happen to the fuse and bulb
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Fixed Variable:
number of dry cells
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Hypothesis:
If the copper wire melts, then the bulb burns brighter because more electricity can reach it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion:
The hyphotesis can be accepted because wire will conduct electricity
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Name the types of fuses shown below.

glass casing fuse wire

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 6.4 Calculate the Cost of Electricity Consumption
1. Calculate the maximum current rated and choose suitable fuse rating for each electrical
appliances.

Suitable Suitable
Electrical Maximum Electrical Maximum
fuse fuse
appliances current appliances current
rating rating

240V/2500W0.096 X 1.25
240V/50W = 0.096 = 0.12
4.8 X 1,25
= 4.8
=6

50 W, 240 V 2500 W, 240 V

240V/ 0.3692 X 1.25 240V/85W 2.824 X 1.25

650W = 0.4615 = 2.824 = 3.529
= 0.3692

85 W, 240 V
650 W, 240 V

240V/30W 8 X 1.25 240V/1200W0.2 X 1.25

=8 = 10 = 0.2 = 0.25

30 W, 240 V 1200 W, 240 V

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 2. The table below shows the tariff rate for the electricity consumption.

Tariff rate Cost per unit (RM)

First 200 units 0.22
Subsequent 300 units 0.33
Additional units 0.52
a) Hafiz and his family has used some of the appliances as shown in table below. Calculate
the energy used and cost of electricity per day for each electrical appliances.

Cost of
Electrical Total time used Energy used
Power (W) electricity used
appliance per day (h) (kWh)
(RM)

Ceiling fan 50 10 0.5 0.11

Desktop
450 4 1.8 0.59
Computer

Television 150 2 0.3 0.07

Lamp 40 12 0.48 0.11

Charging 0.065 0.01

65 1
smartphone

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 b) Based on above table, how much is the electricity bill for month of April when Hafiz
travelled outside his house for 10 days?

RM0.11 + RM0.59 + RM 0.07 + RM0.11 + RM0.01

= RM0.89
RM0.89 x 10 = RM8.9
RM0.89 x 30 = RM267
RM267 - RM8.9
= RM258.10

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 3. Fill in space provided below on safety measures when using electrical appliances.

Never put fingers

or other objects
in an outlet.

Never use anything with a Safety measures Keep metal objects

when using electrical
cord or plug around water. out of toasters
appliances

Never pull a plug

out by its cord.

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