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1 1
Reading Test
65 M I NU TES, 5 2 QUESTIONS
Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
DIRECTIONS
Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).
Questions 1-10 are based on the following Akira was waiting in the entry. He was in his early
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. twenties, slim and serious, wearing the black

This passage is from Lydia Minatoya, The Strangeness of
25 military-style uniform of a student. As he
Beauty. ©1999 by Lydia Minatoya. The setting is Japan in bowed—his hands hanging straight down, a
1920. Chie and her daughter Naomi are members of the black cap in one, a yellow oil-paper umbrella in the
House of Fuji, a noble family. other—Chie glanced beyond him. In the glistening
surface of the courtyard’s rain-drenched paving
Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. Was 30 stones, she saw his reflection like a dark double.
that it? Had he followed form—had he asked his “Madame,” said Akira, “forgive my disruption,
mother to speak to his father to approach a but I come with a matter of urgency.”
Line go-between—would Chie have been more receptive? His voice was soft, refined. He straightened and
5 He came on a winter’s eve. He pounded on the stole a deferential peek at her face.
door while a cold rain beat on the shuttered veranda, 35 In the dim light his eyes shone with sincerity.
so at first Chie thought him only the wind. The maid Chie felt herself starting to like him.
knew better. Chie heard her soft scuttling footsteps, “Come inside, get out of this nasty night. Surely
the creak of the door. Then the maid brought a your business can wait for a moment or two.”
10 calling card to the drawing room, for Chie. “I don’t want to trouble you. Normally I would
Chie was reluctant to go to her guest; perhaps she 40 approach you more properly but I’ve received word
was feeling too cozy. She and Naomi were reading at of a position. I’ve an opportunity to go to America, as
a low table set atop a charcoal brazier. A thick quilt dentist for Seattle’s Japanese community.”
spread over the sides of the table so their legs were “Congratulations,” Chie said with amusement.
15 tucked inside with the heat. “That is an opportunity, I’m sure. But how am I
“Who is it at this hour, in this weather?” Chie 45 involved?”
questioned as she picked the name card off the Even noting Naomi’s breathless reaction to the
maid’s lacquer tray. name card, Chie had no idea. Akira’s message,
“Shinoda, Akira. Kobe Dental College,” she read. delivered like a formal speech, filled her with
20 Naomi recognized the name. Chie heard a soft maternal amusement. You know how children speak
intake of air. 50 so earnestly, so hurriedly, so endearingly about
“I think you should go,” said Naomi. things that have no importance in an adult’s mind?
That’s how she viewed him, as a child.
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

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It was how she viewed Naomi. Even though
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1
Naomi was eighteen and training endlessly in the arts
55 needed to make a good marriage, Chie had made no Which choice best describes what happens in the
effort to find her a husband. passage?
Akira blushed. A) One character argues with another character
“Depending on your response, I may stay in who intrudes on her home.
Japan. I’ve come to ask for Naomi’s hand.” B) One character receives a surprising request from
60 Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the night. another character.
“Does Naomi know anything of your . . .
ambitions?” C) One character reminisces about choices she has
“We have an understanding. Please don’t judge made over the years.
my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal. I D) One character criticizes another character for
65 ask directly because the use of a go-between takes pursuing an unexpected course of action.
much time. Either method comes down to the same
thing: a matter of parental approval. If you give your
consent, I become Naomi’s yoshi.* We’ll live in the 2
House of Fuji. Without your consent, I must go to
Which choice best describes the developmental
70 America, to secure a new home for my bride.”
pattern of the passage?
Eager to make his point, he’d been looking her full
in the face. Abruptly, his voice turned gentle. “I see A) A careful analysis of a traditional practice
I’ve startled you. My humble apologies. I’ll take no B) A detailed depiction of a meaningful encounter
more of your evening. My address is on my card. If
C) A definitive response to a series of questions
75 you don’t wish to contact me, I’ll reapproach you in
two weeks’ time. Until then, good night.” D) A cheerful recounting of an amusing anecdote
He bowed and left. Taking her ease, with effortless
grace, like a cat making off with a fish.
“Mother?” Chie heard Naomi’s low voice and 3
80 turned from the door. “He has asked you?” As used in line 1 and line 65, “directly” most
The sight of Naomi’s clear eyes, her dark brows nearly means
gave Chie strength. Maybe his hopes were
preposterous. A) frankly.
“Where did you meet such a fellow? Imagine! He B) confidently.
85 thinks he can marry the Fuji heir and take her to C) without mediation.
America all in the snap of his fingers!”
Chie waited for Naomi’s ripe laughter. D) with precision.
Naomi was silent. She stood a full half minute
looking straight into Chie’s eyes. Finally, she spoke.
90 “I met him at my literary meeting.” 4
Naomi turned to go back into the house, then Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie?
stopped.
“Mother.” A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.
“Yes?” B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity.
95 “I mean to have him.” C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an
* a man who marries a woman of higher status and takes her
imposition.
family’s name
D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his
emotions.

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5 9
Which choice provides the best evidence for the Why does Akira say his meeting with Chie is
answer to the previous question? “a matter of urgency” (line 32)?
A) Line 33 (“His voice . . . refined”) A) He fears that his own parents will disapprove of
B) Lines 49-51 (“You . . . mind”) Naomi.
C) Lines 63-64 (“Please . . . proposal”) B) He worries that Naomi will reject him and marry
someone else.
D) Lines 71-72 (“Eager . . . face”)
C) He has been offered an attractive job in another
country.
6 D) He knows that Chie is unaware of his feelings for
Naomi.
In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with
A) affection but not genuine love.
B) objectivity but not complete impartiality. 10
C) amusement but not mocking disparagement. Which choice provides the best evidence for the
D) respect but not utter deference. answer to the previous question?
A) Line 39 (“I don’t . . . you”)
B) Lines 39-42 (“Normally . . . community”)
7
C) Lines 58-59 (“Depending . . . Japan”)
The main purpose of the first paragraph is to
D) Lines 72-73 (“I see . . . you”)
A) describe a culture.
B) criticize a tradition.
C) question a suggestion.
D) analyze a reaction.
8
As used in line 2, “form” most nearly means
A) appearance.
B) custom.
C) structure.
D) nature.

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Questions 11-21 are based on the following spend with how much recipients will appreciate the
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage and supplementary material. gift (the more expensive the gift, the stronger a
gift-recipient’s feelings of appreciation). Although a
This passage is adapted from Francis J. Flynn and Gabrielle 45 link between gift price and feelings of appreciation
S. Adams, "Money Can't Buy Love: Asymmetric Beliefs about might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an
Gift Price and Feelings of Appreciation." ©2008 by Elsevier assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose
Inc.
that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their
Every day, millions of shoppers hit the stores in feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift
full force—both online and on foot—searching 50 than givers assume.
frantically for the perfect gift. Last year, Americans Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely
Line spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the month of linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation?
5 December alone. Aside from purchasing holiday Perhaps givers believe that bigger (i.e., more
gifts, most people regularly buy presents for other expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of
occasions throughout the year, including weddings, 55 thoughtfulness and consideration. According to
birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a
showers. This frequent experience of gift-giving can symbolic ritual, whereby gift-givers attempt to signal
10 engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient
relish the opportunity to buy presents because and their willingness to invest resources in a future
gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger 60 relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may be
bonds with one’s closest peers. At the same time, motivated to spend more money on a gift in order to
many dread the thought of buying gifts; they worry send a “stronger signal” to their intended recipient.
15 that their purchases will disappoint rather than As for gift-recipients, they may not construe smaller
delight the intended recipients. and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger
Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive 65 signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.
social process, serving various political, religious, and The notion of gift-givers and gift-recipients being
psychological functions. Economists, however, offer unable to account for the other party’s perspective
20 a less favorable view. According to Waldfogel (1993), seems puzzling because people slip in and out of
gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources. these roles every day, and, in some cases, multiple
People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to 70 times in the course of the same day. Yet, despite the
buy on their own, or at least not spend as much extensive experience that people have as both givers
money to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as and receivers, they often struggle to transfer
25 ‘‘the deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit, givers information gained from one role (e.g., as a giver)
are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that and apply it in another, complementary role (e.g., as
receivers would spend only $80 to buy themselves. 75 a receiver). In theoretical terms, people fail to utilize
This ‘‘deadweight loss” suggests that gift-givers are information about their own preferences and
not very good at predicting what gifts others will experiences in order to produce more efficient
30 appreciate. That in itself is not surprising to social outcomes in their exchange relations. In practical
psychologists. Research has found that people often terms, people spend hundreds of dollars each year on
struggle to take account of others’ perspectives— 80 gifts, but somehow never learn to calibrate their gift
their insights are subject to egocentrism, social expenditures according to personal insight.
projection, and multiple attribution errors.
35 What is surprising is that gift-givers have
considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and
gift-recipients, but nevertheless tend to overspend
each time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift.
In the present research, we propose a unique
40 psychological explanation for this overspending
problem—i.e., that gift-givers equate how much they

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Givers’ Perceived and Recipients’ 13
Actual Gift Appreciations
The authors indicate that people value gift-giving
7.00 because they feel it
A) functions as a form of self-expression.
Mean appreciation
6.50
B) is an inexpensive way to show appreciation.
6.00
C) requires the gift-recipient to reciprocate.
5.50 D) can serve to strengthen a relationship.
5.00
14
4.50
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
0 answer to the previous question?
giver recipient A) Lines 10-13 (“Many . . . peers”)
Role B) Lines 22-23 (“People . . . own”)
less expensive gift C) Lines 31-32 (“Research . . . perspectives”)
more expensive gift D) Lines 44-47 (“Although . . . unfounded”)
15
The “social psychologists” mentioned in paragraph 2
11
(lines 17-34) would likely describe the “deadweight
The authors most likely use the examples in lines 1-9 loss” phenomenon as
of the passage (“Every . . . showers”) to highlight the A) predictable.
A) regularity with which people shop for gifts. B) questionable.
B) recent increase in the amount of money spent on C) disturbing.
gifts.
D) unprecedented.
C) anxiety gift shopping causes for consumers.
D) number of special occasions involving
gift-giving. 16
The passage indicates that the assumption made by
gift-givers in lines 41-44 may be
12
A) insincere.
In line 10, the word “ambivalent” most nearly means
B) unreasonable.
A) unrealistic.
C) incorrect.
B) conflicted.
D) substantiated.
C) apprehensive.
D) supportive.

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17 20
Which choice provides the best evidence for the The graph following the passage offers evidence that
answer to the previous question? gift-givers base their predictions of how much a gift
A) Lines 53-55 (“Perhaps . . . consideration”) will be appreciated on
B) Lines 55-60 (“According . . . relationship”) A) the appreciation level of the gift-recipients.
C) Lines 63-65 (“As . . . consideration”) B) the monetary value of the gift.
D) Lines 75-78 (“In . . . relations”) C) their own desires for the gifts they purchase.
D) their relationship with the gift-recipients.
18
21
As it is used in line 54, “convey” most nearly means
A) transport. The authors would likely attribute the differences in
gift-giver and recipient mean appreciation as
B) counteract. represented in the graph to
C) exchange. A) an inability to shift perspective.
D) communicate. B) an increasingly materialistic culture.
C) a growing opposition to gift-giving.
19 D) a misunderstanding of intentions.
The authors refer to work by Camerer and others
(line 56) in order to
A) offer an explanation.
B) introduce an argument.
C) question a motive.
D) support a conclusion.

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Questions 22-31 are based on the following long molecule many different permutations are
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage and supplementary material. possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise
This passage is adapted from J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick,
sequence of bases is the code which carries the
“Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases
Acid.” ©1953 by Nature Publishing Group. Watson and Crick on one of the pair of chains were given, one could
deduced the structure of DNA using evidence from Rosalind write down the exact order of the bases on the other
Franklin and R. G. Gosling’s X-ray crystallography diagrams one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain
of DNA and from Erwin Chargaff’s data on the base is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is
composition of DNA. 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic
The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid acid molecule might duplicate itself.
(DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage of
very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in that
Line regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. organism’s DNA.
5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which
can be of four different types. Two of the possible Base Composition of DNA
bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the
other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. Percentage of base
So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the
in organism’s DNA
10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of
phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. Organism adenine guanine cytosine thymine
The first feature of our structure which is of (%) (%) (%) (%)
biological interest is that it consists not of one chain,
but of two. These two chains are both coiled around Maize 26.8 22.8 23.2 27.2
15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that Octopus 33.2 17.6 17.6 31.6
since there was only one chain in the chemical
Chicken 28.0 22.0 21.6 28.4
formula there would only be one in the structural
unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray Rat 28.6 21.4 20.5 28.4
evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. Human 29.3 20.7 20.0 30.0
20 The other biologically important feature is the
manner in which the two chains are held together. Grasshopper 29.3 20.5 20.7 29.3
This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. Sea urchin 32.8 17.7 17.3 32.1
The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base
Wheat 27.3 22.7 22.8 27.1
from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single
25 base from the other. The important point is that only Yeast 31.3 18.7 17.1 32.9
certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. E. coli 24.7 26.0 25.7 23.6
One member of a pair must be a purine and the other
a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the
chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science Association,
30 example, there would not be room for it. Bangalore.
We believe that the bases will be present almost
entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true,
the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more
restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are:
35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.
Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain; but
when it does, its partner on the other chain must
always be thymine.
The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is
40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of
bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a

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22 25
The authors use the word “backbone” in lines 3 The authors’ main purpose of including the
and 39 to indicate that information about X-ray evidence and density is to
A) only very long chains of DNA can be taken from A) establish that DNA is the molecule that carries
an organism with a spinal column. the genetic information.
B) the main structure of a chain in a DNA molecule B) present an alternate hypothesis about the
is composed of repeating units. composition of a nucleotide.
C) a chain in a DNA molecule consists entirely of C) provide support for the authors’ claim about the
phosphate groups or of sugars. number of chains in a molecule of DNA.
D) nitrogenous bases form the main structural unit D) confirm the relationship between the density of
of DNA. DNA and the known chemical formula of DNA.
23 26
A student claims that nitrogenous bases pair Based on the passage, the authors’ statement “If a
randomly with one another. Which of the following pair consisted of two purines, for example, there
statements in the passage contradicts the student’s would not be room for it” (lines 29-30) implies that a
claim? pair
A) Lines 5-6 (“To each . . . types”) A) of purines would be larger than the space
B) Lines 9-10 (“So far . . . irregular”) between a sugar and a phosphate group.
C) Lines 23-25 (“The bases . . . other”) B) of purines would be larger than a pair consisting
of a purine and a pyrimidine.
D) Lines 27-29 (“One member . . . chains”)
C) of pyrimidines would be larger than a pair of
purines.
24 D) consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine would be
larger than a pair of pyrimidines.
In the second paragraph (lines 12-19), what do the
authors claim to be a feature of biological interest?
A) The chemical formula of DNA 27
B) The common fiber axis The authors’ use of the words “exact,” “specific,” and
C) The X-ray evidence “complement” in lines 47-49 in the final paragraph
D) DNA consisting of two chains functions mainly to
A) confirm that the nucleotide sequences are known
for most molecules of DNA.
B) counter the claim that the sequences of bases
along a chain can occur in any order.
C) support the claim that the phosphate-sugar
backbone of the authors’ model is completely
regular.
D) emphasize how one chain of DNA may serve as a
template to be copied during DNA replication.

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28 30
Based on the table and passage, which choice gives According to the table, which of the following pairs
the correct percentages of the purines in yeast DNA? of base percentages in sea urchin DNA provides
A) 17.1% and 18.7% evidence in support of the answer to the previous
question?
B) 17.1% and 32.9%
A) 17.3% and 17.7%
C) 18.7% and 31.3%
B) 17.3% and 32.1%
D) 31.3% and 32.9%
C) 17.3% and 32.8%
D) 17.7% and 32.8%
29
Do the data in the table support the authors’
31
proposed pairing of bases in DNA?
A) Yes, because for each given organism, the Based on the table, is the percentage of adenine in
percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage each organism’s DNA the same or does it vary, and
of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is which statement made by the authors is most
closest to the percentage of cytosine. consistent with that data?
B) Yes, because for each given organism, the A) The same; “Two of . . . pyrimidines” (lines 6-8)
percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage B) The same; “The important . . . structure”
of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is (lines 25-26)
closest to the percentage of thymine. C) It varies; “Adenine . . . thymine” (lines 36-38)
C) No, because for each given organism, the D) It varies; “It follows . . . information”
percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage (lines 41-45)
of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is
closest to the percentage of cytosine.
D) No, because for each given organism, the
percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage
of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is
closest to the percentage of thymine.

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Questions 32-41 are based on the following talk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.
This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.
And they are very important questions; and we have
©1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situation very little time in which to answer them. The
of women in English society. 50 questions that we have to ask and to answer about
that procession during this moment of transition are
Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames, so important that they may well change the lives of
an admirable vantage ground for us to make a all men and women for ever. For we have to ask
survey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, laden ourselves, here and now, do we wish to join that
Line with timber, bursting with corn; there on one side are 55 procession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we join
5 the domes and spires of the city; on the other, that procession? Above all, where is it leading us, the
Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is a procession of educated men? The moment is short; it
place to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But not may last five years; ten years, or perhaps only a
now. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are here matter of a few months longer. . . . But, you will
to consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon the 60 object, you have no time to think; you have your
10 procession—the procession of the sons of educated battles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars to
men. organize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.
There they go, our brothers who have been As you know from your own experience, and there
educated at public schools and universities, are facts that prove it, the daughters of educated men
mounting those steps, passing in and out of those 65 have always done their thinking from hand to
15 doors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching, mouth; not under green lamps at study tables in the
administering justice, practising medicine, cloisters of secluded colleges. They have thought
transacting business, making money. It is a solemn while they stirred the pot, while they rocked the
sight always—a procession, like a caravanserai cradle. It was thus that they won us the right to our
crossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twenty 70 brand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go on
20 years or so, it is no longer a sight merely, a thinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Think
photograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls of we must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; while
time, at which we can look with merely an esthetic we are standing in the crowd watching Coronations
appreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tail and Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in the
end of the procession, we go ourselves. And that 75 gallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;
25 makes a difference. We who have looked so long at let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.
the pageant in books, or from a curtained window Let us never cease from thinking—what is this
watched educated men leaving the house at about “civilization” in which we find ourselves? What are
nine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the house these ceremonies and why should we take part in
at about six-thirty from an office, need look passively 80 them? What are these professions and why
30 no longer. We too can leave the house, can mount should we make money out of them? Where in
those steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . make short is it leading us, the procession of the sons of
money, administer justice. . . . We who now agitate educated men?
these humble pens may in another century or two
speak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict us
35 then; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divine 32
spirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can say
whether, as time goes on, we may not dress in The main purpose of the passage is to
military uniform, with gold lace on our breasts, A) emphasize the value of a tradition.
swords at our sides, and something like the old
40 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that that B) stress the urgency of an issue.
venerable object was never decorated with plumes of C) highlight the severity of social divisions.
white horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow of D) question the feasibility of an undertaking.
the private house still makes those dresses look a
little queer. We have worn private clothes so
45 long. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or to

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33 36
The central claim of the passage is that Woolf indicates that the procession she describes in
A) educated women face a decision about how to the passage
engage with existing institutions. A) has come to have more practical influence in
B) women can have positions of influence in recent years.
English society only if they give up some of their B) has become a celebrated feature of English public
traditional roles. life.
C) the male monopoly on power in English society C) includes all of the richest and most powerful
has had grave and continuing effects. men in England.
D) the entry of educated women into positions of D) has become less exclusionary in its membership
power traditionally held by men will transform in recent years.
those positions.
37
34
Woolf uses the word “we” throughout the passage answer to the previous question?
mainly to A) Lines 12-17 (“There . . . money”)
A) reflect the growing friendliness among a group B) Lines 17-19 (“It . . . desert”)
of people.
C) Lines 23-24 (“For . . . ourselves”)
B) advance the need for candor among a group of
people. D) Lines 30-34 (“We . . . pulpit”)
C) establish a sense of solidarity among a group of
people.
D) reinforce the need for respect among a group of
people.
35
According to the passage, Woolf chooses the setting
of the bridge because it
A) is conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection.
B) provides a good view of the procession of the
sons of educated men.
C) is within sight of historic episodes to which she
alludes.
D) is symbolic of the legacy of past and present sons
of educated men.

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38 40
Woolf characterizes the questions in lines 53-57 Which choice most closely captures the
(“For we . . . men”) as both meaning of the figurative “sixpence” referred
A) controversial and threatening. to in lines 70 and 71?
B) weighty and unanswerable. A) Tolerance
C) momentous and pressing. B) Knowledge
D) provocative and mysterious. C) Opportunity
D) Perspective
39
41
answer to the previous question? The range of places and occasions listed in
A) Lines 46-47 (“We . . . questions”) lines 72-76 (“Let us . . . funerals”) mainly serves to
emphasize how
B) Lines 48-49 (“And . . . them”)
A) novel the challenge faced by women is.
C) Line 57 (“The moment . . . short”)
B) pervasive the need for critical reflection is.
D) Line 62 (“That . . . Madam”)
C) complex the political and social issues of the
day are.
D) enjoyable the career possibilities for women are.

13 CO NTI N U E
1 1
Questions 42-52 are based on the following Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, and
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passages. aluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which could
Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:
be used in 3D printers to make spare parts or
the Next Gold Rush?” ©2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 is machinery. Others want to turn space dirt into
from the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the Final 45 concrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.
Frontier.” ©2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2
Passage 1 The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting
Follow the money and you will end up in space. from discovery to economics. The past year has seen
That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum on a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches
mining beyond Earth. down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few
Line Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre for 50 billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:
5 Space Engineering Research, the event brought the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could
together mining companies, robotics experts, lunar enrich us all.
scientists, and government agencies that are all But before the miners start firing up their rockets,
working to make space mining a reality. we should pause for thought. At first glance, space
The forum comes hot on the heels of the 55 mining seems to sidestep most environmental
10 2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms. concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,
Planetary Resources of Washington says it will and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences
launch its first prospecting telescopes in two years, —both here on Earth and in space—merit careful
while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to be consideration.
harvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Another 60 Part of this is about principles. Some will argue
15 commercial venture that sprung up in 2012, that space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours to
Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s poles
the moon, including to potential lunar miners. should remain pristine. Others will suggest that
Within a few decades, these firms may be glutting ourselves on space’s riches is not an
meeting earthly demands for precious metals, such as 65 acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable
20 platinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vital ways of earthly life.
for personal electronics, such as yttrium and History suggests that those will be hard lines to
lanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers who hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public
transformed the western United States, the first space that such barren environments are worth preserving.
miners won’t just enrich themselves. They also hope 70 After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even
25 to build an off-planet economy free of any bonds fewer people will experience them than have walked
with Earth, in which the materials extracted and through Antarctica’s icy landscapes.
processed from the moon and asteroids are delivered There’s also the emerging off-world economy to
for space-based projects. consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and
In this scenario, water mined from other 75 beyond may be very different to those we prize on
30 worlds could become the most desired commodity. Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely
“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of gold been broached—and the relevant legal and regulatory
or a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny of framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.
HoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless. Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are
Water will let you live.” 80 often reluctant to engage with such questions.
35 Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent to One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum in
astronauts on the International Space Station for Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that
drinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water into regulation should be avoided. But miners have much
oxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, so to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit
ice-rich asteroids could become interplanetary 85 exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will
40 refuelling stations. be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made
insecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seek
one out.

14 CO NTI N U E
1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
42 46
In lines 9-17, the author of Passage 1 mentions What function does the discussion of water in
several companies primarily to lines 35-40 serve in Passage 1?
A) note the technological advances that make space A) It continues an extended comparison that begins
mining possible. in the previous paragraph.
B) provide evidence of the growing interest in space B) It provides an unexpected answer to a question
mining. raised in the previous paragraph.
C) emphasize the large profits to be made from C) It offers hypothetical examples supporting a
space mining. claim made in the previous paragraph.
D) highlight the diverse ways to carry out space D) It examines possible outcomes of a proposal put
mining operations. forth in the previous paragraph.
43 47
The author of Passage 1 indicates that space mining The central claim of Passage 2 is that space mining
could have which positive effect? has positive potential but
A) It could yield materials important to Earth’s A) it will end up encouraging humanity’s reckless
economy. treatment of the environment.
B) It could raise the value of some precious metals B) its effects should be thoughtfully considered
on Earth. before it becomes a reality.
C) It could create unanticipated technological C) such potential may not include replenishing key
innovations. resources that are disappearing on Earth.
D) It could change scientists’ understanding of D) experts disagree about the commercial viability
space resources. of the discoveries it could yield.
44 48
Which choice provides the best evidence for the As used in line 68, “hold” most nearly means
answer to the previous question? A) maintain.
A) Lines 18-22 (“Within . . . lanthanum”) B) grip.
B) Lines 24-28 (“They . . . projects”) C) restrain.
C) Lines 29-30 (“In this . . . commodity”) D) withstand.
D) Lines 41-44 (“Companies . . . machinery”)
45
As used in line 19, “demands” most nearly means
A) offers.
B) claims.
C) inquiries.
D) desires.

15 CO NTI N U E
1 1
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
49 51
Which statement best describes the relationship Which choice provides the best evidence for the
between the passages? answer to the previous question?
A) Passage 2 refutes the central claim advanced in A) Lines 60-63 (“Some . . . pristine”)
Passage 1. B) Lines 74-76 (“The resources . . . Earth”)
B) Passage 2 illustrates the phenomenon described C) Lines 81-83 (“One . . . avoided”)
in more general terms in Passage 1.
D) Lines 85-87 (“Without . . . insecure”)
C) Passage 2 argues against the practicality of the
proposals put forth in Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 expresses reservations about 52
developments discussed in Passage 1.
Which point about the resources that will be highly
valued in space is implicit in Passage 1 and explicit in
Passage 2?
50
A) They may be different resources from those that
The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to are valuable on Earth.
the discussion of the future of space mining in
lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a future B) They will be valuable only if they can be
harvested cheaply.
A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space
resources. C) They are likely to be primarily precious metals
and rare earth elements.
B) will be difficult to bring about in the absence of
regulations. D) They may increase in value as those same
resources become rare on Earth.
C) cannot be attained without technologies that do
not yet exist.
D) seems certain to affect Earth’s economy in a
negative way.
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

16
2 2
Writing and Language Test
DIRECTIONS
Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you
will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by
one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising
and editing decisions.
Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will
direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.
After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively
improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the
conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option.
Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the
passage as it is.
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

...................................................................................................................................
Whey to Go
Greek yogurt—a strained form of cultured
yogurt—has grown enormously in popularity in the
United States since it was first introduced in the country
in the late 1980s.
From 2011 to 2012 alone, sales of Greek yogurt in the
US increased by 50 percent. The resulting increase in
Greek yogurt production has forced those involved in the
business to address the detrimental effects that the
yogurt-making process may be having on the
environment. Fortunately, farmers and others in the

18 CO NTI N U E
2 2
Greek yogurt business have found many methods of
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
controlling and eliminating most environmental threats. A) NO CHANGE
B) defeat
Given these solutions as well as the many health benefits
C) outperform
of the food, the advantages of Greek yogurt 1 outdo the
D) outweigh
potential drawbacks of its production.
[1] The main environmental problem caused by the 2
production of Greek yogurt is the creation of acid whey Which choice provides the most relevant detail?
as a by-product. [2] Because it requires up to four times A) NO CHANGE
B) supplement and convert it into gas to use as fuel
more milk to make than conventional yogurt does, Greek in electricity production.
yogurt produces larger amounts of acid whey, which is C) supplement, while sweet whey is more desirable
as a food additive for humans.
difficult to dispose of. [3] To address the problem of
D) supplement, which provides an important
disposal, farmers have found a number of uses for acid element of their diet.
whey. [4] They can add it to livestock feed as a protein
2 supplement, and people can make their own 3
A) NO CHANGE
Greek-style yogurt at home by straining regular yogurt.
B) can pollute waterway’s,
[5] If it is improperly introduced into the environment, C) could have polluted waterways,
acid-whey runoff 3 can pollute waterways, depleting D) has polluted waterway’s,
’
the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it
decomposes. [6] Yogurt manufacturers, food 4
A) NO CHANGE
4 scientists; and government officials are also
B) scientists: and
working together to develop additional solutions for
C) scientists, and
reusing whey. 5 D) scientists, and,
5
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 1.
C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 3.

19 CO NTI N U E
2 2
6 Though these conservation methods can be
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6
costly and time-consuming, they are well worth the The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the writer do this?
effort. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy
A) Yes, because it does not provide a transition
food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, from the previous paragraph.
serves 7 to be a digestive aid, and 8 it contains few B) Yes, because it fails to support the main
argument of the passage as introduced in the
calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms. first paragraph.
Greek yogurt is slightly lower in sugar and carbohydrates C) No, because it continues the explanation of how
acid whey can be disposed of safely.
than conventional yogurt is. 9 Also, because it is more D) No, because it sets up the argument in the
concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more paragraph for the benefits of Greek yogurt.
protein per serving, thereby helping people stay

7
A) NO CHANGE
B) as
C) like
D) for
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) containing
C) contains
D) will contain
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) In other words,
C) Therefore,
D) For instance,

20 CO NTI N U E
2 2
10 satiated for longer periods of time. These health
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10
benefits have prompted Greek yogurt’s recent surge in A) NO CHANGE
B) fulfilled
popularity. In fact, Greek yogurt can be found in an
C) complacent
increasing number of products such as snack food and
D) sufficient
frozen desserts. Because consumers reap the nutritional
benefits of Greek yogurt and support those who make 11
and sell 11 it, therefore farmers and businesses should A) NO CHANGE
B) it, farmers
continue finding safe and effective methods of producing
C) it, so farmers
the food.
D) it: farmers

21 CO NTI N U E
2 2
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage
...............................................................................................................................
12
and supplementary material.
Which choice most accurately and effectively
represents the information in the graph?
Dark Snow A) NO CHANGE
Most of Greenland’s interior is covered by a thick B) to 12 degrees Fahrenheit.
C) to their lowest point on December 13.
layer of ice and compressed snow known as the
D) to 10 degrees Fahrenheit and stay there for
Greenland Ice Sheet. The size of the ice sheet fluctuates months.
seasonally: in summer, average daily high temperatures
in Greenland can rise to slightly above 50 degrees
Fahrenheit, partially melting the ice; in the winter, the
sheet thickens as additional snow falls, and average daily
low temperatures can drop 12 to as low as 20 degrees.
Average Daily High and Low Temperatures Recorded

at Nuuk Weather Station, Greenland (1961—1990)
Mar 5 Jun 10 Sep 8 Dec 13

60
Temperature (°F)
50 45° 45°
40
30 35° 38° 26°
20°
20
19°
10
12°
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
average daily high
average daily low
Adapted from WMO. ©2014 by World Meteorological Organization.

22 CO NTI N U E
2 2
Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13
thawing in late 13 summer. This follows several weeks of Which choice most effectively combines the two
sentences at the underlined portion?
higher temperatures. 14 For example, in the summer of
A) summer, following
2012, virtually the entire Greenland Ice Sheet underwent B) summer, and this thawing follows
thawing at or near its surface by mid-July, the earliest C) summer, and such thawing follows
date on record. Most scientists looking for the causes of D) summer and this evidence follows
the Great Melt of 2012 have focused exclusively on rising

14
temperatures. The summer of 2012 was the warmest in
A) NO CHANGE
170 years, records show. But Jason 15 Box, an associate B) However,
professor of geology at Ohio State believes that another C) As such,
factor added to the early 16 thaw; the “dark snow” D) Moreover,
problem.
15
A) NO CHANGE
B) Box an associate professor of geology at
Ohio State,
C) Box, an associate professor of geology at
Ohio State,
D) Box, an associate professor of geology, at
Ohio State
16
A) NO CHANGE
B) thaw; and it was
C) thaw:
D) thaw: being

23 CO NTI N U E
2 2
According to Box, a leading Greenland expert,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17
tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America A) NO CHANGE
B) soot
produced great amounts of soot, some 17 of it drifted
C) of which
over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then
D) DELETE the underlined portion.
18 fell as particles onto the ice sheet. Scientists have long
known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening 18
snow and ice, limiting 19 it’s ability to reflect the Sun’s A) NO CHANGE
rays. As Box explains, “Soot is an extremely powerful B) falls
C) will fall
light absorber. It settles over the ice and captures the
D) had fallen
Sun’s heat.” The result is a self-reinforcing cycle. As the
ice melts, the land and water under the ice become 19
exposed, and since land and water are darker than snow, A) NO CHANGE
the surface absorbs even more heat, which 20 is related B) its
C) there
to the rising temperatures.
D) their
20
Which choice best completes the description of a
self-reinforcing cycle?
A) NO CHANGE
B) raises the surface temperature.
C) begins to cool at a certain point.
D) leads to additional melting.

24 CO NTI N U E
2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[1] Box’s research is important because the fires of 21
2012 may not be a one-time phenomenon. [2] According A) NO CHANGE
B) itself,
to scientists, rising Arctic temperatures are making
C) itself, with damage and
northern latitudes greener and thus more fire prone. D) itself possibly,
[3] The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat
21 itself again, with harmful effects on the Arctic 22
ecosystem. [4] Box is currently organizing an expedition To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4
should be placed
to gather this crucial information. [5] The next step for
A) where it is now.
Box and his team is to travel to Greenland to perform B) after sentence 1.
direct sampling of the ice in order to determine just how C) after sentence 2.
much the soot is contributing to the melting of the ice D) after sentence 5.
sheet. [6] Members of the public will be able to track his

team’s progress—and even help fund the
expedition—through a website Box has created. 22

25 CO NTI N U E
2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23
A) NO CHANGE
Coworking: A Creative Solution B) was promptly worn
C) promptly wore
When I left my office job as a website developer at a
D) wore
small company for a position that allowed me to work
full-time from home, I thought I had it made: I gleefully
24
traded in my suits and dress shoes for sweatpants and A) NO CHANGE
slippers, my frantic early-morning bagged lunch packing B) colleagues were important for sharing ideas.
for a leisurely midday trip to my refrigerator. The novelty C) ideas couldn’t be shared with colleagues.
D) I missed having colleagues nearby to consult.
of this comfortable work-from-home life, however,
23 soon got worn off quickly. Within a month, I found
25
myself feeling isolated despite having frequent email and A) NO CHANGE
instant messaging contact with my colleagues. Having B) about
become frustrated trying to solve difficult problems, C) upon
D) for
24 no colleagues were nearby to share ideas. It was
during this time that I read an article 25 into coworking
spaces.

26 CO NTI N U E
2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The article, published by Forbes magazine, explained 26
that coworking spaces are designated locations that, for a A) NO CHANGE
B) equipment, such as:
fee, individuals can use to conduct their work. The spaces
C) equipment such as:
are usually stocked with standard office 26 equipment, D) equipment, such as,
such as photocopiers, printers, and fax machines. 27 In
these locations, however, the spaces often include small 27
meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations. A) NO CHANGE
B) In addition to equipment,
28 The cost of launching a new coworking business in
C) For these reasons,
the United States is estimated to be approximately
D) Likewise,
$58,000.
28
The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
A) Kept, because it provides a detail that supports
the main topic of the paragraph.
B) Kept, because it sets up the main topic of the
paragraph that follows.
C) Deleted, because it blurs the paragraph’s main
focus with a loosely related detail.
D) Deleted, because it repeats information that has
been provided in an earlier paragraph.

27 CO NTI N U E
2 2
What most caught my interest, though, was a
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
29
quotation from someone who described coworking At this point, the writer wants to add specific
information that supports the main topic of the
spaces as “melting pots of creativity.” The article refers to paragraph.
a 2012 survey in which 29 64 percent of respondents Perceived Effect of Coworking on Business Skills
noted that coworking spaces prevented them from
positive impact negative impact
completing tasks in a given time. The article goes on to
suggest that the most valuable resources provided by ideas relating 74%
to business 2%
coworking spaces are actually the people 30 whom use
creativity 71%
them. 3%
ability to focus 68%

12%
completing tasks 64%
in a given time 8%
standard of work 62%

3%
Adapted from “The 3rd Global Coworking Survey.” ©2013 by
Deskmag.
Which choice most effectively completes the

sentence with relevant and accurate information
based on the graph above?
A) NO CHANGE
B) 71 percent of respondents indicated that using a
coworking space increased their creativity.
C) respondents credited coworking spaces with
giving them 74 percent of their ideas relating to
business.
D) respondents revealed that their ability to focus
on their work improved by 12 percent in a
coworking space.
30
A) NO CHANGE
B) whom uses
C) who uses
D) who use

28 CO NTI N U E
2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[1] Thus, even though I already had all the 31
equipment I needed in my home office, I decided to try The writer wants to add the following sentence to the
paragraph.
using a coworking space in my city. [2] Because I was
After filling out a simple registration form and
specifically interested in coworking’s reported benefits taking a quick tour of the facility, I took a seat at
related to creativity, I chose a facility that offered a bright, a table and got right to work on my laptop.
The best placement for the sentence is immediately
open work area where I wouldn’t be isolated.
A) before sentence 1.
[3] Throughout the morning, more people appeared.
[4] Periods of quiet, during which everyone worked C) after sentence 2.
independently, were broken up occasionally with lively D) after sentence 3.
conversation. 31
I liked the experience so much that I now go to the 32
A) NO CHANGE
coworking space a few times a week. Over time, I’ve
B) colleagues;
gotten to know several of my coworking 32 colleagues: C) colleagues,
another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance D) colleagues
writer, and several mobile app coders. Even those of us
who work in disparate fields are able to 33 share advice 33
A) NO CHANGE
and help each other brainstorm. In fact, it’s the diversity
B) give some wisdom
of their talents and experiences that makes my coworking C) proclaim our opinions
colleagues so valuable. D) opine

29 CO NTI N U E
2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
A) NO CHANGE
The Consolations of Philosophy B) For example,
C) In contrast,
Long viewed by many as the stereotypical useless
D) Nevertheless,
major, philosophy is now being seen by many students
and prospective employers as in fact a very useful and
35
practical major, offering students a host of transferable A) NO CHANGE
skills with relevance to the modern workplace. 34 In B) speaking in a more pragmatic way,
broad terms, philosophy is the study of meaning and the C) speaking in a way more pragmatically,
D) in a more pragmatic-speaking way,
values underlying thought and behavior. But 35 more
pragmatically, the discipline encourages students to
36
analyze complex material, question conventional beliefs, A) NO CHANGE
and express thoughts in a concise manner. B) teaches
Because philosophy 36 teaching students not what C) to teach
D) and teaching
to think but how to think, the age-old discipline offers
consistently useful tools for academic and professional
37
achievement. 37 A 1994 survey concluded that only
Which choice most effectively sets up the
18 percent of American colleges required at least one information that follows?
A) Consequently, philosophy students have been
philosophy course. 38 Therefore, between 1992 and
receiving an increasing number of job offers.
1996, more than 400 independent philosophy B) Therefore, because of the evidence, colleges
increased their offerings in philosophy.
departments were eliminated from institutions.
C) Notwithstanding the attractiveness of this course
of study, students have resisted majoring in
philosophy.
D) However, despite its many utilitarian benefits,
colleges have not always supported the study of
philosophy.
38
A) NO CHANGE
B) Thus,
C) Moreover,
D) However,

30 CO NTI N U E
2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
More recently, colleges have recognized the 39
practicality and increasing popularity of studying Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
philosophy and have markedly increased the number of
A) writing as
philosophy programs offered. By 2008 there were B) writing, and these results can be
817 programs, up from 765 a decade before. In addition, C) writing, which can also be
the number of four-year graduates in philosophy has D) writing when the results are
grown 46 percent in a decade. Also, studies have found

40
that those students who major in philosophy often do
A) NO CHANGE
better than students from other majors in both verbal B) have scored
reasoning and analytical 39 writing. These results can be C) scores
measured by standardized test scores. On the Graduate D) scoring
Record Examination (GRE), for example, students

41
intending to study philosophy in graduate school 40 has
A) NO CHANGE
scored higher than students in all but four other majors. B) students majoring
These days, many 41 student’s majoring in C) students major
philosophy have no intention of becoming philosophers; D) student’s majors
instead they plan to apply those skills to other disciplines.

42
Law and business specifically benefit from the
At this point, the writer is considering adding the
complicated theoretical issues raised in the study of following sentence.
philosophy, but philosophy can be just as useful in The ancient Greek philosopher Plato, for example,
engineering or any field requiring complex analytic skills. wrote many of his works in the form of dialogues.
Should the writer make this addition here?
42 That these skills are transferable across professions
A) Yes, because it reinforces the passage’s main
point about the employability of philosophy
majors.
B) Yes, because it acknowledges a common
counterargument to the passage’s central claim.
C) No, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus by
introducing a new idea that goes unexplained.
D) No, because it undermines the passage’s claim
about the employability of philosophy majors.

31 CO NTI N U E
2 2
43 which makes them especially beneficial to
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
43
twenty-first-century students. Because today’s students A) NO CHANGE
B) that
can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not
C) and
even exist yet—during 44 our lifetime, studying
philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.
High demand, advanced exam scores, and varied 44
professional skills all argue for maintaining and A) NO CHANGE
enhancing philosophy courses and majors within B) one’s

C) his or her
academic institutions.
D) their
STOP

32
3 3
Math Test – No Calculator
For questions 1-15, solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices
provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 16-20,
solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to
the directions before question 16 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use
any available space in your test booklet for scratch work.
1. The use of a calculator is not permitted.

2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for
which f(x) is a real number.
s√2
r c 2x 60° s 45°
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
A = bh c 2 = a2 + b 2 Special Right Triangles
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.
The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2p.
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

34 CO NTI N U E
3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3
x−1 On Saturday afternoon, Armand sent m text
If = k and k = 3, what is the value of x ? messages each hour for 5 hours, and Tyrone sent p
3
text messages each hour for 4 hours. Which of the
A) 2 following represents the total number of messages
B) 4 sent by Armand and Tyrone on Saturday afternoon?
C) 9 A) 9mp
D) 10
B) 20mp
C) 5m + 4p
D) 4m + 5p
2
For i = −1 , what is the sum (7 + 3i ) + (−8 + 9i) ?
A) −1 + 12i 4
B) −1 − 6i Kathy is a repair technician for a phone company.
C) 15 + 12i Each week, she receives a batch of phones that need
D) 15 − 6i repairs. The number of phones that she has left to fix
at the end of each day can be estimated with the
equation P = 108 − 23d, where P is the number of
phones left and d is the number of days she has
worked that week. What is the meaning of the
value 108 in this equation?
A) Kathy will complete the repairs within 108 days.
B) Kathy starts each week with 108 phones to fix.
C) Kathy repairs phones at a rate of 108 per hour.
D) Kathy repairs phones at a rate of 108 per day.

35 CO NTI N U E
3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 7
r ⎞N
2 2 2 2 2 2
(x y − 3y + 5xy ) − (− x y + 3xy − 3y ) ⎛ r ⎞⎛
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜1 + ⎟⎟
Which of the following is equivalent to the ⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠⎜⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠
m= N P
expression above? ⎛ r ⎞
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ −1
⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠
A) 4x 2y 2
The formula above gives the monthly payment m
B) 8xy 2 − 6y 2 needed to pay off a loan of P dollars at r percent
annual interest over N months. Which of the
C) 2x 2y + 2xy 2
following gives P in terms of m, r, and N ?
D) 2x 2y + 8xy 2 − 6y 2
⎛ r ⎞⎛ r ⎞N
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠
A) P = N m
⎛ r ⎞
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ − 1
⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠
⎛ r ⎞N
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ − 1
⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠
6 B) P = N m
⎛ r ⎞⎛ r ⎞
h = 3a + 28.6 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜1 + ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎠
A pediatrician uses the model above to estimate the
height h of a boy, in inches, in terms of the boy’s
age a, in years, between the ages of 2 and 5. Based ⎛ r ⎞
C) P = ⎜⎜ ⎟m
⎜⎝ 1,200 ⎟⎟⎠
on the model, what is the estimated increase, in
inches, of a boy’s height each year?
A) 3
B) 5.7
C) 9.5 ⎛ 1,200 ⎞
D) P = ⎜⎜ ⎟m
D) 14.3 ⎜⎝ r ⎟⎟⎠

36 CO NTI N U E
3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8 11
a 4b b = 2.35 + 0.25x
If = 2, what is the value of ?
b a c = 1.75 + 0.40x
A) 0 In the equations above, b and c represent the price
B) 1 per pound, in dollars, of beef and chicken,
C) 2 respectively, x weeks after July 1 during last
summer. What was the price per pound of beef when
D) 4 it was equal to the price per pound of chicken?
A) $2.60
B) $2.85
C) $2.95
D) $3.35
9
3x + 4y = −23
2y − x = −19
What is the solution (x, y ) to the system of equations
above? 12
A) (−5, −2)
A line in the xy-plane passes through the origin and
B) (3, −8)
1
C) (4, −6) has a slope of . Which of the following points lies
7
D) (9, −6)
on the line?
A) (0, 7)
B) (1, 7)
C) (7, 7)
D) (14, 2)
10
g (x ) = ax 2 + 24
For the function g defined above, a is a constant
and g(4) = 8. What is the value of g(−4) ?
A) 8
B) 0
C) −1
D) −8

37 CO NTI N U E
3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13 15
If x > 3, which of the following is equivalent If (ax + 2)(bx + 7) = 15x 2 + cx + 14 for all values of
x, and a + b = 8, what are the two possible
1
to 1 1 ? values for c ?
+
x+2 x+3 A) 3 and 5
B) 6 and 35
2x + 5 C) 10 and 21
A) 2
x + 5x + 6 D) 31 and 41
x 2 + 5x + 6
B)
2x + 5
C) 2x + 5
D) x 2 + 5x + 6
14
8x
If 3x − y = 12 , what is the value of y ?
2
A) 212
B) 44
C) 82
D) The value cannot be determined from the
information given.

38 CO NTI N U E
3 3
7
Answer: 12 Answer: 2.5
DIRECTIONS
Write
For questions 16–20, solve the problem and answer 7 / 12 2 . 5
enter your answer in the grid, as described in boxes. / / Fraction / /
below, on the answer sheet. line
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point
1. Although not required, it is suggested that 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

you write your answer in the boxes at the top 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
of the columns to help you fill in the circles Grid in 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
accurately. You will receive credit only if the result. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
circles are filled in correctly. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2. Mark no more than one circle in any column. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3. No question has a negative answer. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
4. Some problems may have more than one 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
correct answer. In such cases, grid only one 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
answer.
5. Mixed numbers such as 3 1 must be gridded 2
Acceptable ways to grid 3 are:
2
as 3.5 or 7/2. (If 3 1 / 2 is entered into the
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
grid, it will be interpreted as 31 , not 3 1 .) / / / / / /
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
answer with more digits than the grid can 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
accommodate, it may be either rounded or 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Answer: 201 – either position is correct
NOTE: You
201 201 may start your
/ / / / answers in any
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
0 0 0 0 0 0 Columns you
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

39 CO NTI N U E
3 3
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 18
If t > 0 and t 2 − 4 = 0 , what is the value of t ? x + y = −9

x + 2y = −25
According to the system of equations above, what is
the value of x ?
17
A
19
In a right triangle, one angle measures x°, where

4
sin x ° = . What is cos(90° − x °) ?
x feet D 5
B
E
C
20
A summer camp counselor wants to find a length, x,
If a = 5 2 and 2a = 2x , what is the value of x ?
in feet, across a lake as represented in the sketch
above. The lengths represented by AB, EB, BD, and
CD on the sketch were determined to be 1800 feet,
1400 feet, 700 feet, and 800 feet, respectively.
Segments AC and DE intersect at B, and ∠ AEB
and ∠ CDB have the same measure. What is the
value of x ?
STOP

40
4 4
Math Test – Calculator
1. The use of a calculator is permitted.

s√2
r c 2x 60° s 45°
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3

42 CO NTI N U E
4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3
John runs at different speeds as part of his training s t
program. The graph shows his target heart rate at
different times during his workout. On which 1
interval is the target heart rate strictly increasing then
strictly decreasing?
2
m
Target heart rate (beats per minute)
160
120 In the figure above, lines A and m are parallel and

lines s and t are parallel. If the measure of ∠1 is
35° , what is the measure of ∠2 ?
80 A) 35°
B) 55°
40 C) 70°
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 D) 145°
Time (minutes)
A) Between 0 and 30 minutes
B) Between 40 and 60 minutes
C) Between 50 and 65 minutes
D) Between 70 and 90 minutes
4
If 16 + 4x is 10 more than 14, what is the
value of 8x ?
A) 2
B) 6
2 C) 16
If y = kx , where k is a constant, and y = 24 when D) 80
x = 6 , what is the value of y when x = 5 ?
A) 6
B) 15
C) 20
D) 23

43 CO NTI N U E
4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 6
Which of the following graphs best shows a strong
1 decagram = 10 grams
negative association between d and t ?
1,000 milligrams = 1 gram
A) t
A hospital stores one type of medicine in 2-decagram
containers. Based on the information given in the
box above, how many 1-milligram doses are there in
one 2-decagram container?
d
A) 0.002
B) t B) 200
C) 2,000
D) 20,000
C) t
D) t

44 CO NTI N U E
4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 8
Rooftop Solar Panel For what value of n is n − 1 + 1 equal to 0 ?
Installations in Five Cities
9 A) 0
8 B) 1
7 C) 2
6 D) There is no such value of n.
5
4
3
2
1
0
A B C D E
City
The number of rooftops with solar panel installations

in 5 cities is shown in the graph above. If the total
number of installations is 27,500, what is an
appropriate label for the vertical axis of the graph?
A) Number of installations (in tens)
B) Number of installations (in hundreds)
C) Number of installations (in thousands)
D) Number of installations (in tens of thousands)

45 CO NTI N U E
4 4
▼
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11
Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following information.
Which of the following numbers is NOT a solution
a = 1,052 + 1.08t of the inequality 3x − 5 ≥ 4x − 3 ?
The speed of a sound wave in air depends on the air A) −1
temperature. The formula above shows the relationship
B) −2
between a, the speed of a sound wave, in feet per second,
and t, the air temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). C) −3
D) −5
9
Which of the following expresses the air temperature
in terms of the speed of a sound wave?
a − 1,052
A) t =
1.08
12
a + 1,052
B) t = Number of Seeds in Each of 12 Apples
1.08
Number of apples 5
1,052 − a 4
C) t = 3
1.08
2
1.08 1
D) t =
a + 1,052 0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of seeds
Based on the histogram above, of the following,

which is closest to the average (arithmetic mean)
number of seeds per apple?
10 A) 4
At which of the following air temperatures will the B) 5
speed of a sound wave be closest to 1,000 feet per C) 6
second?
D) 7
A) −46°F
B) −48°F
C) −49°F
D) −50°F

46 CO NTI N U E
4 4
13
Course
Algebra
Algebra I Geometry Total
II
Gender Female 35 53 62 150
Male 44 59 57 160
Total 79 112 119 310
A group of tenth-grade students responded to a survey that asked which math course they were currently enrolled in.
The survey data were broken down as shown in the table above. Which of the following categories accounts for
approximately 19 percent of all the survey respondents?
A) Females taking Geometry
B) Females taking Algebra II
C) Males taking Geometry
D) Males taking Algebra I
...................................................................................................................................................................................
14
Lengths of Fish (in inches)

8 9 9 9 10 10 11
11 12 12 12 12 13 13
13 14 14 15 15 16 24
The table above lists the lengths, to the nearest inch,

of a random sample of 21 brown bullhead fish. The
outlier measurement of 24 inches is an error. Of the
mean, median, and range of the values listed, which
will change the most if the 24-inch measurement is
removed from the data?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Range
D) They will all change by the same amount.

47 CO NTI N U E
4 4
▼
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16
Which of the following represents the relationship
Questions 15 and 16 refer to the following between h and C ?
information.
Total Cost of Renting A) C = 5h

C a Boat by the Hour
3
20 B) C = h+5
4
18
16
Total cost (dollars)
C) C = 3h + 5
14
12
D) h = 3C
10
8
6
▲
4
2
0 h
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (hours)
The graph above displays the total cost C, in dollars, of

renting a boat for h hours.
17
y
15
What does the C-intercept represent in the graph?
A) The initial cost of renting the boat y = f(x)
B) The total number of boats rented
C) The total number of hours the boat is rented 1
D) The increase in cost to rent the boat for each x
O 1
additional hour
The complete graph of the function f is shown in the

xy-plane above. For what value of x is the value of
f (x ) at its minimum?
A) −5
B) −3
C) −2
D) 3

48 CO NTI N U E
4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18 19
y < −x + a A food truck sells salads for $6.50 each and drinks for
y > x+b $2.00 each. The food truck’s revenue from selling a
total of 209 salads and drinks in one day was
In the xy-plane, if (0, 0) is a solution to the system of $836.50. How many salads were sold that day?
inequalities above, which of the following
A) 77
relationships between a and b must be true?
B) 93
A) a > b C) 99
B) b > a D) 105
C) a > b
D) a = − b

49 CO NTI N U E
4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 21
Alma bought a laptop computer at a store that gave a Dreams Recalled during One Week
20 percent discount off its original price. The total
amount she paid to the cashier was p dollars, None 1 to 4 5 or more Total
including an 8 percent sales tax on the discounted Group X 15 28 57 100
price. Which of the following represents the original
price of the computer in terms of p ? Group Y 21 11 68 100
Total 36 39 125 200
A) 0.88p
The data in the table above were produced by a sleep
p researcher studying the number of dreams people
B) recall when asked to record their dreams for one
0.88
week. Group X consisted of 100 people who
observed early bedtimes, and Group Y consisted of
C) (0.8)(1.08) p
100 people who observed later bedtimes. If a person
is chosen at random from those who recalled
p at least 1 dream, what is the probability that the
D)
(0.8)(1.08) person belonged to Group Y ?
68
A)
100
79
B)
100
79
C)
164
164
D)
200

50 CO NTI N U E
4 4
▼
Questions 22 and 23 refer to the following information.
Annual Budgets for Different Programs in Kansas, 2007 to 2010
Year
Program
2007 2008 2009 2010
Agriculture/natural resources 373,904 358,708 485,807 488,106
Education 2,164,607 2,413,984 2,274,514 3,008,036
General government 14,347,325 12,554,845 10,392,107 14,716,155
Highways and transportation 1,468,482 1,665,636 1,539,480 1,773,893
Human resources 4,051,050 4,099,067 4,618,444 5,921,379
Public safety 263,463 398,326 355,935 464,233
The table above lists the annual budget, in thousands of dollars, for each of six different state
programs in Kansas from 2007 to 2010.
.....................................................................................................................................
22 23
Which of the following best approximates the Of the following, which program’s ratio of its
average rate of change in the annual budget for 2007 budget to its 2010 budget is closest to the
agriculture/natural resources in Kansas from 2008 to human resources program’s ratio of its 2007 budget
2010 ? to its 2010 budget?
A) $50,000,000 per year A) Agriculture/natural resources
B) $65,000,000 per year B) Education
C) $75,000,000 per year C) Highways and transportation
D) $130,000,000 per year D) Public safety

51 CO NTI N U E
4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
24 26
Katarina is a botanist studying the production of
Which of the following is an equation of a circle in pears by two types of pear trees. She noticed that
Type A trees produced 20 percent more pears
the xy-plane with center (0, 4) and a radius with than Type B trees did. Based on Katarina’s
observation, if the Type A trees produced 144 pears,
⎛4 ⎞ how many pears did the Type B trees produce?
endpoint ⎜⎜ , 5⎟⎟ ?
⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
A) 115
25 B) 120
A) x 2 + ( y − 4)2 =
9 C) 124
25 D) 173
B) x 2 + ( y + 4)2 =
9
5
C) x 2 + ( y − 4)2 =
3
3
D) x 2 + ( y + 4)2 =
5
27
A square field measures 10 meters by 10 meters.
Ten students each mark off a randomly selected
region of the field; each region is square and has side
lengths of 1 meter, and no two regions overlap. The
students count the earthworms contained in the soil
25 to a depth of 5 centimeters beneath the ground’s
surface in each region. The results are shown in the
h = − 4.9t 2 + 25t table below.
The equation above expresses the approximate
Number of Number of
height h, in meters, of a ball t seconds after it is Region Region
earthworms earthworms
launched vertically upward from the ground with an
A 107 F 141
initial velocity of 25 meters per second. After
approximately how many seconds will the ball hit the B 147 G 150
ground? C 146 H 154
D 135 I 176
A) 3.5 E 149 J 166
B) 4.0
C) 4.5 Which of the following is a reasonable
approximation of the number of earthworms to a
D) 5.0
depth of 5 centimeters beneath the ground’s surface
in the entire field?
A) 150
B) 1,500
C) 15,000
D) 150,000

52 CO NTI N U E
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28 30
y y
20 y = x2 – 2x – 15
II I
15
x
10
III IV 5
x
–5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–5
–10
If the system of inequalities y ≥ 2x + 1 and
–15
1 A
y> x − 1 is graphed in the xy-plane above, which – 20
2
quadrant contains no solutions to the system?
Which of the following is an equivalent form of the
A) Quadrant II equation of the graph shown in the xy-plane above,
B) Quadrant III from which the coordinates of vertex A can be
identified as constants in the equation?
C) Quadrant IV
D) There are solutions in all four quadrants. A) y = (x + 3)(x − 5)
B) y = (x − 3)(x + 5)
C) y = x(x − 2) − 15
D) y = (x − 1)2 − 16
29
For a polynomial p(x ) , the value of p(3) is −2.
Which of the following must be true about p(x ) ?
A) x − 5 is a factor of p(x ) .
B) x − 2 is a factor of p(x ) .
C) x + 2 is a factor of p(x ) .
D) The remainder when p(x ) is divided
by x − 3 is −2.

53 CO NTI N U E
4 4
7
DIRECTIONS
Write
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point

answer.
2
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
NOTE: You
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

54 CO NTI N U E
4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
31 33
Wyatt can husk at least 12 dozen ears of corn per Number of Portable Media Players
hour and at most 18 dozen ears of corn per hour. Sold Worldwide Each Year from 2006 to 2011
Based on this information, what is a possible amount
of time, in hours, that it could take Wyatt to husk 180
Number sold (millions)

72 dozen ears of corn? 160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
32 Year
The posted weight limit for a covered wooden bridge
in Pennsylvania is 6000 pounds. A delivery truck
that is carrying x identical boxes each weighing According to the line graph above, the number of
14 pounds will pass over the bridge. If the combined portable media players sold in 2008 is what fraction
weight of the empty delivery truck and its driver is of the number sold in 2011 ?
4500 pounds, what is the maximum possible value
for x that will keep the combined weight of the
truck, driver, and boxes below the bridge’s posted
weight limit?
34
A local television station sells time slots for programs
in 30-minute intervals. If the station operates
24 hours per day, every day of the week, what is the
total number of 30-minute time slots the station can
sell for Tuesday and Wednesday?

55 CO NTI N U E
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▼
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35
Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following
information.
Jessica opened a bank account that earns 2 percent

8 yards interest compounded annually. Her initial deposit was
$100, and she uses the expression $100(x )t to find the
value of the account after t years.
37
A dairy farmer uses a storage silo that is in the shape
of the right circular cylinder above. If the volume of What is the value of x in the expression?
the silo is 72π cubic yards, what is the diameter of
the base of the cylinder, in yards?
38
Jessica’s friend Tyshaun found an account that earns
36 2.5 percent interest compounded annually. Tyshaun
made an initial deposit of $100 into this account at
1 the same time Jessica made a deposit of $100 into her
h(x ) = 2
(x − 5) + 4(x − 5) + 4 account. After 10 years, how much more money will
For what value of x is the function h above Tyshaun’s initial deposit have earned than Jessica’s
undefined? initial deposit? (Round your answer to the nearest
cent and ignore the dollar sign when gridding your
response.)
STOP

56
Practice
Test
for the SAT.

© 2016 The College Board. College Board, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board.
1 1
Reading Test
DIRECTIONS
graph).
Questions 1-10 are based on the following friends and relations were thoroughly well used to
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. the fact of her luggage arriving without her.

This passage is adapted from Saki, “The
30 She wired a vague non-committal message to her
Schartz-Metterklume Method.” Originally published in 1911. destination to say that she was coming on “by
another train.” Before she had time to think what her
Lady Carlotta stepped out on to the platform of next move might be she was confronted by an
the small wayside station and took a turn or two up imposingly attired lady, who seemed to be taking a
and down its uninteresting length, to kill time till the 35 prolonged mental inventory of her clothes and looks.
Line train should be pleased to proceed on its way. Then, “You must be Miss Hope, the governess I’ve come
5 in the roadway beyond, she saw a horse struggling to meet,” said the apparition, in a tone that admitted
with a more than ample load, and a carter of the sort of very little argument.
that seems to bear a sullen hatred against the animal “Very well, if I must I must,” said Lady Carlotta to
that helps him to earn a living. Lady Carlotta 40 herself with dangerous meekness.
promptly betook her to the roadway, and put rather a “I am Mrs. Quabarl,” continued the lady; “and
10 different complexion on the struggle. Certain of her where, pray, is your luggage?”
acquaintances were wont to give her plentiful “It’s gone astray,” said the alleged governess,
admonition as to the undesirability of interfering on falling in with the excellent rule of life that the absent
behalf of a distressed animal, such interference being 45 are always to blame; the luggage had, in point of fact,
“none of her business.” Only once had she put the behaved with perfect correctitude. “I’ve just
15 doctrine of non-interference into practice, when one telegraphed about it,” she added, with a nearer
of its most eloquent exponents had been besieged for approach to truth.
nearly three hours in a small and extremely “How provoking,” said Mrs. Quabarl; “these
uncomfortable may-tree by an angry boar-pig, while 50 railway companies are so careless. However, my
Lady Carlotta, on the other side of the fence, had maid can lend you things for the night,” and she led
20 proceeded with the water-colour sketch she was the way to her car.
engaged on, and refused to interfere between the During the drive to the Quabarl mansion
boar and his prisoner. It is to be feared that she lost Lady Carlotta was impressively introduced to the
the friendship of the ultimately rescued lady. On this 55 nature of the charge that had been thrust upon her;
occasion she merely lost the train, which gave way to she learned that Claude and Wilfrid were delicate,
25 the first sign of impatience it had shown throughout sensitive young people, that Irene had the artistic
the journey, and steamed off without her. She bore temperament highly developed, and that Viola was
the desertion with philosophical indifference; her
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 2 CO NTI N U E

1 1
something or other else of a mould equally
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
60 commonplace among children of that class and type
in the twentieth century. Which choice best summarizes the passage?
“I wish them not only to be TAUGHT,” said Mrs. A) A woman weighs the positive and negative
Quabarl, “but INTERESTED in what they learn. In aspects of accepting a new job.
their history lessons, for instance, you must try to B) A woman does not correct a stranger who
65 make them feel that they are being introduced to the mistakes her for someone else.
life-stories of men and women who really lived, not
merely committing a mass of names and dates to C) A woman impersonates someone else to seek
memory. French, of course, I shall expect you to talk revenge on an acquaintance.
at meal-times several days in the week.” D) A woman takes an immediate dislike to her new
70 “I shall talk French four days of the week and employer.
Russian in the remaining three.”
“Russian? My dear Miss Hope, no one in the
house speaks or understands Russian.” 2
“That will not embarrass me in the least,” said
75 Lady Carlotta coldly. In line 2, “turn” most nearly means
Mrs. Quabarl, to use a colloquial expression, was A) slight movement.
knocked off her perch. She was one of those B) change in rotation.
imperfectly self-assured individuals who are
magnificent and autocratic as long as they are not C) short walk.
80 seriously opposed. The least show of unexpected D) course correction.
resistance goes a long way towards rendering them
cowed and apologetic. When the new governess
failed to express wondering admiration of the large 3
newly-purchased and expensive car, and lightly
The passage most clearly implies that other people
85 alluded to the superior advantages of one or two
regarded Lady Carlotta as
makes which had just been put on the market, the
discomfiture of her patroness became almost abject. A) outspoken.
Her feelings were those which might have animated a B) tactful.
general of ancient warfaring days, on beholding his
C) ambitious.
90 heaviest battle-elephant ignominiously driven off the
field by slingers and javelin throwers. D) unfriendly.
4
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 10-14 (“Certain . . . business”)
B) Lines 22-23 (“It is . . . lady”)
C) Lines 23-26 (“On this . . . her”)
D) Lines 30-32 (“She . . . train”)

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 8
The description of how Lady Carlotta “put the The narrator implies that Mrs. Quabarl favors a form
doctrine of non-interference into practice” of education that emphasizes
(lines 14-15) mainly serves to A) traditional values.
A) foreshadow her capacity for deception. B) active engagement.
B) illustrate the subtle cruelty in her nature. C) artistic experimentation.
C) provide a humorous insight into her character. D) factual retention.
D) explain a surprising change in her behavior.
9
6
As presented in the passage, Mrs. Quabarl is best
In line 55, “charge” most nearly means described as
A) responsibility. A) superficially kind but actually selfish.
B) attack. B) outwardly imposing but easily defied.
C) fee. C) socially successful but irrationally bitter.
D) expense. D) naturally generous but frequently imprudent.
7 10
The narrator indicates that Claude, Wilfrid, Irene, Which choice provides the best evidence for the
and Viola are answer to the previous question?
A) similar to many of their peers. A) Lines 49-50 (“How . . . careless”)
B) unusually creative and intelligent. B) Lines 62-68 (“I wish . . . memory”)
C) hostile to the idea of a governess. C) Lines 70-73 (“I shall . . . Russian”)
D) more educated than others of their age. D) Lines 77-82 (“She was . . . apologetic”)

1 1
Questions 11-20 are based on the following networks, allowing commuters to work on laptops as
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage and supplementary material. they prepare for same-day meetings in once distant
This passage is adapted from Taras Grescoe, Straphanger:
capital cities. In Latin America, China, and India,
Saving Our Cities and Ourselves from the Automobile. ©2012 working people board fast-loading buses that move
by Taras Grescoe. 50 like subway trains along dedicated busways, leaving
the sedans and SUVs of the rich mired in
Though there are 600 million cars on the planet, dawn-to-dusk traffic jams. And some cities have
and counting, there are also seven billion people, transformed their streets into cycle-path freeways,
which means that for the vast majority of us getting making giant strides in public health and safety and
Line around involves taking buses, ferryboats, commuter 55 the sheer livability of their neighborhoods—in the
5 trains, streetcars, and subways. In other words, process turning the workaday bicycle into a viable
traveling to work, school, or the market means being form of mass transit.
a straphanger: somebody who, by choice or necessity, If you credit the demographers, this transit trend
relies on public transport, rather than a privately has legs. The “Millennials,” who reached adulthood
owned automobile. 60 around the turn of the century and now outnumber
10 Half the population of New York, Toronto, and baby boomers, tend to favor cities over suburbs, and
London do not own cars. Public transport is how are far more willing than their parents to ride buses
most of the people of Asia and Africa, the world’s and subways. Part of the reason is their ease with
most populous continents, travel. Every day, subway iPads, MP3 players, Kindles, and smartphones: you
systems carry 155 million passengers, thirty-four 65 can get some serious texting done when you’re not
15 times the number carried by all the world’s airplanes, driving, and earbuds offer effective insulation from
and the global public transport market is now valued all but the most extreme commuting annoyances.
at $428 billion annually. A century and a half after Even though there are more teenagers in the country
the invention of the internal combustion engine, than ever, only ten million have a driver’s license
private car ownership is still an anomaly. 70 (versus twelve million a generation ago). Baby
20 And yet public transportation, in many minds, is boomers may have been raised in Leave It to Beaver
the opposite of glamour—a squalid last resort for suburbs, but as they retire, a significant contingent is
those with one too many impaired driving charges, favoring older cities and compact towns where they
too poor to afford insurance, or too decrepit to get have the option of walking and riding bikes. Seniors,
behind the wheel of a car. In much of North 75 too, are more likely to use transit, and by 2025, there
25 America, they are right: taking transit is a depressing will be 64 million Americans over the age of sixty-
experience. Anybody who has waited far too long on five. Already, dwellings in older neighborhoods in
a street corner for the privilege of boarding a Washington, D.C., Atlanta, and Denver, especially
lurching, overcrowded bus, or wrestled luggage onto those near light-rail or subway stations, are
subways and shuttles to get to a big city airport, 80 commanding enormous price premiums over
30 knows that transit on this continent tends to be suburban homes. The experience of European and
underfunded, ill-maintained, and ill-planned. Given Asian cities shows that if you make buses, subways,
the opportunity, who wouldn’t drive? Hopping in a and trains convenient, comfortable, fast, and safe, a
car almost always gets you to your destination more surprisingly large percentage of citizens will opt to
quickly. 85 ride rather than drive.
35 It doesn’t have to be like this. Done right, public
transport can be faster, more comfortable, and
cheaper than the private automobile. In Shanghai,
German-made magnetic levitation trains skim over
elevated tracks at 266 miles an hour, whisking people
40 to the airport at a third of the speed of sound. In
provincial French towns, electric-powered streetcars
run silently on rubber tires, sliding through narrow
streets along a single guide rail set into cobblestones.
From Spain to Sweden, Wi-Fi equipped high-speed
45 trains seamlessly connect with highly ramified metro

1 1
Figure 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11
Primary Occupation of Public What function does the third paragraph (lines 20-34)
Transportation Passengers serve in the passage as a whole?
in US Cities A) It acknowledges that a practice favored by the
author of the passage has some limitations.
unemployed
B) It illustrates with detail the arguments made in
6.4% the first two paragraphs of the passage.
employed
10.7% student C) It gives an overview of a problem that has not
outside
been sufficiently addressed by the experts
the home
homemaker mentioned in the passage.
72% 6.7% 2.0% D) It advocates for abandoning a practice for which
retired the passage as a whole provides mostly
other favorable data.
2.2%
12
Figure 2 Which choice does the author explicitly cite as
Purpose of Public Transportation an advantage of automobile travel in North America?
Trips in US Cities A) Environmental impact
other B) Convenience
personal
5.7% C) Speed
business
D) Cost
medical/dental 6.3%
3.0%
shopping/dining 8.5% work 13
59.1%
6.8% Which choice provides the best evidence for the
social answer to the previous question?
10.6%
A) Lines 5-9 (“In . . . automobile”)
school
B) Lines 20-24 (“And . . . car”)
Figure 1 and figure 2 are adapted from the American Public C) Lines 24-26 (“In . . . experience”)
Transportation Association, “A Profile of Public Transportation
Passenger Demographics and Travel Characteristics Reported in D) Lines 32-34 (“Hopping . . . quickly”)
On-Board Surveys.” ©2007 by American Public Transportation
Association.

1 1
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14 18
The central idea of the fourth paragraph (lines 35-57) Which choice best supports the conclusion that
is that public transportation is compatible with the use of
A) European countries excel at public personal electronic devices?
transportation. A) Lines 59-63 (“The . . . subways”)
B) some public transportation systems are superior B) Lines 63-67 (“Part . . . annoyances”)
to travel by private automobile. C) Lines 68-70 (“Even . . . ago”)
C) Americans should mimic foreign public D) Lines 77-81 (“Already . . . homes”)
transportation systems when possible.
D) much international public transportation is
engineered for passengers to work while on 19
board.
Which choice is supported by the data in the
first figure?
15 A) The number of students using public
transportation is greater than the number of
Which choice provides the best evidence for the retirees using public transportation.
B) The number of employed people using public
A) Line 35 (“It . . . this”) transportation and the number of unemployed
B) Lines 35-37 (“Done . . . automobile”) people using public transportation is roughly
C) Lines 37-40 (“In . . . sound”) the same.
D) Lines 44-48 (“From . . . cities”) C) People employed outside the home are less likely
to use public transportation than are
homemakers.
16 D) Unemployed people use public transportation
less often than do people employed outside the
As used in line 58, “credit” most nearly means
home.
A) endow.
B) attribute.
20
C) believe.
D) honor. Taken together, the two figures suggest that most
people who use public transportation
A) are employed outside the home and take public
17 transportation to work.
As used in line 61, “favor” most nearly means B) are employed outside the home but take public
transportation primarily in order to run errands.
A) indulge.
C) use public transportation during the week but
B) prefer.
use their private cars on weekends.
C) resemble.
D) use public transportation only until they are able
D) serve. to afford to buy a car.

1 1
Questions 21-30 are based on the following ‘Terrible! The birds are cheating!’ ” Instead of flying
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. up to their perches, the baby Chukars were using
This passage is adapted from Thor Hanson, Feathers.
their legs. Time and again Terry had watched them
©2011 by Thor Hanson. Scientists have long debated how run right up the side of a hay bale, flapping all the
the ancestors of birds evolved the ability to fly. The 40 while. Ken dashed out to see for himself, and that
ground-up theory assumes they were fleet-footed ground was the “aha” moment. “The birds were using their
dwellers that captured prey by leaping and flapping their wings and legs cooperatively,” he told me, and that
upper limbs. The tree-down theory assumes they were tree single observation opened up a world of possibilities.
climbers that leapt and glided among branches. Working together with Terry (who has since gone
At field sites around the world, Ken Dial saw a 45 on to study animal locomotion), Ken came up with a
pattern in how young pheasants, quail, tinamous, series of ingenious experiments, filming the birds as
and other ground birds ran along behind their they raced up textured ramps tilted at increasing
Line parents. “They jumped up like popcorn,” he said, angles. As the incline increased, the partridges began
5 describing how they would flap their half-formed to flap, but they angled their wings differently from
wings and take short hops into the air. So when a 50 birds in flight. They aimed their flapping down and
group of graduate students challenged him backward, using the force not for lift but to keep
to come up with new data on the age-old their feet firmly pressed against the ramp. “It’s like
ground-up-tree-down debate, he designed a project the spoiler on the back of a race car,” he explained,
10 to see what clues might lie in how baby game birds which is a very apt analogy. In Formula One racing,
learned to fly. 55 spoilers are the big aerodynamic fins that push the
Ken settled on the Chukar Partridge as a cars downward as they speed along, increasing
model species, but he might not have made his traction and handling. The birds were doing the very
discovery without a key piece of advice from the local same thing with their wings to help them scramble
15 rancher in Montana who was supplying him with up otherwise impossible slopes.
birds. When the cowboy stopped by to see how 60 Ken called the technique WAIR, for wing-assisted
things were going, Ken showed him his nice, tidy incline running, and went on to document it in a
laboratory setup and explained how the birds’ first wide range of species. It not only allowed young
hops and flights would be measured. The rancher birds to climb vertical surfaces within the first few
20 was incredulous. “He took one look and said, in weeks of life but also gave adults an energy-efficient
pretty colorful language, ‘What are those birds doing 65 alternative to flying. In the Chukar experiments,
on the ground? They hate to be on the ground! Give adults regularly used WAIR to ascend ramps steeper
them something to climb on!’ ” At first it seemed than 90 degrees, essentially running up the wall and
unnatural—ground birds don’t like the ground? But onto the ceiling.
25 as he thought about it Ken realized that all the In an evolutionary context, WAIR takes on
species he’d watched in the wild preferred to rest on 70 surprising explanatory powers. With one fell swoop,
ledges, low branches, or other elevated perches where the Dials came up with a viable origin for the
they were safe from predators. They really only used flapping flight stroke of birds (something gliding
the ground for feeding and traveling. So he brought animals don’t do and thus a shortcoming of the
30 in some hay bales for the Chukars to perch on and tree-down theory) and an aerodynamic function for
then left his son in charge of feeding and data 75 half-formed wings (one of the main drawbacks to the
collection while he went away on a short work trip. ground-up hypothesis).
Barely a teenager at the time, young Terry Dial
was visibly upset when his father got back. “I asked
35 him how it went,” Ken recalled, “and he said,

1 1
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21 24
Which choice best reflects the overall sequence of Which choice provides the best evidence for the
events in the passage? answer to the previous question?
A) An experiment is proposed but proves A) Lines 1-4 (“At field . . . parents”)
unworkable; a less ambitious experiment is B) Lines 6-11 (“So when . . . fly”)
attempted, and it yields data that give rise to a
new set of questions. C) Lines 16-19 (“When . . . measured”)
B) A new discovery leads to reconsideration of a D) Lines 23-24 (“At first . . . the ground”)
theory; a classic study is adapted, and the results
are summarized.
25
C) An anomaly is observed and simulated
experimentally; the results are compared with In the second paragraph (lines 12-32), the incident
previous findings, and a novel hypothesis is involving the local rancher mainly serves to
proposed. A) reveal Ken Dial’s motivation for undertaking his
D) An unexpected finding arises during the early project.
phase of a study; the study is modified in B) underscore certain differences between
response to this finding, and the results are laboratory and field research.
interpreted and evaluated.
C) show how an unanticipated piece of information
influenced Ken Dial’s research.
22 D) introduce a key contributor to the tree-down
theory.
As used in line 7, “challenged” most nearly means
A) dared.
B) required. 26
C) disputed with. After Ken Dial had his “‘aha’ moment” (line 41), he
D) competed with. A) tried to train the birds to fly to their perches.
B) studied videos to determine why the birds no
longer hopped.
23
C) observed how the birds dealt with gradually
Which statement best captures Ken Dial’s central steeper inclines.
assumption in setting up his research? D) consulted with other researchers who had
A) The acquisition of flight in young birds sheds studied Chukar Partridges.
light on the acquisition of flight in their
evolutionary ancestors.
B) The tendency of certain young birds to jump 27
erratically is a somewhat recent evolved The passage identifies which of the following as a
behavior. factor that facilitated the baby Chukars’ traction on
C) Young birds in a controlled research setting are steep ramps?
less likely than birds in the wild to require A) The speed with which they climbed
perches when at rest.
B) The position of their flapping wings
D) Ground-dwelling and tree-climbing predecessors
C) The alternation of wing and foot movement
to birds evolved in parallel.
D) Their continual hopping motions

1 1
Questions 31-41 are based on the following
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28
passages.
As used in line 61, “document” most nearly means
Passage 1 is adapted from Talleyrand et al., Report on Public
A) portray. Instruction. Originally published in 1791. Passage 2 is
B) record. adapted from Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the
Rights of Woman. Originally published in 1792. Talleyrand
C) publish. was a French diplomat; the Report was a plan for national
D) process. education. Wollstonecraft, a British novelist and political
writer, wrote Vindication in response to Talleyrand.
Passage 1
29 That half the human race is excluded by the other
What can reasonably be inferred about gliding half from any participation in government; that they
animals from the passage? are native by birth but foreign by law in the very land
Line where they were born; and that they are
A) Their young tend to hop along beside their 5 property-owners yet have no direct influence or
parents instead of flying beside them. representation: are all political phenomena
B) Their method of locomotion is similar to that of apparently impossible to explain on abstract
ground birds. principle. But on another level of ideas, the question
C) They use the ground for feeding more often than changes and may be easily resolved. The purpose of
for perching. 10 all these institutions must be the happiness of the
greatest number. Everything that leads us farther
D) They do not use a flapping stroke to aid in from this purpose is in error; everything that brings
climbing slopes. us closer is truth. If the exclusion from public
employments decreed against women leads to a
15 greater sum of mutual happiness for the two sexes,
30 then this becomes a law that all Societies have been
Which choice provides the best evidence for the compelled to acknowledge and sanction.
answer to the previous question? Any other ambition would be a reversal of our
primary destinies; and it will never be in women’s
A) Lines 4-6 (“They jumped . . . air”)
20 interest to change the assignment they have received.
B) Lines 28-29 (“They really . . . traveling”) It seems to us incontestable that our common
C) Lines 57-59 (“The birds . . . slopes”) happiness, above all that of women, requires that
they never aspire to the exercise of political rights
D) Lines 72-74 (“something . . . theory”)
and functions. Here we must seek their interests in
25 the wishes of nature. Is it not apparent, that their
delicate constitutions, their peaceful inclinations, and
the many duties of motherhood, set them apart from
strenuous habits and onerous duties, and summon
them to gentle occupations and the cares of the
30 home? And is it not evident that the great conserving
principle of Societies, which makes the division of
powers a source of harmony, has been expressed and
revealed by nature itself, when it divided the
functions of the two sexes in so obviously distinct a
35 manner? This is sufficient; we need not invoke
principles that are inapplicable to the question. Let us
not make rivals of life’s companions. You must, you
truly must allow the persistence of a union that no
interest, no rivalry, can possibly undo. Understand
40 that the good of all demands this of you.

1 1
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Passage 2 31
Contending for the rights of woman, my main
argument is built on this simple principle, that if she As used in line 21, “common” most nearly means
be not prepared by education to become the A) average.
companion of man, she will stop the progress of B) shared.
45 knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to
all, or it will be inefficacious with respect to its C) coarse.
influence on general practice. And how can woman D) similar.
be expected to co-operate unless she know why she
ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her
50 reason till she comprehend her duty, and see in what 32
manner it is connected with her real good? If
It can be inferred that the authors of Passage 1
children are to be educated to understand the true
believe that running a household and raising
principle of patriotism, their mother must be a
children
patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an
55 orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced A) are rewarding for men as well as for women.
by considering the moral and civil interest of B) yield less value for society than do the roles
mankind; but the education and situation of woman, performed by men.
at present, shuts her out from such investigations. . . .
C) entail very few activities that are difficult or
Consider, sir, dispassionately, these
unpleasant.
60 observations—for a glimpse of this truth seemed to
open before you when you observed, “that to see one D) require skills similar to those needed to run a
half of the human race excluded by the other from all country or a business.
participation of government, was a political
phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it
65 was impossible to explain.” If so, on what does your 33
constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will Which choice provides the best evidence for the
bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by answer to the previous question?
a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same
test: though a different opinion prevails in this A) Lines 4-6 (“they are . . . representation”)
70 country, built on the very arguments which you use B) Lines 13-17 (“If the . . . sanction”)
to justify the oppression of woman—prescription. C) Lines 25-30 (“Is it . . . home”)
Consider—I address you as a legislator—
whether, when men contend for their freedom, and D) Lines 30-35 (“And . . . manner”)
to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their
75 own happiness, it be not inconsistent and unjust to
subjugate women, even though you firmly believe 34
that you are acting in the manner best calculated to According to the author of Passage 2, in order for
promote their happiness? Who made man the society to progress, women must
exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift
80 of reason? A) enjoy personal happiness and financial security.
In this style, argue tyrants of every B) follow all currently prescribed social rules.
denomination, from the weak king to the weak C) replace men as figures of power and authority.
father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason;
yet always assert that they usurp its throne only to be D) receive an education comparable to that of men.
85 useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force
all women, by denying them civil and political rights,
to remain immured in their families groping in
the dark?

1 1
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35 39
As used in line 50, “reason” most nearly means Which best describes the overall relationship
between Passage 1 and Passage 2?
A) motive.
B) sanity. A) Passage 2 strongly challenges the point of view in
Passage 1.
C) intellect.
B) Passage 2 draws alternative conclusions from the
D) explanation. evidence presented in Passage 1.
C) Passage 2 elaborates on the proposal presented
36 in Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 restates in different terms the
In Passage 2, the author claims that freedoms granted
argument presented in Passage 1.
by society’s leaders have
A) privileged one gender over the other.
B) resulted in a general reduction in individual 40
virtue. The authors of both passages would most likely agree
C) caused arguments about the nature of happiness. with which of the following statements about women
in the eighteenth century?
D) ensured equality for all people.
A) Their natural preferences were the same as those
of men.
37 B) They needed a good education to be successful in
Which choice provides the best evidence for the society.
answer to the previous question? C) They were just as happy in life as men were.
A) Lines 41-45 (“Contending . . . virtue”) D) They generally enjoyed fewer rights than
men did.
B) Lines 45-47 (“truth . . . practice”)
C) Lines 65-66 (“If so . . . rest”)
D) Lines 72-78 (“Consider . . . happiness”) 41
How would the authors of Passage 1 most likely
respond to the points made in the final paragraph of
38 Passage 2?
In lines 61-65, the author of Passage 2 refers to a
A) Women are not naturally suited for the exercise
statement made in Passage 1 in order to
of civil and political rights.
A) call into question the qualifications of the B) Men and women possess similar degrees of
authors of Passage 1 regarding gender issues. reasoning ability.
B) dispute the assertion made about women in the C) Women do not need to remain confined to their
first sentence of Passage 1. traditional family duties.
C) develop her argument by highlighting what she D) The principles of natural law should not be
sees as flawed reasoning in Passage 1. invoked when considering gender roles.
D) validate the concluding declarations made by the
authors of Passage 1 about gender roles.

1 1
Questions 42-52 are based on the following This hypothesis can best be tested by a trial
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage and supplementary material. wherein a small number of commercial honey bee
This passage is adapted from Richard J. Sharpe and Lisa
colonies are offered a number of pyrethrum
Heyden, “Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder is Possibly 45 producing plants, as well as a typical bee food source
Caused by a Dietary Pyrethrum Deficiency.” ©2009 by such as clover, while controls are offered only the
Elsevier Ltd. Colony collapse disorder is characterized by the clover. Mites could then be introduced to each hive
disappearance of adult worker bees from hives. with note made as to the choice of the bees, and the
effects of the mite parasites on the experimental
Honey bees are hosts to the pathogenic large 50 colonies versus control colonies.
ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Varroa mites). It might be beneficial to test wild-type honey bee
These mites feed on bee hemolymph (blood) and can colonies in this manner as well, in case there could be
Line kill bees directly or by increasing their susceptibility some genetic difference between them that affects the
5 to secondary infection with fungi, bacteria or viruses. bees’ preferences for pyrethrum producing flowers.
Little is known about the natural defenses that keep
the mite infections under control. Pathogen Occurrence in Honey Bee Colonies With and
Pyrethrums are a group of flowering plants which Without Colony Collapse Disorder
include Chrysanthemum coccineum, Chrysanthemum Percent of colonies affected by
10 cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum marschalli, and pathogen
related species. These plants produce potent Colonies with Colonies without
insecticides with anti-mite activity. The naturally
colony collapse colony collapse
occurring insecticides are known as pyrethrums.
Pathogen disorder (%) disorder (%)
A synonym for the naturally occurring pyrethrums is
15 pyrethrin and synthetic analogues of pyrethrums are Viruses
known as pyrethroids. In fact, the human mite IAPV 83 5
infestation known as scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) is KBV 100 76
treated with a topical pyrethrum cream. Fungi
We suspect that the bees of commercial bee Nosema apis 90 48
20 colonies which are fed mono-crops are nutritionally Nosema ceranae 100 81
deficient. In particular, we postulate that the problem All four pathogens 77 0
is a diet deficient in anti-mite toxins: pyrethrums,
and possibly other nutrients which are inherent in Adapted from Diana L. Cox-Foster et al., “A Metagenomic Survey of
Microbes in Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder.” ©2007 by American
such plants. Without, at least, intermittent feeding on
Association for the Advancement of Science.
25 the pyrethrum producing plants, bee colonies are
susceptible to mite infestations which can become The table above shows, for colonies with colony collapse
fatal either directly or due to a secondary infection of disorder and for colonies without colony collapse disorder, the
percent of colonies having honey bees infected by each of four
immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees. pathogens and by all four pathogens together.
This secondary infection can be viral, bacterial or
30 fungal and may be due to one or more pathogens.
In addition, immunocompromised or nutritionally
deficient bees may be further weakened when
commercially produced insecticides are introduced
into their hives by bee keepers in an effort to fight
35 mite infestation. We further postulate that the proper
dosage necessary to prevent mite infestation may be
better left to the bees, who may seek out or avoid
pyrethrum containing plants depending on the
amount necessary to defend against mites and the
40 amount already consumed by the bees, which in
higher doses could be potentially toxic to them.

1 1
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42 45
How do the words “can,” “may,” and “could” in the The passage most strongly suggests that beekeepers’
third paragraph (lines 19-41) help establish the tone attempts to fight mite infestations with commercially
of the paragraph? produced insecticides have what unintentional
A) They create an optimistic tone that makes clear effect?
the authors are hopeful about the effects of their A) They increase certain mite populations.
research on colony collapse disorder. B) They kill some beneficial forms of bacteria.
B) They create a dubious tone that makes clear the C) They destroy bees’ primary food source.
authors do not have confidence in the usefulness
of the research described. D) They further harm the health of some bees.
C) They create a tentative tone that makes clear the
authors suspect but do not know that their 46
hypothesis is correct.
D) They create a critical tone that makes clear the
authors are skeptical of claims that pyrethrums
are inherent in mono-crops. A) Lines 1-2 (“Honey bees . . . mites”)
B) Lines 6-7 (“Little . . . control”)
C) Lines 31-35 (“In addition . . . infestation”)
43
D) Lines 47-50 (“Mites . . . control colonies”)
In line 42, the authors state that a certain hypothesis
“can best be tested by a trial.” Based on the passage,
which of the following is a hypothesis the authors 47
suggest be tested in a trial?
As used in line 35, “postulate” most nearly means to
A) Honeybees that are exposed to both pyrethrums
and mites are likely to develop a secondary A) make an unfounded assumption.
infection by a virus, a bacterium, or a fungus. B) put forth an idea or claim.
B) Beekeepers who feed their honeybee colonies a C) question a belief or theory.
diet of a single crop need to increase the use of
D) conclude based on firm evidence.
insecticides to prevent mite infestations.
C) A honeybee diet that includes pyrethrums results
in honeybee colonies that are more resistant to 48
mite infestations.
The main purpose of the fourth paragraph
D) Humans are more susceptible to varroa mites as (lines 42-50) is to
a result of consuming nutritionally deficient
food crops. A) summarize the results of an experiment that
confirmed the authors’ hypothesis about the role
of clover in the diets of wild-type honeybees.
44 B) propose an experiment to investigate how
different diets affect commercial honeybee
colonies’ susceptibility to mite infestations.
C) provide a comparative nutritional analysis of the
A) Lines 3-5 (“These mites . . . viruses”)
honey produced by the experimental colonies
B) Lines 16-18 (“In fact . . . cream”) and by the control colonies.
C) Lines 19-21 (“We suspect . . . deficient”) D) predict the most likely outcome of an unfinished
D) Lines 24-28 (“Without . . . bees”) experiment summarized in the third paragraph
(lines 19-41).

1 1
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
49 51
An unstated assumption made by the authors about Based on data in the table, which of the four
clover is that the plants pathogens infected the highest percentage of
A) do not produce pyrethrums. honeybee colonies without colony collapse disorder?
B) are members of the Chrysanthemum genus. A) IAPV
C) are usually located near wild-type honeybee B) KBV
colonies. C) Nosema apis
D) will not be a good food source for honeybees in D) Nosema ceranae
the control colonies.
52
50
Do the data in the table provide support for the
Based on data in the table, in what percent of authors’ claim that infection with varroa mites
colonies with colony collapse disorder were the increases a honeybee’s susceptibility to secondary
honeybees infected by all four pathogens? infections?
A) 0 percent A) Yes, because the data provide evidence that
B) 77 percent infection with a pathogen caused the colonies to
undergo colony collapse disorder.
C) 83 percent
B) Yes, because for each pathogen, the percent of
D) 100 percent colonies infected is greater for colonies with
colony collapse disorder than for colonies
without colony collapse disorder.
C) No, because the data do not provide evidence
about bacteria as a cause of colony collapse
disorder.
D) No, because the data do not indicate whether the
honeybees had been infected with mites.
STOP
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 15

2 2
DIRECTIONS
passage as it is.

...................................................................................................................................
1
A) NO CHANGE
Shed Some Light on the Workplace B) healthy, and more
Studies have shown that employees are happier, C) healthier, and they are
D) healthier, being more
1 healthier, and more productive when they work in an
environment 2 in which temperatures are carefully
2
controlled. New buildings may be designed with these
Which choice provides the most appropriate
studies in mind, but many older buildings were not, introduction to the passage?
A) NO CHANGE
resulting in spaces that often depend primarily on
B) that affords them adequate amounts of natural
artificial lighting. While employers may balk at the light.
expense of reconfiguring such buildings to increase the C) that is thoroughly sealed to prevent energy loss.
D) in which they feel comfortable asking managers
amount of natural light, the investment has been shown
for special accommodations.
to be well worth it in the long run—for both employees
and employers.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
For one thing, lack of exposure to natural light has a 3
significant impact on employees’ health. A study At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
conducted in 2013 by Northwestern University in
Workers in offices with windows sleep an
Chicago showed that inadequate natural light could average of 46 minutes more per night than
workers in offices without windows.
result in eye strain, headaches, and fatigue, as well as
interference with the body’s circadian rhythms. 3
A) Yes, because it supplies quantitative data that
Circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the will be examined in the rest of the paragraph.
4 bodies biological clocks, influence body temperature, B) Yes, because it explains the nature of the bodily
functions referred to in the next sentence.
hormone release, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, and
C) No, because it interrupts the discussion of
other bodily functions. Disruptions of circadian rhythms circadian rhythms.
have been linked to sleep disorders, diabetes, depression, D) No, because it does not take into account
whether workers were exposed to sunlight
and bipolar disorder. Like any other health problems, outside the office.
these ailments can increase employee absenteeism,
which, in turn, 5 is costly for employers. Employees 4
A) NO CHANGE
who feel less than 100 percent and are sleep deprived are
B) bodies’ biological clocks’,
also less prone to work at their maximal productivity.
C) body’s biological clocks,
One company in California 6 gained a huge boost in its D) body’s biological clock’s,
employees’ morale when it moved from an artificially lit
distribution facility to one with natural illumination. 5
A) NO CHANGE
B) are
C) is being
D) have been
6
Which choice best supports the statement made in
the previous sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) saw a 5 percent increase in productivity
C) saved a great deal on its operational costs
D) invested large amounts of time and capital

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 Artificial light sources are also costly aside from 7
lowering worker productivity. They typically constitute In context, which choice best combines the
underlined sentences?
anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a building’s energy
A) Aside from lowering worker productivity,
use. When a plant in Seattle, Washington, was redesigned artificial light sources are also costly, typically
constituting anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a
for more natural light, the company was able to enjoy building’s energy use.
annual electricity cost reductions of $500,000 8 each B) The cost of artificial light sources, aside from
lowering worker productivity, typically
year. constitutes anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a
building’s energy use.
C) Typically constituting 25 to 50 percent of a
building’s energy use, artificial light sources
lower worker productivity and are costly.
D) Artificial lights, which lower worker productivity
and are costly, typically constitute anywhere
from 25 to 50 percent of a building’s energy use.
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) every year.
C) per year.
D) DELETE the underlined portion and end the
sentence with a period.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Among the possibilities to reconfigure a building’s 9
lighting is the installation of full-pane windows to allow A) NO CHANGE
B) Nevertheless,
the greatest degree of sunlight to reach office interiors.
C) Alternatively,
9 Thus, businesses can install light tubes, 10 these are D) Finally,
pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel
sunlight down into a building’s interior. Glass walls and 10
dividers can also be used to replace solid walls as a means A) NO CHANGE
B) they are
11 through distributing natural light more freely.
C) which are
Considering the enormous costs of artificial lighting, D) those being
both in terms of money and productivity, investment in
such improvements should be a natural choice for 11
businesses. A) NO CHANGE
B) of
C) from

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12
A) NO CHANGE
Transforming the American West Through Food and B) himself or herself
Hospitality C) their selves
Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to D) oneself
take a break for food at a rest area along the highway,
settlers traversing the American West by train in the 13
mid-1800s often found 12 themselves in need of Which choice provides the most logical introduction
to the sentence?
refreshment. However, food available on rail lines was A) NO CHANGE
generally of terrible quality. 13 Despite having worked B) He had lived in New York and New Orleans, so
for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an English-born C) To capitalize on the demand for good food,
14 entrepreneur. He decided to open his own restaurant
business to serve rail customers. Beginning in the 1870s,
14
he opened dozens of restaurants in rail stations and A) NO CHANGE
dining cars. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the B) entrepreneur:
first restaurant chain in the United States, 15 was unique C) entrepreneur; he
D) entrepreneur,
for its high standards of service and quality. The menu
was modeled after those of fine restaurants, so the food
15
was leagues beyond the 16 sinister fare travelers were A) NO CHANGE
accustomed to receiving in transit. B) were unique for their
C) was unique for their
D) were unique for its
16
Which choice best maintains the tone established in
the passage?
A) NO CHANGE
B) surly
C) abysmal
D) icky

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
His restaurants were immediately successful, but 17
Harvey was not content to follow conventional business The writer is considering deleting the previous
sentence. Should the writer make this change?
practices. 17 Although women did not traditionally
A) Yes, because it introduces information that is
work in restaurants in the nineteenth century, Harvey irrelevant at this point in the passage.
decided to try employing women as waitstaff. In 1883, he B) Yes, because it does not logically follow from the
previous paragraph.
placed an advertisement seeking educated, C) No, because it provides a logical introduction to
well-mannered, articulate young women between the the paragraph.
D) No, because it provides a specific example in
ages of 18 and 30. 18 Response to the advertisement was support of arguments made elsewhere in the
overwhelming, even tremendous, and Harvey soon passage.
replaced the male servers at his restaurants with women.

18
Those who were hired as “Harvey Girls” joined an elite
A) NO CHANGE
group of workers, who were expected to complete a
B) Response to the advertisement was
30-day training program and follow a strict code of rules overwhelming,
C) Overwhelming, even tremendous, was the
for conduct and curfews. In the workplace, the women
response to the advertisement,
donned identical black-and-white uniforms and carried D) There was an overwhelming, even tremendous,
response to the advertisement,
out their duties with precision. Not only were such
regulations meant to ensure the efficiency of the business
19
and the safety of the workers, 19 but also helped to raise
A) NO CHANGE
people’s generally low opinion of the restaurant industry. B) but also helping
C) also helping
D) but they also helped

2 2
In return for the servers’ work, the position paid quite
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20
well for the time: $17.50 a month, plus tips, meals, room Which choice most logically follows the previous
sentence?
and board, laundry service, and travel expenses. 20
A) The growth of Harvey’s business coincided with
For as long as Harvey Houses served rail travelers the expansion of the Santa Fe Railway, which
served large sections of the American West.
through the mid-twentieth century, working there was a
B) Harvey would end up opening dozens of
steady and lucrative position for women. Living restaurants and dining cars, plus 15 hotels, over
his lucrative career.
independently and demonstrating an intense work
C) These benefits enabled the Harvey Girls to save
21 ethic; the Harvey Girls became known as a money and build new and exciting lives for
themselves in the so-called Wild West.
transformative force in the American 22 West.
D) The compensation was considered excellent at
Advancing the roles of women in the restaurant industry the time, though it may not seem like much
money by today’s standards.
and the American workforce as a whole, the Harvey Girls
raised the standards for restaurants and blazed a trail in
21
the fast-changing landscape of the western territories. A) NO CHANGE
B) ethic:
C) ethic, and
D) ethic,
22
The writer is considering revising the underlined
portion of the sentence to read:
West, inspiring books, documentaries, and even
a musical.
Should the writer add this information here?
A) Yes, because it provides examples of the Harvey
Girls’ influence.
B) Yes, because it serves as a transitional point in
the paragraph.
C) No, because it should be placed earlier in the
passage.
D) No, because it contradicts the main claim of the
passage.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage 23
Which choice most effectively combines the
How Do You Like Those Apples? A) When applied to apples, 1-MCP lengthens
storage life by three to four times, allowing
Marketed as SmartFresh, the chemical 1-MCP producers to sell their apples in the off-season,
(1-methylcyclopropene) has been used by fruit growers months after the apples have been harvested.
B) Producers are allowed to sell their apples
since 2002 in the United States and elsewhere to preserve months after they have been harvested—in the
the crispness and lengthen the storage life of apples and off-season—because 1-MCP, when applied to
apples, lengthens their storage life by three to
other fruit, which often must travel long distances before four times.
being eaten by consumers. 23 1-MCP lengthens storage C) 1-MCP lengthens storage life, when applied
to apples, by three to four times, allowing
life by three to four times when applied to apples. This producers to sell their apples months after the
apples have been harvested in the off-season.
extended life allows producers to sell their apples in the
D) Months after apples have been harvested,
off-season, months after the apples have been harvested. producers are allowed to sell their apples, in the
off-season, because 1-MCP lengthens storage life
And at a cost of about one cent per pound of apples, when applied to apples by three to four times.
1-MCP is a highly cost-effective treatment. However,
1-MCP is not a panacea for fruit producers or sellers:
there are problems and limitations associated with its use.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[1] 1-MCP works by limiting a fruit’s production of 24
ethylene, 24 it is a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and A) NO CHANGE
B) being
eventually rot. [2] While 1-MCP keeps apples 25 tight
C) that is
and crisp for months, it also limits 26 their scent D) DELETE the underlined portion.
production. [3] This may not be much of a problem with
certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very 25
fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are A) NO CHANGE
B) firm
prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this
C) stiff
can be a problem with consumers, 27 that will reject
D) taut
apples lacking the expected aroma. [4] But some fruits do
not respond as well to 1-MCP as others 28 did, and 26
some even respond adversely. [5] Furthermore, some A) NO CHANGE
B) there
fruits, particularly those that naturally produce a large
C) its
D) it’s
27
A) NO CHANGE
B) they
C) which
D) who
28
A) NO CHANGE
B) do,
C) have,
D) will,

2 2
amount of ethylene, do not respond as well to 1-MCP 29
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
treatment. [6] Take Bartlett 29 pears, for instance, unless A) NO CHANGE
B) pears, for instance:
they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1-MCP
C) pears for instance,
at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green
D) pears. For instance,
until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be
unlikely to purchase them again. 30 30
should be placed
A) where it is now.

2 2
Finally, researchers have found that 1-MCP actually 31
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
increases susceptibility to some pathologies in certain Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of
the data in the graph?
apple varieties. For example, Empire apples are prone to a
A) NO CHANGE
condition that causes the flesh of the apple to turn brown. B) slightly more browning than
Traditionally, apple producers have dealt with this C) twice as much browning as
problem by leaving the apples in the open air for three D) substantially less browning than
weeks before storing them in a controlled atmosphere

32
with tightly regulated temperature, humidity, and carbon
Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of
dioxide levels. As the graph shows, the flesh of untreated the data in the graph?
Empire apples that are first stored in the open air A) NO CHANGE
B) roughly half of their flesh turns brown,
undergoes 31 roughly five percent less browning than
regardless of whether the apples are first stored
the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately in the open air.
C) their flesh browns when they are put directly
put into storage in a controlled environment. However,
into a controlled atmosphere but not when they
when Empire apples are treated with 1-MCP, 32 their are first stored in the open air.
D) their flesh turns brown when they are first stored
flesh turns brown when the apples are first stored in the
in the open air, though not as quickly as the
open air, though not under other conditions. Although apple flesh in an untreated group does.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
researchers continue to search for the right combination 33
of factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, 33 the The writer wants a conclusion that conveys how the
shortcomings of 1-MCP presented in the passage
problem may be that consumers are overly concerned affect the actions of people in the fruit industry.
Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
with superficial qualities rather than the actual freshness
A) NO CHANGE
of the fruit.
B) many of the improvements to fruit quality they
have discovered so far have required trade-offs
Results of Treatment to Control in other properties of the fruit.
Browning of Empire Apples C) for now many fruit sellers must weigh the
relative values of aroma, color, and freshness
60 untreated 1-MCP
Percentage of flesh browning
when deciding whether to use 1-MCP.

50 D) it must be acknowledged that 1-MCP, despite
some inadequacies, has enabled the fruit
40
industry to ship and store fruit in ways that
30 were impossible before.
20
10
0
apples placed apples placed in
immediately controlled atmosphere
in controlled after three weeks
atmosphere in open air
Adapted from Hannah J. James, Jacqueline F. Nock, and Chris B. Watkins,
“The Failure of Postharvest Treatments to Control Firm Flesh Browning in
Empire Apples.” ©2010 by The New York State Horticultural Society.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
A) NO CHANGE
More than One Way to Dress a Cat B) Gothic. Works
C) Gothic; these works
From Michelangelo’s David to Vincent van Gogh’s
D) Gothic, works
series of self-portraits to Grant Wood’s iconic image of
a farming couple in American 34 Gothic. These works by
35
human artists have favored representations of members A) NO CHANGE
of their own species to those of other species. Indeed, B) Coolidge—
when we think about animals depicted in well-known C) Coolidge;
D) Coolidge
works of art, the image of dogs playing
poker—popularized in a series of paintings by American
36
artist C. M. 35 Coolidge, may be the first and only one A) NO CHANGE
that comes to mind. Yet some of the earliest known B) portraying
works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of C) portray
D) has portrayed
thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and
France, 36 portrays animals. Nor has artistic homage to
37
our fellow creatures entirely died out in the millennia
The writer wants to link the first paragraph with the
since, 37 despite the many years that have passed ideas that follow. Which choice best accomplishes
this goal?
between then and now.
A) NO CHANGE
B) with special attention being paid to domestic
animals such as cats.
C) even though most paintings in museums are of
people, not animals.
D) as the example of one museum in Russia shows.

2 2
[1] The State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
38
one of Russia’s greatest art museums, has long had a A) NO CHANGE
B) scaring
productive partnership with a much loved animal: the
C) scare
cat. [2] For centuries, cats have guarded this famous
D) have scared
museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that
could damage the art, not to mention 38 scared off 39
visitors. [3] Peter the Great introduced the first cat to the To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5
should be placed
Hermitage in the early eighteenth century. [4] Later
A) where it is now.
Catherine the Great declared the cats to be official
guardians of the galleries. [5] Continuing the tradition, C) after sentence 3.
Peter’s daughter Elizaveta introduced the best and D) after sentence 6.
strongest cats in Russia to the Hermitage. [6] Today, the

museum holds a yearly festival honoring these faithful
workers. 39

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
These cats are so cherished by the museum that 40
officials recently 40 decreed original paintings to be A) NO CHANGE
B) commissioned
made of six of them. In each, a cat is depicted upright in a
C) forced
humanlike pose and clothed in imperial-era Russian
D) licensed
attire. The person chosen for this 41 task, digital artist,
Eldar Zakirov painted the cats in the style traditionally 41
used by portrait artists, in so doing 42 presenting the A) NO CHANGE
B) task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov,
cats as noble individuals worthy of respect. One portrait,
C) task digital artist Eldar Zakirov,
The Hermitage Court Chamber Herald Cat, includes an
D) task, digital artist Eldar Zakirov,
42
Which choice most effectively sets up the examples
that follow?
A) NO CHANGE
B) managing to capture unique characteristics of
each cat.
C) commenting on the absurdity of dressing up cats
in royal robes.
D) indicating that the cats were very talented mouse
catchers.

2 2
aristocratic tilt of feline ears as well as a stately sweep of
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
43
tail emerging from the stiff scarlet and gold of royal court At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
dress. The wise, thoughtful green eyes of the subject of
The museum occupies six historic buildings,
The Hermitage Court Outrunner Cat mimic those of a including the Winter Palace, a former residence
trusted royal advisor. 43 Some may find it peculiar to of Russian emperors.
observe cats portrayed in formal court poses, but these
A) Yes, because it shows the link between
felines, by 44 mastering the art of killing mice and rats, Peter the Great and the cat paintings.
are benefactors of the museum as important as any B) Yes, because it helps explain why Russian art
celebrates animals.
human.
C) No, because it fails to indicate why the
Winter Palace became an art museum.
D) No, because it provides background information
that is irrelevant to the paragraph.
44
A) NO CHANGE
B) acting as the lead predator in the museum’s
ecosystem,
C) hunting down and killing all the mice and rats
one by one,
D) protecting the museum’s priceless artworks from
destructive rodents,
STOP

3 3

s√2
r c 2x 60° s 45°
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3
A painter will paint n walls with the same size and 2
shape in a building using a specific brand of paint. Which of the following is equal to a 3 , for all values
The painter’s fee can be calculated by the expression
of a ?
nKAh, where n is the number of walls, K is a
constant with units of dollars per square foot, A is 1
the length of each wall in feet, and h is the height of A) a3
each wall in feet. If the customer asks the painter to
use a more expensive brand of paint, which of the
B) a3
factors in the expression would change?
1
A) h 3
C) a2
B) A
C) K
D) 3
a2
D) n
4
2
The number of states that joined the United States
If 3r = 18, what is the value of 6r + 3 ? between 1776 and 1849 is twice the number of states
that joined between 1850 and 1900. If 30 states
A) 6 joined the United States between 1776 and 1849 and
B) 27 x states joined between 1850 and 1900, which of the
C) 36 following equations is true?
D) 39
A) 30x = 2
B) 2x = 30
x
C) = 30
2
D) x + 30 = 2

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 7
5 15 x x f (x)
If = , what is the value of ?
x x + 20 5
0 3
A) 10 2 1
4 0
B) 5 5 –2
C) 2 The function f is defined by a polynomial. Some

values of x and f (x ) are shown in the table above.
1 Which of the following must be a factor of f (x ) ?
D)
2
A) x−2
B) x−3
C) x−4
D) x−5
6
2x − 3y = −14
3x − 2y = −6
If (x, y ) is a solution to the system of equations
above, what is the value of x − y ? 8
A) −20 The line y = kx + 4, where k is a constant, is

graphed in the xy-plane. If the line contains the
B) −8 point (c, d ), where c ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0 , what is the slope
C) −4 of the line in terms of c and d ?
D) 8 d−4
A)
c
c−4
B)
d
4−d
C)
c
4−c
D)
d

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9 11
kx − 3y = 4 k
4x − 5y = 7
In the system of equations above, k is a constant y°
and x and y are variables. For what value of k will x° z°
m
the system of equations have no solution? w° t°
u°
12
A)
5
16 Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
B)
7
16 In the figure above, lines k, A , and m intersect at a
C) −
7 point. If x + y = u + w , which of the following must
be true?
12
D) − I. x = z
5
II. y = w
III. z = t
A) I and II only
B) I and III only
C) II and III only
10 D) I, II, and III
In the xy-plane, the parabola with equation

y = (x − 11)2 intersects the line with equation
y = 25 at two points, A and B. What is the length
of AB ?
A) 10
12
B) 12
C) 14 y = a(x − 2)(x + 4)
D) 16 In the quadratic equation above, a is a nonzero
constant. The graph of the equation in the xy-plane
is a parabola with vertex (c, d ). Which of the
following is equal to d ?
A) −9a
B) −8a
C) −5a
D) −2a

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13 15
24x 2 + 25x − 47 53 C=
5
(F − 32)
The equation = −8x − 3 − is 9
ax − 2 ax − 2
2 The equation above shows how a temperature F,
true for all values of x ≠ , where a is a constant. measured in degrees Fahrenheit, relates to a
a
temperature C, measured in degrees Celsius. Based
What is the value of a ? on the equation, which of the following must be true?
I. A temperature increase of 1 degree
A) −16 Fahrenheit is equivalent to a temperature
B) −3 5
increase of degree Celsius.
C) 3 9
D) 16 II. A temperature increase of 1 degree Celsius
is equivalent to a temperature increase of
1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.
5
III. A temperature increase of degree
9
Fahrenheit is equivalent to a temperature
increase of 1 degree Celsius.
A) I only
14
B) II only
What are the solutions to 3x 2 + 12x + 6 = 0 ? C) III only
D) I and II only
A) x = −2 ± 2
30
B) x = −2 ±
3
C) x = −6 ± 2
D) x = −6 ± 6 2

3 3
7
DIRECTIONS
Write
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point

answer.
2
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
NOTE: You
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 18
x 3(x 2 − 5) = − 4x
If x > 0 , what is one possible solution to the equation
above?
x°
y° z°
17
7 4 1 5
If x − x = + , what is the value of x ?
9 9 4 12
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
Two isosceles triangles are shown above. If

180 − z = 2y and y = 75, what is the value of x ?

3 3
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19 20
At a lunch stand, each hamburger has 50 more
calories than each order of fries. If 2 hamburgers and In triangle ABC, the measure of ∠ B is 90° ,
3 orders of fries have a total of 1700 calories, how
many calories does a hamburger have? BC = 16 , and AC = 20 . Triangle DEF is similar to
triangle ABC, where vertices D, E, and F
correspond to vertices A, B, and C, respectively, and

1
each side of triangle DEF is the length of the
3
corresponding side of triangle ABC. What is the
value of sin F ?
STOP

4 4

s√2
r c 2x 60° s 45°
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2
Marilyn’s Hike Age
2.0 Total
campsite (miles)
Gender Under 40 40 or older

Distance from
1.5
1.0 Male 12 2 14
0.5 Female 8 3 11
0 Total 20 5 25
12:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.
The table above shows the distribution of age and

The graph above shows Marilyn’s distance from her gender for 25 people who entered a contest. If the
campsite during a 3‑hour hike. She stopped for contest winner will be selected at random, what is the
30 minutes during her hike to have lunch. Based on probability that the winner will be either a female
the graph, which of the following is closest to the under age 40 or a male age 40 or older?
time she finished lunch and continued her hike?
4
A) 12:40 P.M. A)
25
B) 1:10 P.M.
10
C) 1:40 P.M. B)
25
D) 2:00 P.M.
11
C)
25
16
D)
25

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 5
The graph below shows the total number of music At Lincoln High School, approximately 7 percent of
album sales, in millions, each year from 1997 enrolled juniors and 5 percent of enrolled seniors
through 2009. were inducted into the National Honor Society last
year. If there were 562 juniors and 602 seniors
(millions of music albums)
Annual Music Album Sales enrolled at Lincoln High School last year, which of
1,000 the following is closest to the total number of juniors
800 and seniors at Lincoln High School last year who
600 were inducted into the National Honor Society?
Sales
400 A) 140
200 B) 69
0 C) 39
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D) 30
Years since 1997
Based on the graph, which of the following best
describes the general trend in music album sales
from 1997 through 2009 ?
A) Sales generally increased each year since 1997.
B) Sales generally decreased each year since 1997.
C) Sales increased until 2000 and then generally 6
decreased.
D) Sales generally remained steady from 1997 3x 2 − 5x + 2
through 2009. 5x 2 − 2x − 6
Which of the following is the sum of the two
polynomials shown above?
A) 8x 2 − 7x − 4
B) 8x 2 + 7x − 4
C) 8x 4 − 7x 2 − 4
4
D) 8x 4 + 7x 2 − 4
n 1 2 3 4
f (n) –2 1 4 7
The table above shows some values of the linear

function f. Which of the following defines f ?
A) f (n) = n − 3
B) f (n) = 2n − 4
C) f (n) = 3n − 5
D) f (n) = 4n − 6

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 9
3 4 Nate walks 25 meters in 13.7 seconds. If he walks at
If w = , what is the value of w ? this same rate, which of the following is closest to the
5 3
distance he will walk in 4 minutes?
9
A) A) 150 meters
20
B) 450 meters
4
B) C) 700 meters
5
D) 1,400 meters
5
C)
4
20
D)
9
8
The average number of students per classroom at
Central High School from 2000 to 2010 can be
modeled by the equation y = 0.56x + 27.2, where
x represents the number of years since 2000, and
y represents the average number of students per
classroom. Which of the following best describes the
meaning of the number 0.56 in the equation?
A) The total number of students at the school
in 2000
B) The average number of students per classroom
in 2000
C) The estimated increase in the average number of
students per classroom each year
D) The estimated difference between the average
number of students per classroom in 2010
and in 2000

4 4
▼
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10
information. What is the weight, in newtons, of an object on
Mercury with a mass of 90 kilograms?
m A) 25
Planet Acceleration due to gravity
sec2 B) 86
C) 101
Mercury 3.6
D) 324
Venus 8.9
Earth 9.8
Mars 3.8
Jupiter 26.0
Saturn 11.1
11
Uranus 10.7
An object on Earth has a weight of 150 newtons. On
Neptune 14.1 which planet would the same object have an
approximate weight of 170 newtons?
A) Venus
The chart above shows approximations of the B) Saturn
C) Uranus
acceleration due to gravity in meters per D) Neptune
⎛ m ⎞
second squared ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ for the eight planets in our solar
⎜⎝ sec ⎟⎠
▲
system. The weight of an object on a given planet can be
found by using the formula W = mg , where W is the
weight of the object measured in newtons, m is the mass
of the object measured in kilograms, and g is the
acceleration due to gravity on the planet measured in

m
.
sec2

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12 14
If the function f has five distinct zeros, which of the The cost of using a telephone in a hotel meeting
following could represent the complete graph of f in room is $0.20 per minute. Which of the following
the xy‑plane? equations represents the total cost c, in dollars, for
h hours of phone use?
A) B)
y y
A) c = 0.20(60h)
x
x B) c = 0.20h + 60
60h
C) c =
0.20
C) D)
0.20h
y y D) c =
60
x x
13
h = −16t 2 + vt + k
The equation above gives the height h, in feet, of a
ball t seconds after it is thrown straight up with an
initial speed of v feet per second from a height of
k feet. Which of the following gives v in terms of
h, t, and k ?
A) v = h + k − 16t
h − k + 16
B) v =
t
h+k
C) v = − 16t
t
h−k
D) v = + 16t
t

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15 16
In order to determine if treatment X is successful in y
improving eyesight, a research study was conducted.
From a large population of people with poor
eyesight, 300 participants were selected at random.
Half of the participants were randomly assigned to
receive treatment X, and the other half did not
receive treatment X. The resulting data showed that
participants who received treatment X had y = f (x)
significantly improved eyesight as compared to those 2
who did not receive treatment X. Based on the
design and results of the study, which of the x
1
following is an appropriate conclusion?
A) Treatment X is likely to improve the eyesight of
people who have poor eyesight. y = g(x)
B) Treatment X improves eyesight better than all
other available treatments.
C) Treatment X will improve the eyesight of anyone
who takes it.
D) Treatment X will cause a substantial
improvement in eyesight.
Graphs of the functions f and g are shown in the

xy-plane above. For which of the following values of
x does f (x ) + g (x ) = 0 ?
A) −3
B) −2
C) −1
D) 0

4 4
▼
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18
information. At what price will the quantity of the product
supplied to the market equal the quantity of the
1 product demanded by the market?
S(P ) = P + 40
2 A) $90
D(P ) = 220 − P
B) $120
The quantity of a product supplied and the quantity of C) $133
the product demanded in an economic market are
D) $155
functions of the price of the product. The functions
above are the estimated supply and demand functions for
a certain product. The function S(P ) gives the quantity ▲
of the product supplied to the market when the price is
P dollars, and the function D(P ) gives the quantity of
the product demanded by the market when the price is
P dollars.
17
How will the quantity of the product supplied to the
market change if the price of the product is increased 19
by $10 ?
A) The quantity supplied will decrease by 5 units. Graphene, which is used in the manufacture of
B) The quantity supplied will increase by 5 units. integrated circuits, is so thin that a sheet weighing
C) The quantity supplied will increase by 10 units.
D) The quantity supplied will increase by 50 units. one ounce can cover up to 7 football fields. If a
1
football field has an area of approximately 1 acres,
3
about how many acres could 48 ounces of graphene
cover?
A) 250
B) 350
C) 450
D) 1,350

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 21
Swimming Time versus Heart Rate Of the following four types of savings account plans,
160 which option would yield exponential growth of the
Heart rate (beats per minute)
money in the account?
150 A) Each successive year, 2% of the initial savings is

added to the value of the account.
B) Each successive year, 1.5% of the initial savings
140
and $100 is added to the value of the account.
C) Each successive year, 1% of the current value is
130 added to the value of the account.
D) Each successive year, $100 is added to the value
120 of the account.
33 33.5 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5 37
Swimming time (minutes)
Michael swam 2,000 yards on each of eighteen days.

The scatterplot above shows his swim time for and
corresponding heart rate after each swim. The line of
best fit for the data is also shown. For the swim that 22
took 34 minutes, Michael’s actual heart rate was
about how many beats per minutes less than the rate The sum of three numbers is 855. One of the
predicted by the line of best fit? numbers, x, is 50% more than the sum of the other
two numbers. What is the value of x ?
A) 1
B) 2 A) 570
C) 3 B) 513
D) 4 C) 214
D) 155

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23 25
5 ft
5 ft
a° b°
Note: Figures not drawn to scale. 10 ft
The angles shown above are acute and

sin(a°) = cos(b°). If a = 4k − 22 and b = 6k − 13,
what is the value of k ?
5 ft
A) 4.5
B) 5.5
C) 12.5
D) 21.5 A grain silo is built from two right circular cones and
a right circular cylinder with internal measurements
represented by the figure above. Of the following,
which is closest to the volume of the grain silo, in
cubic feet?
A) 261.8
B) 785.4
24 C) 916.3
Mr. Kohl has a beaker containing n milliliters of D) 1,047.2
solution to distribute to the students in his chemistry
class. If he gives each student 3 milliliters of solution,
he will have 5 milliliters left over. In order to give
each student 4 milliliters of solution, he will need an
additional 21 milliliters. How many students are in
the class?
A) 16
B) 21
C) 23
D) 26

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26 28
In the xy-plane, the line determined by the In planning maintenance for a city’s infrastructure, a
points (2, k ) and (k, 32) passes through the origin. civil engineer estimates that, starting from the
present, the population of the city will decrease by
Which of the following could be the value of k ?
10 percent every 20 years. If the present population
A) 0 of the city is 50,000, which of the following
B) 4 expressions represents the engineer’s estimate of the
population of the city t years from now?
C) 8
D) 16
A) 50,000(0.1)20t
t
B) 50,000(0.1) 20
C) 50,000(0.9)20t
t
27 D) 50,000(0.9) 20
A rectangle was altered by increasing its length by
10 percent and decreasing its width by p percent. If
these alterations decreased the area of the rectangle
by 12 percent, what is the value of p ?
A) 12
B) 15
C) 20
D) 22

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
29 30
Handedness 3x + b = 5x − 7
3y + c = 5y − 7
Gender Left Right
Female In the equations above, b and c are constants.
Male 1
If b is c minus , which of the following is true?
Total 18 122 2
1
A) x is y minus .
4
The incomplete table above summarizes the number
of left-handed students and right-handed students by 1
gender for the eighth-grade students at B) x is y minus .
2
Keisel Middle School. There are 5 times as many
right-handed female students as there are left-handed C) x is y minus 1.
female students, and there are 9 times as many
right-handed male students as there are left-handed
male students. If there is a total of 18 left-handed 1
D) x is y plus .
students and 122 right-handed students in the 2
school, which of the following is closest to the
probability that a right-handed student selected at
random is female? (Note: Assume that none of the
eighth-grade students are both right-handed and
left-handed.)
A) 0.410
B) 0.357
C) 0.333
D) 0.250

4 4
7
DIRECTIONS
Write
For questions 31-38, solve the problem and answer 7 / 12 2 . 5
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point

answer.
2
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
NOTE: You
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
31 33
Tickets for a school talent show cost $2 for students (−3x 2 + 5x − 2) − 2(x 2 − 2x − 1)
and $3 for adults. If Chris spends at least $11 but no
more than $14 on x student tickets and 1 adult If the expression above is rewritten in the form
ticket, what is one possible value of x ?
ax 2 + bx + c , where a, b, and c are constants, what is
the value of b ?
32
Ages of the First 12 United States Presidents 34
at the Beginning of Their Terms in Office
Age Age In a circle with center O, central angle AOB has a
President President
(years) (years) 5π
measure of radians. The area of the sector
Washington 57 Jackson 62 4
Adams 62 Van Buren 55 formed by central angle AOB is what fraction of the
Jefferson 58 Harrison 68 area of the circle?

Madison 58 Tyler 51
Monroe 59 Polk 50
Adams 58 Taylor 65
The table above lists the ages of the first

12 United States presidents when they began their
terms in office. According to the table, what was the
mean age, in years, of these presidents at the
beginning of their terms? (Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.)

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35 36
An online store receives customer satisfaction ratings y ≤ −15x + 3000
between 0 and 100, inclusive. In the first 10 ratings y ≤ 5x
the store received, the average (arithmetic mean) of
the ratings was 75. What is the least value the store In the xy‑plane, if a point with coordinates (a, b) lies
can receive for the 11th rating and still be able to in the solution set of the system of inequalities above,
have an average of at least 85 for the first 20 ratings? what is the maximum possible value of b ?

4 4
38
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following The owner of the Good Deals Store opens a new
information. store across town. For the new store, the owner
estimates that, during business hours, an average of
If shoppers enter a store at an average rate of r shoppers 90 shoppers per hour enter the store and each of
per minute and each stays in the store for an average time them stays an average of 12 minutes. The average
of T minutes, the average number of shoppers in the number of shoppers in the new store at any time is
store, N, at any one time is given by the formula N = rT . what percent less than the average number of
This relationship is known as Little’s law. shoppers in the original store at any time? (Note:
Ignore the percent symbol when entering your
The owner of the Good Deals Store estimates that during answer. For example, if the answer is 42.1%, enter
business hours, an average of 3 shoppers per minute 42.1)
enter the store and that each of them stays an average of
15 minutes. The store owner uses Little’s law to estimate
that there are 45 shoppers in the store at any time.
37
Little’s law can be applied to any part of the store,
such as a particular department or the checkout lines.
The store owner determines that, during business
hours, approximately 84 shoppers per hour make a
purchase and each of these shoppers spends an
average of 5 minutes in the checkout line. At
any time during business hours, about how many
shoppers, on average, are waiting in the checkout
line to make a purchase at the Good Deals Store?
STOP

K-5LSA08-CM_rev01
Practice
Test 5
#

for the SAT.

© 2016 The College Board. College Board, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. K-5MSA04
1 1
Reading Test
graph).
Questions 1-10 are based on the following plenipotentiaries. It was by far the most splendid and
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. important assembly ever convoked to discuss and

This passage is adapted from William Maxwell, The Folded
30 determine the affairs of Europe. The Emperor of
Leaf. ©1959 by William Maxwell. Originally published Russia, the King of Prussia, the Kings of Bavaria,
in 1945. Denmark, and Wurttemberg, all were present in
person at the court of the Emperor Francis I in the
The Alcazar Restaurant was on Sheridan Road Austrian capital. When Lymie put down his fork and
near Devon Avenue. It was long and narrow, with 35 began to count them off, one by one, on the fingers
tables for two along the walls and tables for four of his left hand, the waitress, whose name was Irma,
Line down the middle. The decoration was art moderne, thought he was through eating and tried to take his
5 except for the series of murals depicting the four plate away. He stopped her. Prince Metternich (his
seasons, and the sick ferns in the front window. right thumb) presided over the Congress, and
Lymie sat down at the second table from the cash 40 Prince Talleyrand (the index finger) represented
register, and ordered his dinner. The history book, France.
which he propped against the catsup and the glass A party of four, two men and two women, came
10 sugar bowl, had been used by others before him. into the restaurant, all talking at once, and took
Blank pages front and back were filled in with maps, possession of the center table nearest Lymie.
drawings, dates, comic cartoons, and organs of the 45 The women had shingled hair and short tight skirts
body; also with names and messages no longer clear which exposed the underside of their knees when
and never absolutely legible. On nearly every other they sat down. One of the women had the face of a
15 page there was some marginal notation, either in ink young boy but disguised by one trick or another
or in very hard pencil. And unless someone had (rouge, lipstick, powder, wet bangs plastered against
upset a glass of water, the marks on page 177 were 50 the high forehead, and a pair of long pendent
from tears. earrings) to look like a woman of thirty-five, which
While Lymie read about the Peace of Paris, signed as a matter of fact she was. The men were older. They
20 on the thirtieth of May, 1814, between France and laughed more than there seemed any occasion for,
the Allied powers, his right hand managed again and while they were deciding between soup and shrimp
again to bring food up to his mouth. Sometimes he 55 cocktail, and their laughter was too loud. But it was
chewed, sometimes he swallowed whole the food that the women’s voices, the terrible not quite sober pitch
he had no idea he was eating. The Congress of of the women’s voices which caused Lymie to skim
25 Vienna met, with some allowance for delays, early in over two whole pages without knowing what was on
November of the same year, and all the powers them. Fortunately he realized this and went back.
engaged in the war on either side sent 60 Otherwise he might never have known about the

1 1
secret treaty concluded between England, France,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
and Austria, when the pretensions of Prussia and
Russia, acting in concert, seemed to threaten a The main purpose of the first paragraph is to
renewal of the attack. The results of the Congress A) introduce the passage’s main character by
65 were stated clearly at the bottom of page 67 and at showing his nightly habits.
the top of page 68, but before Lymie got halfway
through them, a coat that he recognized as his B) indicate the date the passage takes place by
father’s was hung on the hook next to his chair. presenting period details.
Lymie closed the book and said, “I didn’t think you C) convey the passage’s setting by describing a place
70 were coming.” and an object.
Time is probably no more unkind to sporting D) foreshadow an event that is described in detail
characters than it is to other people, but physical later in the passage.
decay unsustained by respectability is somehow more
noticeable. Mr. Peters’ hair was turning gray and his
75 scalp showed through on top. He had lost weight 3
also; he no longer filled out his clothes the way he
used to. His color was poor, and the flower had It can reasonably be inferred that Irma, the waitress,
disappeared from his buttonhole. In its place was an thinks Lymie is “through eating” (line 37) because
American Legion button. A) he has begun reading his book.
80 Apparently he himself was not aware that there
had been any change. He straightened his tie B) his plate is empty.
self-consciously and when Irma handed him a menu, C) he is no longer holding his fork.
he gestured with it so that the two women at the next D) he has asked her to clear the table.
table would notice the diamond ring on the fourth
85 finger of his right hand. Both of these things, and
also the fact that his hands showed signs of the 4
manicurist, one can blame on the young man who
had his picture taken with a derby hat on the back of Lymie’s primary impression of the “party of four”
his head, and also sitting with a girl in the curve of (line 42) is that they
90 the moon. The young man had never for one second
A) are noisy and distracting.
deserted Mr. Peters. He was always there, tugging at
Mr. Peters’ elbow, making him do things that were B) are a refreshing change from the other
not becoming in a man of forty-five. customers.
C) resemble characters from his history book.
D) represent glamour and youth.
1
Over the course of the passage, the primary focus
shifts from 5
A) Lymie’s inner thoughts to observations made by Which choice provides the best evidence for the
the other characters. answer to the previous question?
B) an exchange between strangers to a satisfying A) Lines 45-47 (“The women . . . down”)
personal relationship. B) Lines 47-52 (“One . . . was”)
C) the physical setting of the scene to the different C) Lines 55-59 (“But . . . them”)
characters’ personality traits.
D) Line 69 (“Lymie . . . book”)
D) Lymie’s experience reading a book to
descriptions of people in the restaurant.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6 8
The narrator indicates that Lymie finally closes the The main idea of the last paragraph is that Mr. Peters
history book because
A) neglects to spend any time with his family
A) his father has joined him at the table. members.
B) the people at the other table are too disruptive. B) behaves as if he is a younger version of himself.
C) he has finished the chapter about the Congress. C) is very conscious of symbols of wealth and
D) he is preparing to leave the restaurant. power.
D) is preoccupied with the knowledge that he is
growing old.
7
The primary impression created by the narrator’s
description of Mr. Peters in lines 74-79 is that he is
A) healthy and fit.
B) angry and menacing.
C) nervous and hesitant.
D) aging and shriveled.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9 10
Which choice best supports the conclusion that As used in line 93, “becoming” most nearly means
Mr. Peters wants to attract attention?
A) emerging.
A) Lines 80-81 (“Apparently . . . change”) B) fitting.
B) Lines 81-85 (“He straightened . . . hand”) C) developing.
C) Lines 90-91 (“The young . . . Mr. Peters”) D) happening.
D) Lines 91-93 (“He was . . . forty-five”)

1 1
Questions 11-21 are based on the following domestic duty; but whatever, in any measure, throws
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passages. a woman into the attitude of a combatant, either for
Passage 1 is adapted from Catharine Beecher, Essay on
herself or others—whatever binds her in a party
Slavery and Abolitionism. Originally published in 1837. conflict—whatever obliges her in any way to exert
Passage 2 is adapted from Angelina E. Grimké, Letters to 45 coercive influences, throws her out of her
Catharine Beecher. Originally published in 1838. Grimké appropriate sphere. If these general principles are
encouraged Southern women to oppose slavery publicly. correct, they are entirely opposed to the plan of
Passage 1 is Beecher’s response to Grimké’s views. arraying females in any Abolition movement.
Passage 2 is Grimké’s response to Beecher.
Passage 2
Passage 1 The investigation of the rights of the slave has led
Heaven has appointed to one sex the superior, 50 me to a better understanding of my own. I have
and to the other the subordinate station, and this found the Anti-Slavery cause to be the high school of
without any reference to the character or conduct of morals in our land—the school in which human
Line either. It is therefore as much for the dignity as it is rights are more fully investigated, and better
5 for the interest of females, in all respects to conform understood and taught, than in any other. Here a
to the duties of this relation. . . . But while woman 55 great fundamental principle is uplifted and
holds a subordinate relation in society to the other illuminated, and from this central light, rays
sex, it is not because it was designed that her duties innumerable stream all around.
or her influence should be any the less important, or Human beings have rights, because they are moral
10 all-pervading. But it was designed that the mode of beings: the rights of all men grow out of their moral
gaining influence and of exercising power should be 60 nature; and as all men have the same moral nature,
altogether different and peculiar. . . . they have essentially the same rights. These rights
A man may act on society by the collision of may be wrested from the slave, but they cannot be
intellect, in public debate; he may urge his measures alienated: his title to himself is as perfect now, as is
15 by a sense of shame, by fear and by personal interest; that of Lyman Beecher:1 it is stamped on his moral
he may coerce by the combination of public 65 being, and is, like it, imperishable. Now if rights are
sentiment; he may drive by physical force, and he founded in the nature of our moral being, then the
does not outstep the boundaries of his sphere. But all mere circumstance of sex does not give to man higher
the power, and all the conquests that are lawful to rights and responsibilities, than to woman. To
20 woman, are those only which appeal to the kindly, suppose that it does, would be to deny the
generous, peaceful and benevolent principles. 70 self-evident truth, that the “physical constitution is
Woman is to win every thing by peace and love; the mere instrument of the moral nature.” To
by making herself so much respected, esteemed and suppose that it does, would be to break up utterly the
loved, that to yield to her opinions and to gratify her relations, of the two natures, and to reverse their
25 wishes, will be the free-will offering of the heart. But functions, exalting the animal nature into a monarch,
this is to be all accomplished in the domestic and 75 and humbling the moral into a slave; making the
social circle. There let every woman become so former a proprietor, and the latter its property.
cultivated and refined in intellect, that her taste and When human beings are regarded as moral
judgment will be respected; so benevolent in feeling beings, sex, instead of being enthroned upon the
30 and action; that her motives will be reverenced;—so summit, administering upon rights and
unassuming and unambitious, that collision and 80 responsibilities, sinks into insignificance and
competition will be banished;—so “gentle and easy to nothingness. My doctrine then is, that whatever it is
be entreated,” as that every heart will repose in her morally right for man to do, it is morally right for
presence; then, the fathers, the husbands, and the woman to do. Our duties originate, not from
35 sons, will find an influence thrown around them, difference of sex, but from the diversity of our
to which they will yield not only willingly but 85 relations in life, the various gifts and talents
proudly. . . . committed to our care, and the different eras in
A woman may seek the aid of co-operation and which we live.
combination among her own sex, to assist her in her 1 Lyman Beecher was a famous minister and the father of
40 appropriate offices of piety, charity, maternal and Catharine Beecher.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11 15
In Passage 1, Beecher makes which point about the As used in line 12, “peculiar” most nearly means
status of women relative to that of men?
A) eccentric.
A) Women depend on men for their safety and B) surprising.
security, but men are largely independent of
women. C) distinctive.
B) Women are inferior to men, but women play a D) infrequent.
role as significant as that played by men.
C) Women have fewer rights than men do, but 16
women also have fewer responsibilities.
What is Grimké’s central claim in Passage 2?
D) Women are superior to men, but tradition
requires women to obey men. A) The rights of individuals are not determined by
race or gender.
B) Men and women must learn to work together to
12 improve society.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the C) Moral rights are the most important distinction
answer to the previous question? between human beings and animals.
A) Lines 6-10 (“But . . . all-pervading”) D) Men and women should have equal
B) Lines 13-14 (“A man . . . debate”) opportunities to flourish.
C) Lines 16-18 (“he may coerce . . . sphere”)
D) Lines 41-46 (“but whatever . . . sphere”) 17
In Passage 2, Grimké makes which point about
human rights?
13
In Passage 1, Beecher implies that women’s effect on A) They are viewed differently in various cultures
public life is largely around the world.
B) They retain their moral authority regardless of
A) overlooked, because few men are interested in whether they are recognized by law.
women’s thoughts about politics.
C) They are sometimes at odds with moral
B) indirect, because women exert their influence responsibilities.
within the home and family life.
D) They have become more advanced and refined
C) unnecessary, because men are able to govern throughout history.
society themselves.
D) symbolic, because women tend to be more
idealistic about politics than men are. 18
14
As used in line 2, “station” most nearly means A) Lines 58-61 (“Human . . . same rights”)
B) Lines 61-65 (“These . . . imperishable”)
A) region.
C) Lines 71-76 (“To suppose . . . property”)
B) studio.
D) Lines 77-81 (“When . . . nothingness”)
C) district.
D) rank.

1 1
Questions 22-31 are based on the following
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19
passage and supplementary material.
Which choice best states the relationship between the
two passages? This passage is adapted from Bryan Walsh, “Whole Food
Blues: Why Organic Agriculture May Not Be So Sustainable.”
A) Passage 2 illustrates the practical difficulties of a ©2012 by Time Inc.
proposal made in Passage 1.
When it comes to energy, everyone loves
B) Passage 2 takes issue with the primary argument efficiency. Cutting energy waste is one of those goals
of Passage 1. that both sides of the political divide can agree on,
C) Passage 2 provides a historical context for the Line even if they sometimes diverge on how best to get
perspective offered in Passage 1. 5 there. Energy efficiency allows us to get more out of
our given resources, which is good for the economy
D) Passage 2 elaborates upon several ideas implied
and (mostly) good for the environment as well. In
in Passage 1.
an increasingly hot and crowded world, the only
sustainable way to live is to get more out of less.
10 Every environmentalist would agree.
20
But change the conversation to food, and
Based on the passages, both authors would agree suddenly efficiency doesn’t look so good.
with which of the following claims? Conventional industrial agriculture has become
incredibly efficient on a simple land to food basis.
A) Women have moral duties and responsibilities. 15 Thanks to fertilizers, mechanization and irrigation,
B) Men often work selflessly for political change. each American farmer feeds over 155 people
C) The ethical obligations of women are often worldwide. Conventional farming gets more and
undervalued. more crop per square foot of cultivated land—
over 170 bushels of corn per acre in Iowa, for
D) Political activism is as important for women as it 20 example—which can mean less territory needs to
is for men. be converted from wilderness to farmland.
And since a third of the planet is already used for
agriculture—destroying forests and other wild
21 habitats along the way—anything that could help us
Beecher would most likely have reacted to lines 65-68 25 produce more food on less land would seem to be
(“Now . . . woman”) of Passage 2 with good for the environment.
Of course, that’s not how most environmentalists
A) sympathy, because she feels that human beings regard their arugula [a leafy green]. They have
owe each other a debt to work together in the embraced organic food as better for the planet—and
world. 30 healthier and tastier, too—than the stuff produced by
B) agreement, because she feels that human agricultural corporations. Environmentalists disdain
responsibilities are a natural product of human the enormous amounts of energy needed and waste
rights. created by conventional farming, while organic
C) dismay, because she feels that women actually practices—forgoing artificial fertilizers and chemical
have a more difficult role to play in society than 35 pesticides—are considered far more sustainable.
men do. Sales of organic food rose 7.7% in 2010, up to $26.7
billion—and people are making those purchases for
D) disagreement, because she feels that the natures their consciences as much as their taste buds.
of men and women are fundamentally different. Yet a new meta-analysis in Nature does the math
40 and comes to a hard conclusion: organic farming
yields 25% fewer crops on average than conventional
agriculture. More land is therefore needed to
produce fewer crops—and that means organic
farming may not be as good for the planet as
45 we think.

1 1
In the Nature analysis, scientists from McGill What that means is that while conventional
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
University in Montreal and the University of agriculture is more efficient—sometimes much more
Minnesota performed an analysis of 66 studies efficient—than organic farming, there are trade-offs
comparing conventional and organic methods across 80 with each. So an ideal global agriculture system, in
50 34 different crop species, from fruits to grains to the views of the study’s authors, may borrow the best
legumes. They found that organic farming delivered from both systems, as Jonathan Foley of the
a lower yield for every crop type, though the disparity University of Minnesota explained:
varied widely. For rain-watered legume crops like
The bottom line? Today’s organic farming
beans or perennial crops like fruit trees, organic
85 practices are probably best deployed in fruit and
55 trailed conventional agriculture by just 5%. Yet for
vegetable farms, where growing nutrition (not
major cereal crops like corn or wheat, as well as most
just bulk calories) is the primary goal. But for
vegetables—all of which provide the bulk of the
delivering sheer calories, especially in our staple
world’s calories—conventional agriculture
crops of wheat, rice, maize, soybeans and so on,
outperformed organics by more than 25%.
90 conventional farms have the advantage right
60 The main difference is nitrogen, the chemical key
now.
to plant growth. Conventional agriculture makes use
of 171 million metric tons of synthetic fertilizer each Looking forward, I think we will need to deploy
year, and all that nitrogen enables much faster plant different kinds of practices (especially new,
growth than the slower release of nitrogen from the mixed approaches that take the best of organic
65 compost or cover crops used in organic farming. 95 and conventional farming systems) where they
When we talk about a Green Revolution, we really are best suited—geographically, economically,
mean a nitrogen revolution—along with a lot socially, etc.
of water.
But not all the nitrogen used in conventional
70 fertilizer ends up in crops—much of it ends up
running off the soil and into the oceans, creating vast
polluted dead zones. We’re already putting more
nitrogen into the soil than the planet can stand over
the long term. And conventional agriculture also
75 depends heavily on chemical pesticides, which can
have unintended side effects.

1 1
Figure 1
Organic Yield as a Percentage of

Conventional Yield, by Crop Type
Crop Type
all crops (316)
fruits (14)
oilseed crops (28)
cereals (161)
vegetables (82)
40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

At 100%, the organic yield is the same as
the conventional yield. The number of
observations for each crop type is shown
in parentheses.
Figure 2
Organic Yield as a Percentage of

Conventional Yield, by Species
Species
maize (74)
barley (19)
wheat (53)
tomato (35)
soybean (25)
40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

At 100%, the organic yield is the same as
the conventional yield. The number of
observations for each species is shown in
parentheses.
Figures adapted from Verena Seufert, Navin Ramankutty, and Jonathan A. Foley,
“Comparing the Yields of Organic and Conventional Agriculture.” ©2012
by Nature Publishing Group.

1 1
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22 24
As used in line 14, “simple” most nearly means Which choice best reflects the perspective of the
“environmentalists” (line 27) on conventional
A) straightforward. agriculture?
B) modest.
A) It produces inferior fruits and vegetables and is
C) unadorned. detrimental to the environment.
D) easy. B) It is energy efficient and reduces the need to
convert wilderness to farmland.
23 C) It is good for the environment only in the
short run.
According to the passage, a significant attribute of
D) It depletes critical resources but protects wildlife
conventional agriculture is its ability to
habitats.
A) produce a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.
B) maximize the output of cultivated land.
25
C) satisfy the dietary needs of the world’s
population. Which choice provides the best evidence for the
D) lessen the necessity of nitrogen in plant growth.
A) Lines 27-28 (“Of course . . . green”)
B) Lines 28-31 (“They . . . corporations”)
C) Lines 31-35 (“Environmentalists . . .
sustainable”)
D) Lines 42-45 (“More . . . think”)

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26 28
Which statement best expresses a relationship According to Foley, an “ideal global agriculture
between organic farming and conventional farming system” (line 80)
that is presented in the passage?
A) focuses primarily on yield percentages and
A) Both are equally sustainable, but they differ global markets.
dramatically in the amount of land they require B) considers multiple factors in the selection of
to produce equivalent yields. farming techniques.
B) Both rely on artificial chemicals for pest control, C) weighs the economic interests of farmers against
but organic farmers use the chemicals sparingly the needs of consumers.
in conjunction with natural remedies.
D) puts the nutritional value of produce first and
C) Both use nitrogen to encourage plant growth, foremost.
but the nitrogen used in conventional farming
comes from synthetic sources.
D) Both create a substantial amount of nitrogen 29
runoff, but only the type of nitrogen found in
In line 88, “sheer” most nearly means
fertilizers used in conventional farming can be
dangerous. A) transparent.
B) abrupt.
27 C) steep.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the D) pure.

A) Lines 13-14 (“Conventional . . . basis”)
B) Lines 22-26 (“And since . . . environment”)
C) Lines 51-53 (“They . . . widely”)
D) Lines 61-65 (“Conventional . . . farming”)

1 1
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30 31
Which statement is best supported by the Which of the following claims is supported by
information provided in figure 1? figure 2?
A) The organic yield as a percentage of A) Of the organically grown species represented,
conventional yield is greater for vegetables soybeans have the lowest yield.
than for fruits. B) The organically grown maize and barley
B) The organic yield as a percentage of represented are comparable in their yields to
conventional yield is similar for cereals and conventionally grown maize and barley.
all crops. C) Of the organically grown species represented,
C) The reported number of observations for each tomatoes have the highest yield.
crop type exceeds 82. D) The organically grown species represented have
D) The organic yield as a percentage of lower yields than their conventionally grown
conventional yield is greater for vegetable crops counterparts do.
than it is for oilseed crops.

1 1
Questions 32-41 are based on the following For five months, every comment submitted by a
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45
passage and supplementary material. user randomly received an “up” vote (positive); a
This passage is adapted from John Bohannon, “Why You
“down” vote (negative); or as a control, no vote at all.
Shouldn’t Trust Internet Comments.” ©2013 by American The team then observed how users rated those
Association for the Advancement of Science. comments. The users generated more than
50 100,000 comments that were viewed more than
The “wisdom of crowds” has become a mantra of 10 million times and rated more than 300,000 times
the Internet age. Need to choose a new vacuum by other users.
cleaner? Check out the reviews on online merchant At least when it comes to comments on news
Line Amazon. But a new study suggests that such online sites, the crowd is more herdlike than wise.
5 scores don’t always reveal the best choice. A massive 55 Comments that received fake positive votes from the
controlled experiment of Web users finds that such researchers were 32% more likely to receive more
ratings are highly susceptible to irrational “herd positive votes compared with a control, the team
behavior”—and that the herd can be manipulated. reports. And those comments were no more likely
Sometimes the crowd really is wiser than you. The than the control to be down-voted by the next viewer
10 classic examples are guessing the weight of a bull or 60 to see them. By the end of the study, positively
the number of gumballs in a jar. Your guess is manipulated comments got an overall boost of about
probably going to be far from the mark, whereas the 25%. However, the same did not hold true for
average of many people’s choices is remarkably close negative manipulation. The ratings of comments that
to the true number. got a fake down vote were usually negated by an up
15 But what happens when the goal is to judge 65 vote by the next user to see them.
something less tangible, such as the quality or worth “Our experiment does not reveal the psychology
of a product? According to one theory, the wisdom behind people’s decisions,” Aral says, “but an
of the crowd still holds—measuring the aggregate of intuitive explanation is that people are more
people’s opinions produces a stable, reliable skeptical of negative social influence. They’re more
20 value. Skeptics, however, argue that people’s 70 willing to go along with positive opinions from other
opinions are easily swayed by those of others. So people.”
nudging a crowd early on by presenting contrary Duncan Watts, a network scientist at Microsoft
opinions—for example, exposing them to some very Research in New York City, agrees with that
good or very bad attitudes—will steer the crowd in a conclusion. “[But] one question is whether the
25 different direction. To test which hypothesis is true, 75 positive [herding] bias is specific to this site” or true
you would need to manipulate huge numbers of in general, Watts says. He points out that the
people, exposing them to false information and category of the news items in the experiment had a
determining how it affects their opinions. strong effect on how much people could be
A team led by Sinan Aral, a network scientist at manipulated. “I would have thought that ‘business’ is
30 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 80 pretty similar to ‘economics,’ yet they find a much
Cambridge, did exactly that. Aral has been secretly stronger effect (almost 50% stronger) for the former
working with a popular website that aggregates news than the latter. What explains this difference? If we’re
stories. The website allows users to make comments going to apply these findings in the real world, we’ll
about news stories and vote each other’s comments need to know the answers.”
35 up or down. The vote tallies are visible as a number 85 Will companies be able to boost their products by
next to each comment, and the position of the manipulating online ratings on a massive scale?
comments is chronological. (Stories on the site get an “That is easier said than done,” Watts says. If people
average of about ten comments and about three votes detect—or learn—that comments on a website are
per comment.) It’s a follow-up to his experiment being manipulated, the herd may spook and leave
40 using people’s ratings of movies to measure how 90 entirely.
much individual people influence each other online
(answer: a lot). This time, he wanted to know how
much the crowd influences the individual, and
whether it can be controlled from outside.

1 1
Artificially Up-Voted Comments versus Control Comments
4
maximum
artificially
control up-voted
3 minimum
Mean score
1
business culture politics information fun economics general
and technology news
society
Category of news
Mean score: mean of scores for the comments in each category, with the score for each comment being determined by
the number of positive votes from website users minus the number of negative votes
Adapted from Lev Muchnik, Sinan Aral, and Sean J. Taylor, “Social Influence Bias: A Randomized Experiment.” ©2013 by American
Association for the Advancement of Science.
.........................................................................................................................................
32 33
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts The author of the passage suggests that crowds may
from a discussion of an experiment and its results to be more effective at
A) an explanation of the practical applications of A) creating controversy than examining an issue
the results. in depth.
B) a consideration of the questions prompted by the B) reinforcing members’ ideas than challenging
results. those ideas.
C) an analysis of the defects undermining the C) arriving at accurate quantitative answers than
results. producing valid qualitative judgments.
D) a conversation with a scientist who disputes the D) ranking others’ opinions than developing
results. genuinely original positions.

1 1
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34 36
Which choice provides the best evidence for the Which action would best address a question Watts
answer to the previous question? raises about the study?
A) Line 9 (“Sometimes . . . you”) A) Providing fewer fake positive comments
B) Lines 11-14 (“Your . . . number”) B) Using multiple websites to collect ratings
C) Lines 17-20 (“According . . . value”) C) Requiring users to register on the website before
D) Lines 25-28 (“To test . . . opinions”) voting
D) Informing users that voting data are being
analyzed
35
Which choice best supports the view of the “skeptics”
37
(line 20)?
As used in line 85, “boost” most nearly means
A) Lines 55-58 (“Comments . . . reports”)
B) Lines 58-60 (“And . . . them”) A) increase.
C) Lines 63-65 (“The ratings . . . them”) B) accelerate.
D) Lines 76-79 (“He . . . manipulated”) C) promote.
D) protect.

1 1
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38 40
As used in line 86, “scale” most nearly means According to the figure, which category of news
showed the smallest difference in mean score
A) level. between artificially up-voted comments and control
B) wage. comments?
C) interval. A) Culture and society
D) scheme. B) Information technology
C) Fun
39 D) General news
In the figure, which category of news has an
artificially up-voted mean score of 2.5?
41
A) Business Data presented in the figure most directly support
B) Politics which idea from the passage?
C) Fun A) The mean score of artificially down-voted
D) General news comments is similar to that of the control.
B) The patterns observed in the experiment suggest
that people are suspicious of negative social
influence.
C) The positive bias observed in users of the news
site may not apply to human behavior in other
contexts.
D) The type of story being commented on has an
impact on the degree to which people can be
influenced.

1 1
Questions 42-52 are based on the following evidence that their brains had somehow reorganized
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. themselves in the process of doing all that intensive
This passage is adapted from Joshua Foer, Moonwalking
remembering. But when the researchers reviewed the
with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything. imaging data, not a single significant structural
©2011 by Joshua Foer. 50 difference turned up. The brains of the mental
athletes appeared to be indistinguishable from those
In 2000, a neuroscientist at University College of the control subjects. What’s more, on every single
London named Eleanor Maguire wanted to find out test of general cognitive ability, the mental athletes’
what effect, if any, all that driving around the scores came back well within the normal range. The
Line labyrinthine streets of London might have on 55 memory champs weren’t smarter, and they didn’t
5 cabbies’ brains. When she brought sixteen taxi have special brains.
drivers into her lab and examined their brains in an But there was one telling difference between the
MRI scanner, she found one surprising and brains of the mental athletes and the control subjects:
important difference. The right posterior When the researchers looked at which parts of the
hippocampus, a part of the brain known to be 60 brain were lighting up when the mental athletes were
10 involved in spatial navigation, was 7 percent larger memorizing, they found that they were activating
than normal in the cabbies—a small but very entirely different circuitry. According to the
significant difference. Maguire concluded that all of functional MRIs [fMRIs], regions of the brain that
that way-finding around London had physically were less active in the control subjects seemed to be
altered the gross structure of their brains. The more 65 working in overdrive for the mental athletes.
15 years a cabbie had been on the road, the more Surprisingly, when the mental athletes were
pronounced the effect. learning new information, they were engaging
The brain is a mutable organ, capable—within several regions of the brain known to be involved in
limits—of reorganizing itself and readapting to new two specific tasks: visual memory and spatial
kinds of sensory input, a phenomenon known as 70 navigation, including the same right posterior
20 neuroplasticity. It had long been thought that the hippocampal region that the London cabbies had
adult brain was incapable of spawning new enlarged with all their daily way-finding. At first
neurons—that while learning caused synapses to glance, this wouldn’t seem to make any sense.
rearrange themselves and new links between brain Why would mental athletes be conjuring images in
cells to form, the brain’s basic anatomical structure 75 their mind’s eye when they were trying to learn
25 was more or less static. Maguire’s study suggested the three-digit numbers? Why should they be navigating
old inherited wisdom was simply not true. like London cabbies when they’re supposed to be
After her groundbreaking study of London remembering the shapes of snowflakes?
cabbies, Maguire decided to turn her attention to Maguire and her team asked the mental athletes
mental athletes. She teamed up with Elizabeth 80 to describe exactly what was going through their
30 Valentine and John Wilding, authors of the academic minds as they memorized. The mental athletes said
monograph Superior Memory, to study ten they were consciously converting the information
individuals who had finished near the top of the they were being asked to memorize into images, and
World Memory Championship. They wanted to find distributing those images along familiar spatial
out if the memorizers’ brains were—like the London 85 journeys. They weren’t doing this automatically, or
35 cabbies’—structurally different from the rest of ours, because it was an inborn talent they’d nurtured since
or if they were somehow just making better use of childhood. Rather, the unexpected patterns of neural
memory abilities that we all possess. activity that Maguire’s fMRIs turned up were the
The researchers put both the mental athletes and a result of training and practice.
group of matched control subjects into MRI scanners
40 and asked them to memorize three-digit numbers,
black-and-white photographs of people’s faces, and
magnified images of snowflakes, while their brains
were being scanned. Maguire and her team thought it
was possible that they might discover anatomical
45 differences in the brains of the memory champs,

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
42 45
According to the passage, Maguire’s findings Which question was Maguire’s study of mental
regarding taxi drivers are significant because they athletes primarily intended to answer?
A) demonstrate the validity of a new method. A) Does the act of memorization make use of
B) provide evidence for a popular viewpoint. different brain structures than does the act of
navigation?
C) call into question an earlier consensus.
B) Do mental athletes inherit their unusual brain
D) challenge the authenticity of previous data. structures, or do the structures develop as a
result of specific activities?
43 C) Does heightened memorization ability reflect
abnormal brain structure or an unusual use of
Which choice provides the best evidence for the normal brain structure?
D) What is the relationship between general
A) Lines 8-12 (“The right . . . difference”) cognitive ability and the unusual brain structures
of mental athletes?
B) Lines 12-16 (“Maguire . . . effect”)
C) Lines 17-20 (“The brain . . . neuroplasticity”)
D) Lines 20-26 (“It had . . . true”) 46
44
A) Lines 27-29 (“After . . . athletes”)
As used in line 24, “basic” most nearly means
B) Lines 33-37 (“They . . . possess”)
A) initial.
C) Lines 38-43 (“The researchers . . . scanned”)
B) simple.
D) Lines 52-54 (“What’s . . . range”)
C) necessary.
D) fundamental.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
47 49
As used in line 39, “matched” most nearly means According to the passage, when compared to mental
athletes, the individuals in the control group in
A) comparable. Maguire’s second study
B) identical.
A) showed less brain activity overall.
C) distinguishable.
B) demonstrated a wider range of cognitive ability.
D) competing.
C) exhibited different patterns of brain activity.
D) displayed noticeably smaller hippocampal
48 regions.
The main purpose of the fifth paragraph
(lines 57-65) is to
50
A) relate Maguire’s study of mental athletes to her The passage most strongly suggests that mental
study of taxi drivers. athletes are successful at memorization because they
B) speculate on the reason for Maguire’s
unexpected results. A) exploit parts of the brain not normally used in
routine memorization.
C) identify an important finding of Maguire’s study
of mental athletes. B) convert information they are trying to memorize
into abstract symbols.
D) transition from a summary of Maguire’s findings
to a description of her methods. C) organize information into numerical lists prior
to memorization.
D) exercise their brains regularly through puzzles
and other mental challenges.

1 1
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
51 52
Which choice provides the best evidence for the The questions in lines 74-78 primarily serve to
A) raise doubts about the reliability of the
A) Lines 66-72 (“Surprisingly . . . way-finding”) conclusions reached by Maguire.
B) Lines 72-73 (“At first . . . sense”) B) emphasize and elaborate on an initially puzzling
C) Lines 79-81 (“Maguire . . . memorized”) result of Maguire’s study of mental athletes.
D) Lines 85-87 (“They . . . childhood”) C) imply that Maguire’s findings undermine earlier
studies of the same phenomenon.
D) introduce and explain a connection between
Maguire’s two studies and her earlier work.
STOP

2 2
passage as it is.

...................................................................................................................................
1
Prehistoric Printing following sentence.
Fossils provide paleontologists with a convenient
Paleontologists are using modern technology to gain
way of estimating the age of the rock in which
a greater understanding of the distant past. With the aid the fossils are found.
of computed tomography (CT) scanning and 3-D Should the writer make this addition here?
printing, researchers are able to create accurate models of A) Yes, because it supports the paragraph’s
argument with an important detail.
prehistoric fossils. 1 These models have expanded B) Yes, because it provides a logical transition from
the preceding sentence.
C) No, because it is not directly related to the main
point of the paragraph.
D) No, because it undermines the main claim of the
paragraph.

2 2
researchers’ knowledge of ancient species and 2 swear
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come. A) NO CHANGE
CT scanners use X-rays to map the surface of a fossil B) subscribe
C) vow
in minute detail, recording as many as one million data
D) promise
points to create a digital blueprint. A 3-D printer then
builds a polymer model based on this blueprint, much as
3
a regular computer printer reproduces digital documents The writer is considering deleting the underlined
on paper. 3 Whereas the head of an ordinary computer sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
printer moves back and forth while printing ink onto A) Kept, because it helps explain why X-rays are
used in CT scanners.
paper, the corresponding part of a 3-D printer moves in B) Kept, because it provides details to illustrate how
multiple dimensions while squirting out thin layers of a 3-D printer works.
C) Deleted, because it contradicts the passage’s
melted polymer plastic. The plastic hardens quickly, information about digital blueprints.
4 it allows the printer to build the layers of the final D) Deleted, because it creates confusion about how
researchers gather data.
model. Compared with older ways of modeling fossils,
scanning and printing in this way is extremely versatile.
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) this
C) which
D) that

2 2
[1] One significant benefit of 3-D printing
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
technology is its ability to create scale reproductions of A) NO CHANGE
fossils. [2] But now 3-D scale models can be rearranged B) in order for learning
C) so that one is learning
with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. [3] A team
D) so to learn
led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is
making models of dinosaur bones one-tenth the bones’
6
original sizes 5 in order to learn how they fit together
A) NO CHANGE
when the animals were alive. [4] In the past, such B) it’s
research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils C) their
D) there
as well as 6 its preciousness and fragility. [5] In many
cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using
7
artists’ renderings. 7
Because CT scanners can map objects that are should be placed
impossible to excavate, CT scanning and 3-D printing A) where it is now.
can also be used to reproduce fossils that scientists B) before sentence 1.
cannot observe firsthand. 8 By contrast, researchers
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) Nonetheless,
C) Besides,
D) For example,

2 2
from the National Museum of Brazil 9 has relied on
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9
this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was A) NO CHANGE
discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo B) relied
C) will rely
railroad site. 10 The fossil was too delicate to be
D) is relying
removed from the rock. Because of the fossil’s delicate
nature, the team dug up a block of stone around the fossil
10
and brought it to their lab. With the aid of a CT scanner Which choice most effectively combines the
and a 3-D printer, they were able to produce a resin underlined sentences?
model of the fossil. Examining the model, the researchers A) The fossil could not be removed from the rock
on account of it being too delicate; moreover, the
determined that 11 one had found a new species, a team dug up a block of stone around it and
brought it to their lab.
75-million-year-old crocodile. While not every discovery
B) The team thought the fossil was too delicate to
will be as dramatic as this one, paleontologists anticipate remove from the rock, and their next decision
was to dig up a block of stone around the fossil
further expanding their knowledge of ancient life-forms and bring it to their lab.
as CT scanning and 3-D printing continue to make fossils C) The fossil was too delicate to be removed from
the rock, so the team dug up a block of stone
more accessible. around the fossil and brought it to their lab.
D) In removing the fossil from the rock, the team
found it was too delicate; then they dug up a
block of stone around the fossil and brought it to
their lab.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) he or she
C) they
D) it

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12
A) NO CHANGE
Thomas Nast, the Crusading Cartoonist B) Therefore,
“Stop them pictures!” Legend has it that the corrupt C) Furthermore,
politician William “Boss” Tweed once used those words
when ordering someone to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast,
13
an artist who had become famous for cartoons that called
Which choice most effectively combines the
for reforms to end corruption. 12 As a result, Tweed’s underlined sentences?
attempt to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, A) Powerful political organizations in the 1860s and
the 1870s started taking control of city
published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually governments, and they were known as
“political machines.”
played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies
B) Known as “political machines,” in the 1860s and
to justice. the 1870s, political organizations that were
powerful started taking control of city
13 There were powerful political organizations in
governments.
the 1860s and the 1870s. The organizations were known C) City governments were taken control of in the
1860s and the 1870s, and powerful political
as “political machines” and started taking control of city
organizations known as “political machines”
governments. These political machines were able to pack did so.
D) In the 1860s and the 1870s, powerful political
legislatures and courts with hand-picked supporters by
organizations known as “political machines”
purchasing 14 votes, a form of election fraud involving started taking control of city governments.
the exchange of money or favors for votes. Once a

political machine had control of enough important 14
A) NO CHANGE
positions, its members were able to use public funds to
B) votes, being
enrich themselves and their friends. Boss Tweed’s
C) votes, that is
Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York D) votes, which it is
15 City in the 1860s—stole more than $30 million,
15
A) NO CHANGE
B) City in the 1860s,
C) City, in the 1860s,
D) City in the 1860s

2 2
the equivalent of more than $365 million today.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16
16 Tweed had been elected to a single two-year term in The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
Congress in 1852. Tammany Hall was so powerful and
A) Kept, because it introduces the quote from the
17 corrupt that, the New York Times, commented New York Times in the next sentence.
“There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city which is B) Kept, because it adds a vital detail about Tweed
that is necessary to understand his power.
beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”
C) Deleted, because it blurs the focus of the
Given the extent of Tweed’s power, it is remarkable paragraph by introducing loosely related
information.
that a single cartoonist could have played such a
D) Deleted, because it contains information that
significant role in bringing about his downfall. Nast’s undermines the main claim of the passage.
cartoons depicted Tweed as a great big bloated thief. One
of the artist’s most 18 famous images showed Tweed 17
A) NO CHANGE
with a bag of money in place of his 19 head. Another
B) corrupt, that the New York Times commented,
featured Tweed leaning against a ballot box with the
C) corrupt that the New York Times commented,
caption “As long as I count the votes, what are you going D) corrupt that the New York Times, commented
to do about it?” These cartoons were so effective in part
because many of the citizens who supported Tweed were 18
illiterate and thus could not read the newspaper accounts A) NO CHANGE
B) famous and well-known
of his criminal activities. Nast’s cartoons, though, widely
C) famous and commonly known
exposed the public to the injustice of Tweed’s political
D) famous, commonly known
machine.
19
Which choice adds the most relevant supporting
information to the paragraph?
A) head; like many other Nast cartoons, that one
was published in Harper’s Weekly.
B) head; Nast would later illustrate Tweed’s escape
from prison.
C) head, one depiction that omits Tweed’s
signature hat.
D) head, an image that perfectly captured Tweed’s
greedy nature.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nast’s campaign to bring down Tweed and the 20
Tammany Hall gang was ultimately successful. In the A) NO CHANGE
elections of 1871, the public voted against most of the B) persecuted on
C) persecuted with
Tammany Hall candidates, greatly weakening Tweed’s
D) prosecuted on
power. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were
20 persecuted for a number of charges, including fraud 21
and larceny, and many of them were sent to jail. In 1875 A) NO CHANGE
Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and B) bringing
unwittingly 21 brought about one final 22 pinnacle for C) brings
D) has brought
the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer
recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.
22
Consequently, Tweed was sent back to jail, and Nast was
A) NO CHANGE
hailed as the man who toppled the great Tammany Hall B) triumph
machine. C) culmination
D) apex

2 2
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23
A) NO CHANGE
B) its
Rethinking Crowdfunding in the Arts
C) its’
Crowdfunding is a popular way to raise money using D) their
the Internet. The process sounds simple: an artist,
entrepreneur, or other innovator takes his or her ideas 24
straight to the public via a crowdfunding website. The Which choice most effectively combines the
innovator creates a video about the project and offers, in
A) With the idea being obviously very attractive, an
exchange for donations, a series of “perks,” from obscure method of photography may be made
available to many at little expense.
acknowledgment on a social media site to a small piece of
B) The idea is obviously very attractive: an obscure
art. Many crowdfunding programs are all-or-nothing; in method of photography may be made available
to many at little expense.
other words, the innovator must garner 100 percent
C) An obscure method of photography may be
funding for the project or the money is refunded to the made available to many at little expense, and the
idea is obviously very attractive.
donors. At 23 it’s best, the system can give creators
D) An obscure method of photography, an idea that
direct access to millions of potential backers. is obviously very attractive, may be made
available to many at little expense.
The home page of one leading crowdfunding site
features a project to manufacture pinhole cameras on a
25
3‑D printer. 24 The idea is obviously very attractive. An
A) NO CHANGE
obscure method of photography may be made available B) Therefore,
to many with little expense. Within weeks, the project C) In effect,
D) As a rule,
was 621 percent funded. In contrast, on the same page, a
small Brooklyn performance venue is attempting to raise
money for its current season. The venue features works of
performance art showcased in a storefront window.
Those who have seen the space consider it vital.
25 However, that group may not be large enough; with
just fourteen days to go in the fund-raising period, the
campaign is only 46 percent funded.

2 2
Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26
crowdfunding exacerbates problems that already exist. A) NO CHANGE
26 Work, that is easily understood and appreciated, is B) Work that is easily understood and appreciated
is supported,
supported, while more complex work goes unnoticed. C) Work that is easily understood, and appreciated
27 Time that could be used creating art is spent devising is supported
D) Work—that is easily understood and
clever perks to draw the attention of potential appreciated—is supported,
contributors. 28 In addition, audiences may contain
many “free 29 riders,” they did not make contributions. 27
following sentence.
Crowdfunding tends to attract contributors from
a wide variety of professional fields.
A) Yes, because it gives more information about the
people who donate to crowdfunding campaigns.
B) Yes, because it reinforces the writer’s point about
the funding of artistic projects.
C) No, because it fails to take into account project
funding received from public institutions.
D) No, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph
by introducing a poorly integrated piece of
information.
28
A) NO CHANGE
B) Conversely,
C) However,
D) Thus,
29
A) NO CHANGE
B) riders,” not making
C) riders,” who did not make
D) riders” to not make

2 2
Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
overall funding for the arts if people begin to feel that A) NO CHANGE
paying for the art 30 loved by them is someone else’s B) they love
C) loved by him or her
responsibility.
D) he or she loves
[1] One innovative playwright has woven the
deficiencies of the system into her crowdfunding model.
31
[2] Though the price for her tickets was higher than that A) NO CHANGE
of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable to B) their
most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the C) her
D) its
performance. [3] She presented the total cost for
producing her play on a crowdfunding site. [4] Then she
32
divided the total cost by the number of people she
expected to attend the performance. [5] The result of the should be placed
calculation was the minimum donor price, and only A) where it is now.
donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price were
allowed to attend the performance. [6] By subverting the
presumption that money used for her project is an
altruistic donation, the playwright showed that 31 our
work has monetary value to those who enjoy it. 32

2 2
Crowdfunded Projects on Kickstarter in 2012
games food dance

publishing fashion theater
food dance art
art theater food
theater photography photography
fashion art games
photography games publishing
dance publishing fashion
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100

Money raised Average pledge Success rate (percent
(millions of dollars) (dollars) of fully funded projects)
Adapted from “These Were the Most Successful Projects on Kickstarter Last Year.” ©2013 by The Economist Newspaper Limited.
Question 33 asks about the graphic.

.....................................................................................................................................................................
33
Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the
data in the graphs?
A) The project category with the lowest amount of
money raised was also the most successfully
funded project category.
B) The project category with the highest average
pledge amount was also the most successfully
funded project category.
C) The project category with the lowest average
pledge amount was also the project category that
raised the most money.
D) The project category with the highest average
pledge amount was also the project category with
the most money raised.

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
For the sake of the logic and cohesion of the
Investigative Journalism: An Evolving American paragraph, sentence 3 should be
Tradition A) placed where it is now.
[1] The recent precipitous decline of print journalism B) placed before sentence 1.
as a viable profession has exacerbated long-held concerns C) placed after sentence 1.
D) DELETED from the paragraph.
about the state of investigative reporting in the United
States. [2] Facing lower print circulation and diminished
35
advertising revenue, many major newspapers have
A) NO CHANGE
reduced or eliminated investigative resources. B) reporters:
[3] Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for C) reporters,
investigative journalism, have been hit especially hard by D) reporter’s;
the widespread availability of free news online. [4] To

36
survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt
A) NO CHANGE
to the digital age. 34
B) Undertaken in
It is not difficult to understand why
C) Overtaking
a cash-strapped, understaffed publication might feel D) Taking off from
pressure to cut teams of investigative
35 reporter’s—their work is expensive and 37
time-consuming. 36 Taking on the public interest, A) NO CHANGE
B) business scandals,
investigative journalism involves original, often
C) abuse of government power,
long-form reporting on such topics as 37 illegal
activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and
political corruption. An investigative story involves one
or more experienced journalists dedicating their full
energy and the resources of the publisher to a piece for a
prolonged period of time. Expensive legal battles may
ensue. The results of this work, though costly, have

2 2
helped keep those in power accountable. The exposure by
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
38
Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
Bernstein of government misconduct in the Watergate
In 1954, Edward R. Murrow and Fred Friendly
scandal resulted in the resignation of President Richard produced episodes of the CBS television show
Nixon in 1974. More recently, Seymour Hersh, reporting See It Now that contributed to the end of
US senator Joseph McCarthy’s anticommunist
for the New Yorker in 2004, helped publicize the “witch hunts.”
mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners by US personnel at Should the writer make this addition here?
Abu Ghraib during the Iraq War. 38 In these and other A) Yes, because it helps clarify that the passage’s
main focus is on investigations of political
cases, exposure from reporters has served as an corruption.
important 39 blockade to or scolding of malfeasance. B) Yes, because it offers an important counterpoint
to the other cases previously described in the
paragraph.
C) No, because it gives an example that is both
chronologically and substantively out of place in
the paragraph.
D) No, because it provides an example that is
inconsistent with the passage’s definition of
investigative journalism.
39
A) NO CHANGE
B) interference to or condemnation of
C) drag on or reproof of
D) deterrent or rebuke to

2 2
While worrisome, the decline of traditional print
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
40
media 40 could not entail the end of investigative Which choice most effectively suggests that the
“end of investigative journalism” is a real possibility
journalism. 41 Although many newsrooms have but one that can be prevented?
reduced their staff, some still employ investigative A) NO CHANGE
reporters. Nonprofit 42 enterprises such as the B) need
Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have C) will

D) must
begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers
and magazines. Enterprising freelance reporters, newly
41
funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social media,
Which choice most effectively sets up the examples
in the following sentences?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Investigative journalism also declined between
the 1930s and 1950s, only to be revived in
the 1960s.
C) According to the Pew Research Center, more
people get their national and international news
from the Internet than from newspapers.
D) Indeed, recent years have witnessed innovative
adjustments to changing times.
42
A) NO CHANGE
B) enterprises: such as
C) enterprises such as:
D) enterprises, such as

2 2
including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
43
conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate A) NO CHANGE
project, 43 for example, solicited readers to submit tips B) therefore,
C) however,
and information related to ongoing stories to its website.
D) in any case,
Far from marking the end of investigative journalism,
44 cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens
44
has been facilitated by the advent of the digital age
A) NO CHANGE
through an increase in the number of potential B) the number of potential investigators has
increased since the advent of the digital age
investigators.
owing to the facilitation of cooperation among
journalists and ordinary citizens.
C) the advent of the digital age has increased the
number of potential investigators by facilitating
cooperation among journalists and ordinary
citizens.
D) by facilitating cooperation among journalists
and ordinary citizens the advent of the digital
age has increased the number of potential
investigators.
STOP

3 3


r c 2x 60° s 45° s√2
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2
y A C

1
x
O 1 The circle above with center O has a circumference
of 36. What is the length of minor arc p
AC ?
A) 9
B) 12
C) 18
Which of the following is an equation of line A in D) 36
the xy-plane above?
A) x = 1
B) y = 1
C) y = x
D) y = x + 1
3
What are the solutions of the quadratic equation

4x 2 − 8x − 12 = 0 ?
A) x = −1 and x = −3
B) x = −1 and x = 3
C) x = 1 and x = −3
D) x = 1 and x = 3

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 6
Which of the following is an example of a function Which of the following is equivalent to the sum of
whose graph in the xy-plane has no x-intercepts?
the expressions a2 − 1 and a + 1 ?
A) A linear function whose rate of change is not
zero A) a2 + a
B) A quadratic function with real zeros B) a3 − 1
C) A quadratic function with no real zeros
C) 2a2
D) A cubic polynomial with at least one real zero
D) a3
5
7
k+2 −x=0
Jackie has two summer jobs. She works as a tutor,
In the equation above, k is a constant. If x = 9 , what which pays $12 per hour, and she works as a
is the value of k ? lifeguard, which pays $9.50 per hour. She can work
no more than 20 hours per week, but she wants to
A) 1 earn at least $220 per week. Which of the following
B) 7 systems of inequalities represents this situation in
C) 16 terms of x and y, where x is the number of hours
she tutors and y is the number of hours she works as
D) 79 a lifeguard?
A) 12x + 9.5y ≤ 220
x + y ≥ 20
B) 12x + 9.5y ≤ 220

x + y ≤ 20
C) 12x + 9.5y ≥ 220

x + y ≤ 20
D) 12x + 9.5y ≥ 220

x + y ≥ 20

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8 9
In air, the speed of sound S, in meters per second, y = x2
is a linear function of the air temperature T, in 2 y + 6 = 2( x + 3)
degrees Celsius, and is given by S(T ) = 0.6T + 331.4.
Which of the following statements is the best If (x, y) is a solution of the system of equations
interpretation of the number 331.4 in this context? above and x > 0, what is the value of xy ?
A) The speed of sound, in meters per second, at A) 1

0°C B) 2
B) The speed of sound, in meters per second, C) 3
at 0.6°C D) 9
C) The increase in the speed of sound, in meters per
second, that corresponds to an increase of 1°C
D) The increase in the speed of sound, in meters per
second, that corresponds to an increase of 0.6°C
10
If a2 + b 2 = z and ab = y , which of the following is

equivalent to 4z + 8y ?
A) (a + 2b)2
B) (2a + 2b)2
C) (4a + 4b)2
D) (4a + 8b)2

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11 13
The volume of right circular cylinder A is 22 cubic At a restaurant, n cups of tea are made by adding
centimeters. What is the volume, in cubic t tea bags to hot water. If t = n + 2 , how many
centimeters, of a right circular cylinder with twice the additional tea bags are needed to make each
radius and half the height of cylinder A? additional cup of tea?
A) 11 A) None
B) 22 B) One
C) 44 C) Two
D) 66 D) Three
12
3
4
Which of the following is equivalent to 9 ?
A) 3
9
B) 4
9
C) 3
D) 3 3

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14 15
f ( x ) = 2x + 1 Alan drives an average of 100 miles each week. His
car can travel an average of 25 miles per gallon of
The function f is defined by the equation above. gasoline. Alan would like to reduce his weekly
Which of the following is the graph of y = − f (x) in expenditure on gasoline by $5. Assuming gasoline
the xy-plane? costs $4 per gallon, which equation can Alan use to
determine how many fewer average miles, m, he
A) y should drive each week?
25
A) m = 95
1 4
x 25
1 B) m=5
4
4
C) m = 95
25
B) y
4
D) m=5
25
1
x
1
C) y
1
x
1
D) y
1
x
1

3 3
7
Write
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point

answer.
2
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
NOTE: You
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 18
Maria plans to rent a boat. The boat rental costs $60 1 21
per hour, and she will also have to pay for a water (2 x + y ) =
2 2
safety course that costs $10. Maria wants to spend no y = 2x
more than $280 for the rental and the course. If the
boat rental is available only for a whole number of The system of equations above has solution (x, y) .
hours, what is the maximum number of hours for What is the value of x ?
which Maria can rent the boat?
17
2( p + 1) + 8 ( p − 1 ) = 5 p
What value of p is the solution of the equation
above?

3 3
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19 20
2x + 6 2 Intersecting lines r, s, and t are shown below.
2
−
( x + 2) x+2 s
a
The expression above is equivalent to , 106°
(x + 2)2
where a is a positive constant and x ≠ −2.
x° 23° r
What is the value of a ? t
What is the value of x ?
STOP

4 4


r c 2x 60° s 45° s√2
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2
Number of 3-D Movies Released by Year x f (x )
50
1 5
3-D movies released
40
3 13
Number of
30 5 21
20
Some values of the linear function f are shown in the
10 table above. Which of the following defines f ?
0 A) f (x) = 2x + 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
2 00 200 200 200 00
2 2 00 200 201 201 B) f (x) = 3x + 2
Year C) f (x) = 4x + 1
According to the line graph above, between which D) f (x) = 5x
two consecutive years was there the greatest change
in the number of 3‑D movies released?
A) 2003–2004
B) 2008–2009
C) 2009–2010
D) 2010–2011
3
To make a bakery’s signature chocolate muffins, a
baker needs 2.5 ounces of chocolate for each muffin.
How many pounds of chocolate are needed to make
48 signature chocolate muffins?
(1 pound = 16 ounces)
A) 7.5
B) 10
C) 50.5
D) 120

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 6
If 3(c + d) = 5 , what is the value of c + d ? An online bookstore sells novels and magazines.
Each novel sells for $4, and each magazine sells for
3 $1. If Sadie purchased a total of 11 novels and
A)
5 magazines that have a combined selling price of $20,
how many novels did she purchase?
5
B) A) 2
3
B) 3
C) 3 C) 4
D) 5
D) 5
The weight of an object on Venus is approximately

9
of its weight on Earth. The weight of an object
10
23
on Jupiter is approximately of its weight on
10
Earth. If an object weighs 100 pounds on Earth,
approximately how many more pounds does it
weigh on Jupiter than it weighs on Venus?
A) 90
B) 111
C) 140
D) 230

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7 9
The Downtown Business Association (DBA) in a In the 1908 Olympic Games, the Olympic marathon
certain city plans to increase its membership by a was lengthened from 40 kilometers to approximately
total of n businesses per year. There were 42 kilometers. Of the following, which is closest to
b businesses in the DBA at the beginning of this the increase in the distance of the Olympic
year. Which function best models the total number marathon, in miles? (1 mile is approximately
of businesses, y, the DBA plans to have as members 1.6 kilometers.)
x years from now?
A) 1.00
A) y = nx + b B) 1.25
B) y = nx − b C) 1.50
x
C) y = b(n) D) 1.75
D) y = n(b)x
Which of the following is an equivalent form of

(1.5x − 2.4)2 − (5.2x 2 − 6.4) ?
A) −2.2x 2 + 1.6
B) −2.2x 2 + 11.2
C) −2.95x 2 − 7.2x + 12.16
D) −2.95x 2 − 7.2x + 0.64

4 4
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10 12
The density d of an object is found by dividing the 1
mass m of the object by its volume V. Which of y=4
2
the following equations gives the mass m in terms 1
of d and V ? x− y =2
2
A) m = dV The system of equations above has solution (x, y).
d
B) m =
V A) 3
V 7
C) m = B)
d 2
D) m = V + d C) 4
D) 6
11
−2x + 3y = 6
In the xy-plane, the graph of which of the following 13
equations is perpendicular to the graph of the
y ≤ 3x + 1
equation above?
x−y > 1
A) 3x + 2y = 6
Which of the following ordered pairs (x, y) satisfies
B) 3x + 4y = 6
the system of inequalities above?
C) 2x + 4y = 6
A) (−2, −1)
D) 2x + 6y = 3
B) (−1, 3)
C) (1, 5)
D) (2, −1)

4 4
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14
Major professional
Type of
activity Total
surgeon
Teaching Research
General 258 156 414
Orthopedic 119 74 193
Total 377 230 607
In a survey, 607 general surgeons and orthopedic

surgeons indicated their major professional activity.
The results are summarized in the table above. If one
of the surgeons is selected at random, which of the
following is closest to the probability that the selected
surgeon is an orthopedic surgeon whose indicated
professional activity is research?
A) 0.122
B) 0.196
C) 0.318
D) 0.379

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15
A polling agency recently surveyed 1,000 adults who Questions 16-18 refer to the following information.
were selected at random from a large city and asked
Species of tree Growth factor
each of the adults, “Are you satisfied with the quality
of air in the city?” Of those surveyed, 78 percent Red maple 4.5
responded that they were satisfied with the quality of River birch 3.5
air in the city. Based on the results of the survey, Cottonwood 2.0
which of the following statements must be true? Black walnut 4.5
White birch 5.0
I. Of all adults in the city, 78 percent are
satisfied with the quality of air in the city. American elm 4.0
Pin oak 3.0
II. If another 1,000 adults selected at random Shagbark hickory 7.5
from the city were surveyed, 78 percent of
them would report they are satisfied with
the quality of air in the city. One method of calculating the approximate age, in years,
III. If 1,000 adults selected at random from a of a tree of a particular species is to multiply the diameter
different city were surveyed, 78 percent of of the tree, in inches, by a constant called the growth
them would report they are satisfied with factor for that species. The table above gives the growth
the quality of air in the city. factors for eight species of trees.
A) None
B) II only 16
C) I and II only According to the information in the table, what is the
D) I and III only approximate age of an American elm tree with a
diameter of 12 inches?
A) 24 years
B) 36 years
C) 40 years
D) 48 years

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17 18
Tree Diameter versus Age If a white birch tree and a pin oak tree each now have
a diameter of 1 foot, which of the following will be
130 closest to the difference, in inches, of their diameters
10 years from now? (1 foot = 12 inches)
120
A) 1.0
Age (years)
110
100 B) 1.2
90 C) 1.3
80 D) 1.4
70
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Tree diameter (inches)
The scatterplot above gives the tree diameter plotted

against age for 26 trees of a single species. The
growth factor of this species is closest to that of
which of the following species of tree?
A) Red maple
B) Cottonwood
C) White birch
D) Shagbark hickory

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19 20
B y
y = d(t)
30° 12
t
Time
60°
A C The figure on the left above shows a wheel with a
D
mark on its rim. The wheel is rolling on the ground
In △ABC above, what is the length of AD ? at a constant rate along a level straight path from a
starting point to an ending point. The graph of
A) 4
y = d(t ) on the right could represent which of the
B) 6 following as a function of time from when the wheel
C) 6 2 began to roll?
D) 6 3 A) The speed at which the wheel is rolling
B) The distance of the wheel from its starting point
C) The distance of the mark on the rim from the
center of the wheel
D) The distance of the mark on the rim from the
ground

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
21 22
a−b In State X, Mr. Camp’s eighth-grade class consisting
=c of 26 students was surveyed and 34.6 percent of the
a
students reported that they had at least two siblings.
In the equation above, if a is negative and b is The average eighth‑grade class size in the state is 26.
positive, which of the following must be true? If the students in Mr. Camp’s class are representative
A) c > 1 of students in the state’s eighth-grade classes and
there are 1,800 eighth-grade classes in the state,
B) c = 1 which of the following best estimates the number of
C) c = −1 eighth‑grade students in the state who have fewer
than two siblings?
D) c < −1
A) 16,200
B) 23,400
C) 30,600
D) 46,800

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23
Questions 23 and 24 refer to the following The relationship between the monthly rental price r,
information. in dollars, and the property’s purchase price p, in
thousands of dollars, can be represented by a linear
Townsend Realty Group Investments function. Which of the following functions
Monthly rental represents the relationship?
Purchase price
Property address price
(dollars)
(dollars) A) r(p) = 2.5p − 870
Clearwater Lane 128,000 950
Driftwood Drive 176,000 1,310 B) r(p) = 5p + 165
Edgemont Street 70,000 515 C) r(p) = 6.5p + 440
Glenview Street 140,000 1,040
D) r(p) = 7.5p − 10
Hamilton Circle 450,000 3,365
The Townsend Realty Group invested in the five different

properties listed in the table above. The table shows the
amount, in dollars, the company paid for each property
and the corresponding monthly rental price, in dollars,
the company charges for the property at each of the five
locations.
24
Townsend Realty purchased the Glenview Street
property and received a 40% discount off the original
price along with an additional 20% off the discounted
price for purchasing the property in cash. Which of
the following best approximates the original price, in
dollars, of the Glenview Street property?
A) $350,000
B) $291,700
C) $233,300
D) $175,000

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25 26
()
A psychologist set up an experiment to study the a 2
tendency of a person to select the first item when The surface area of a cube is 6 , where a is a
4
presented with a series of items. In the experiment,
300 people were presented with a set of five pictures positive constant. Which of the following gives the
arranged in random order. Each person was asked to
choose the most appealing picture. Of the first
150 participants, 36 chose the first picture in the set. perimeter of one face of the cube?
Among the remaining 150 participants, p people
chose the first picture in the set. If more than 20% of a
A)
all participants chose the first picture in the set, 4
which of the following inequalities best describes the
possible values of p ? B) a
A) p > 0.20(300 − 36), where p ≤ 150

C) 4a
B) p > 0.20(300 + 36), where p ≤ 150
C) p − 36 > 0.20(300), where p ≤ 150 D) 6a
D) p + 36 > 0.20(300), where p ≤ 150
27
The mean score of 8 players in a basketball game was
14.5 points. If the highest individual score is
removed, the mean score of the remaining 7 players
becomes 12 points. What was the highest score?
A) 20
B) 24
C) 32
D) 36

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28 29
y x 2 + 20x + y 2 + 16y = −20
The equation above defines a circle in the xy-plane.
What are the coordinates of the center of the circle?
y = f(x) A) (−20, −16)
B) (−10, −8)
1
x C) (10, 8)
O 1
D) (20, 16)
The graph of the linear function f is shown in the

xy-plane above. The slope of the graph of the linear
function g is 4 times the slope of the graph of f. If
the graph of g passes through the point (0, −4), what 30
is the value of g (9) ?
y = x2 − a
A) 5
In the equation above, a is a positive constant
B) 9
and the graph of the equation in the xy‑plane is a
C) 14 parabola. Which of the following is an equivalent
D) 18 form of the equation?
A) y = (x + a)(x − a)
B) y = (x + a )(x − a )
⎛ a ⎞⎟⎛ a⎞
C) y = ⎜⎜x + ⎟⎜x − ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
D) y = (x + a)2

4 4
7
Write
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point

answer.
2
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
NOTE: You
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
31 32
Horsepower and watts are units of measure of
power. They are directly proportional such that The painting The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh
5 horsepower is equal to 3730 watts. How much
power, in watts, is equal to 2 horsepower? is rectangular in shape with height 29 inches and
width 36.25 inches. If a reproduction was made

1
where each dimension is the corresponding
3
original dimension, what is the height of the
reproduction, in inches?

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
33 34
x–1 x 3x – 7 In the xy-plane, the point (2, 5) lies on the graph of
P Q R S the function f. If f (x) = k − x 2 , where k is a
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. constant, what is the value of k ?
On PS above, PQ = RS . What is the length of PS ?

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35 36
A landscaper is designing a rectangular garden. The
length of the garden is to be 5 feet longer than the
width. If the area of the garden will be 104 square 20° B
feet, what will be the length, in feet, of the garden?
A P x°
20° C
Point P is the center of the circle in the figure above.


4 4
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
37
Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following One morning, Ms. Simon drove directly from her
information. home to her workplace in 24 minutes. What was her
average speed, in miles per hour, during her drive
Ms. Simon’s Workday Morning Drive that morning?
Average driving
Segment of Distance speed with no
drive (miles) traffic delay
(mph)
From home to
freeway 0.6 25
entrance
From freeway 38
entrance to 15.4 50
freeway exit If Ms. Simon starts her drive at 6:30 a.m., she can
From freeway drive at her average driving speed with no traffic
exit to 1.4 35 delay for each segment of the drive. If she starts her
workplace drive at 7:00 a.m., the travel time from the freeway
entrance to the freeway exit increases by 33% due to
Ms. Simon drives her car from her home to her slower traffic, but the travel time for each of the other
workplace every workday morning. The table above two segments of her drive does not change. Based on
shows the distance, in miles, and her average driving the table, how many more minutes does Ms. Simon
speed, in miles per hour (mph), when there is no traffic take to arrive at her workplace if she starts her drive
delay, for each segment of her drive. at 7:00 a.m. than if she starts her drive at 6:30 a.m.?
(Round your answer to the nearest minute.)
STOP

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Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

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protein per serving, thereby helping people stay

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Average Daily High and Low Temperatures Recorded

Mar 5 Jun 10 Sep 8 Dec 13

Adapted from WMO. ©2014 by World Meteorological Organization.

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the Great Melt of 2012 have focused exclusively on rising

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sheet. [6] Members of the public will be able to track his

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ability to focus 68%

standard of work 62%

Which choice most effectively completes the

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grown 46 percent in a decade. Also, studies have found

Record Examination (GRE), for example, students

instead they plan to apply those skills to other disciplines.

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enhancing philosophy courses and majors within B) one’s

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1. The use of a calculator is not permitted.

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1. Although not required, it is suggested that 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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If t > 0 and t 2 − 4 = 0 , what is the value of t ? x + y = −9

In a right triangle, one angle measures x°, where

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1. The use of a calculator is permitted.

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120 In the figure above, lines A and m are parallel and

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