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Solutions: Physical Properties - OF
Solutions: Physical Properties - OF
MOLARITY
Molarity (M) is the concentration of a solution
expressed as the number of moles of solute
per liter of solution.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
M=
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
m=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔)
Two liquids that are soluble in
each other in all proportions
are called miscible (opposite is
immiscible).
Concentration
Units
Quantitative study of the solution requires
knowing its concentration.
Concentration is the amount of solute present
in a given amount of solution.
PERCENT BY MASS
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Percent by mass = x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒+𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Put sugar and iced tea PRESSURE
together, that’s The effect of pressure on the solubility of
SOLUBILITEA solids and liquids is negligible.
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to its pressure.
Henry’s Law
𝑆𝑔 = k𝑃𝑔
Sg is the solubility of the gas
k is the Henry’s law constant for the gas in
a particular solvent
Pg is the partial pressure of the gas above
the liquid
This equation indicates that, at constant T,
Factors when the partial pressure decreases, the
Affecting concentration of the gas in a liquid also
Solubility decreases, and consequently, the solubility of
NATURE OF SOLVENT AND SOLUTE gas decreases.
1. The more similar the intermolecular
interactions, the more likely one
substance is to be soluble in another.
2. Polar substances tend to dissolve in
polar solvents.
3. Nonpolar substances dissolve in
nonpolar solvents.
TEMPERATURE
Le Chatelier's Principle
Changes in the temperature, pressure,
volume, or concentration of a system will Colligative
result in predictable and opposing changes Properties
in the system in order to achieve a new These are properties that depend only on the
equilibrium state. number of solute particles in a solution and
Effect of temperature depends on not on the nature of the solute.
whether a reaction is endothermic or
exothermic. VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
Endothermic – Increase in T results Because of the solute-solvent interactions,
stress on the reactant’s side from higher concentrations of nonvolatile solutes
additional heat. Le Chatelier’s principle make it harder for the solvent to escape the
predicts that the system will shift on vapor phase.
the product’s side. By shifting, more
solid is dissociated, resulting in higher
solubility
Exothermic – Increase in T results
stress on the product’s side from
additional heat. Le Chatelier’s principle
predicts that the system will shift on
the reactant’s side. By shifting, less
solid is dissociated, resulting in lower
solubility.
Raoult’s Law In order to form a solid, a lower
Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a temperature is required.
solvent above a solution is equal to the vapor
pressure of the pure solvent at the same The change in freezing point can be found
temperature scaled by the mole fraction of the similarly:
solvent present Tf = Kf m
PA = XAPA Here Kf is the molal freezing point depression
Where: constant of the solvent.
XA is the mole fraction of compound A, and
PA is the normal vapor pressure of A at that OSMOTIC PRESSURE
temperature Osmosis is the selective
NOTE: In a solution containing one solute, passage of solvent
XA = 1 – XB where XB is the mole fraction of the molecules through a
solute semipermeable
PA = XAPA membrane which blocks
PA = (1 – XB) PA the passage of solute
PA = PA - XBPA molecules. It occurs from
PA - PA = - XBPA a more dilute solution to
ΔP = XBPA a more concentrated one.