HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT

CAT – 1
~Nithin Shankaranarayanan
~17BEC0292

Q1. Answer to following questions

1. Peter F. Drucker
2. Has 14 principles of management
3. More Conceptual Skills and Less Human Skill
4. Time and motion
5. Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate
6. Bed Occupancy Ratio =

7. World Health Organization (W.H.O)

8. Indian Council of Medical Research
9. Good Laboratory Practice and Good Manufacturing Process
10. Gross Domestic Product

Q2.

Scientific management theory considers employee efficiency, whereas bureaucratic management

theory considers human and behavioral determinants of the organization. Furthermore, bureaucratic
theory emphasizes on activities like planning and controlling, whereas scientific theory emphasizes on
work study and time of study of workers. So, this is the key difference between scientific management
and bureaucratic management.

Moreover, a further difference between scientific management and bureaucratic management theory is
that bureaucratic management theory has more emphasis on top management, whereas scientific
management theory has an emphasis on low-level management in an organization. Besides,
bureaucratic management theory can be applied to any organization, because it is universally
applicable, but scientific management theory is applied only to specialized organizations.
Q3.

Management refers to the tasks and activities involved in directing an organization or one of its units:
planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Management Process

• Planning

• Organizing

• Leading

• Controlling

Managerial Competencies

• Communication Competency

• Planning and Administration Competency

• Teamwork Competency

• Strategic Action Competency

• Multicultural Competency

• Self-Management Competency

Different levels of managers

Top-level managers

Top-level managers are often called senior management or executives. In Ethiopia, the Federal
Ministry of Health and Regional Health Bureau include top-level managers and they hold titles such
as Minister, Head of Regional Health Bureau, and Director. Often, a group of these managers will
constitute the top management team. Top-level managers make decisions affecting the entirety of the
health sector. Top managers do not direct the day-to-day activities of the sector; rather, they set goals
for the health sector and direct others to achieve them.

Middle-level managers

Middle-level managers are those in the levels below top managers. Middle-level managers are
responsible for carrying out the goals set by top management. They also set goals at their level and
perhaps for other units they are responsible for. Middle-level managers can motivate and assist
frontline managers to achieve the sector objectives. They may also communicate upwards, by offering
suggestions and feedback to top managers.
Frontline managers

First-level or frontline managers are responsible for the daily management of health activities in the
community. Health Extension Practitioners, for example, are frontline managers of the primary
healthcare services. Although lower-level managers typically do not set goals for the nation, they have
a very strong influence on the sector and do have to set goals for their own work. These are the
managers that interact most with the larger community on a daily basis.

Modern Definition of Hospital

Hospital is a complex organization and an institute which provides health to peoples through
complicated but specialized scientific equipment and a team of trained staff educated in the problems
of modern medical science. They are all co-ordinate together for the common goal of restoring and
maintaining a good health of the people who go there for relief from the pain, suffering and disease.

Organizational Structure

A hospital is virtually a city within a city. Within its four walls, it has an operation theatre, patients
rooms, a dormitory for student nurses, residents and interns, a school for training of nurses, technicians,
dietician, laboratories, a pharmacy, food vending operations, laundry and linen service, delivery
service, a post office, massive internal and external communication system, blood bank, accounting
and credit services, a public relation department, a motor service, and security patrols.

Efficiency of Hospital is measured by its Bed occupancy rate and average duration of illness

Q4.

Management has been defined as the process, comprised of social and technical functions
and activities, occurring within organizations for the purpose of accomplishing predetermined
objectives through humans and other resources. Healthcare quality and patient safety are the
common mantra of all primary and secondary health care providers. In hospitals, over the years,
a variety of models and schemes for hospital interventions and development have been deployed.
Hospital Management System provides the benefits of streamlined operations, enhanced
administration & control, superior patient care, strict cost control and improved profitability.
There are different modules in the process of Hospital Management System. These include:

Q5.
Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) framework for IT project management, healthcare service
creation and delivery can be more effective, of a higher quality, and at a lower cost for better or similar
value delivery than other methods. SDLC is a standard project management methodology with proven
effectiveness over many years of use in information technology infrastructure and application
development projects. The SDLC follows a multistep, iterative process that enables ideas to be
transformed into well-documented projects that can be turned into repeatable, operational successes
which meet or exceeds a customer's or business's expectations. Any method based on an SDLC project
management framework, stakeholder involvement is critical to its success in delivering quality results
within the schedule, budget and scope constraints of a project. Stakeholders such as hospital
management executives, physicians, nurses, information technology personnel and patients must be
committed to actively participate in the process and provide honest feedback.
The health care system in the world can be categorized as public-private health care system
while India has a universal health care system.

Across the world, Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by the private sector.
Health insurance is primarily provided by the private sector, with the exception of programs such
as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, SCHIP (Children’s Health Insurance Program) and VA
(Veterans Health Administration).

Universal health care system is built around the principle of providing universal coverage for all
members of society, combining mechanisms for health financing and service provision.

Over the past few years, Indian health care system is in transition. With the growth of Indian
economy, more and more money is pumped into nation’s health care system. This infusion of
money has resulted in substantial gains in health care including increased life expectancy,
reduced infant mortality and the eradication of several diseases; although these gains have been
uneven across subpopulations.

Q6.

Hospital Outpatient care (OPD) is optional with most insurance policies. OPD allows you to
walk into the hospital and visit with a doctor for any medical reason, no matter how minor.
Because of this ease of use, OPD tends to be costlier for the benefit it provides.

Hospital Inpatient care (IPD) requires that you have a medical problem that is serious enough for
a doctor to admit you into the hospital for an overnight stay. (Some insurance companies allow
you to be released after 6 hours; others require you to stay longer. In any case, the insurance
company pays for a full overnight stay.)
While you are in the hospital the insurance company pays for your room & board & nursing care,
as well as surgery costs and one doctor visit to you per day. Most importantly, though, they pay
for "Hospital General Expenses" - which includes just about everything required for your
medical treatment not included elsewhere.
This can quickly become the costliest part of your hospital bill. Outpatient Follow-up Care is
normally covered under "Hospital General Expenses.”

Through most of history, medicine could really cure very little, and the concept of science-driven
public health did not exist. By the early 20th century, the so-called medical miracles to prevent
and treat disease began to emerge at an increasing pace. Average life spans increased by nearly
30 years, allowing most people to live into their 80s and some of us substantially
longer. Services to enable people to spend those additional years free of disability, disease, and
pain have not advanced proportionately.
For example, HIV transmission grows in some populations, probably because of gaps in
education and health care. The virus is on a rampage in many nations, and the health of those
populations is in the hands of leaders—theirs and ours—to provide science-based prevention and
treatment. There is no reason that HIV in the 21st century could not go the way of smallpox in
the 20th century. Such an accomplishment is eminently feasible, but leaders here and abroad
must put health, well-being, and respect for all people as the highest goals.
Incredible progress in public health and medical intervention of the 20th century will pale in
comparison to what will happen in the 21st century.