Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

3.1 Introduction:
A great concern in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) is to boost energy systems, by
finding materials with enhanced thermal performance, by Phase Change Materials
(PCM) have emerged as a promising option, due to their high thermal storage
density compared to sensible storage materials currently used in CSP.

So the mathematical modeling of phase transformation is shown below:

Figure (3.1) phase transformation with heat quantity released.

3.2 Mathematical modeling.

The quantity of heat transferred is showed at each stage of process is as following:

If h< hf → h=cp S . T
If h f <h<hg → T =constant
h> hg →h=cp l+hg (T −T ¿¿ pc )¿
 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

the quantity of heat transferred between each nodes and elements of the process if
it is divided four elements.
1
Q 1= ( T −T w )
R1 2
…………….1

k PCM . Á
Q 2= (T 3−T 2) …………..2
d
K PCM . Á
Q 3= (T 1−T 2 ) ………………3
d
T 2−T 6
Q4 = ………………..4
R2

The equivalent heat transfer resistance at first interface :

1 thic 1
R1= h . A + K . A + h . A ……………..5
w 1

the cross sectional area and surrounding area:

Acyoss = a2 (m2) a
Asur = u .a .L (m2)
m3
ṁ= p v̇ ………………….6 a
s
v̇
u= , m=puA
˙ …………….7
Ac

The Reynolds number is:

p .u .Dh
Re = , Dh = a …….8
µ
T e −T f
Tb = …………….9
2

When Turbulent flow:

Nu = 0.023 ℜ0.8 Pr n ………….10
Where value of n is:
n = 0.4 for heating
 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

n = 0.3 for cooling

F = 0.184 Re-0.2 ……………..11

k
h = D ( Nu) ……………12
h

. . Te
. . hw
ḣ2 ḣ1

. . Ti
R1 R2

for liquid h2 = Natural Convection

h2 → vertical plate
MCP
K 2
diW /2
= for solid h2

h2 → Ra = Gr.Pr

1
β=
fT
sT +T ∞
2
= TF

:For more accurate

1
6
783.0 aR
.
72.8
… … … … …31
294.0 + Nu=(0.825
[1+
(
rp
9
]
)
61
 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

The heat energy balance of process is:

dh
m dt =Q1−Q2−Q 3−Q4 ………….14

T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 are unknowns and calculated by using iteration process.

By using enthalpy method.

T = f (h)

pc T =const . , hf
h
Non. pc T = , h fg
cp

The equivalent heat transfer resistance at second interface :

1 this 1
R 2= + +
h1 . A K . A h2 . A
…………15

→liqud h1=Natural covection .Vertical plate

h1 = K PCM 1
→ solid h1=
Wid /2

The Raely number is:

Ra=Gr . Pr=g . B ¿ ¿ …………………………16

T S+ T ∞ 1
For liquid phase TF = , β= T ……………….17
2 F

The Nusslet number is:

 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

1
104 – 109 is Nu= 0.59 ( Ra) 4 ………………..18
1
109-1013 is Nu= 0.1( Ra)3 …………………19

Cold water out

Insulator

.8 .4 out

Insulator .7 .3 Insulator
Source Q
∆=37.5 mm
.6 .2

∆ X = 40mm
In
.5 .1
R1
Insulator
Heated water in
Figure(3.2) cell division of process.

∆ X = 40m ∆ y =37.5 mm

The equivelents parameters for implicit equation are:

1 1
aE = R aW = R
1 Z

Kn. ∆ x Ks . ∆ x
an = as =
∆y ∆y

and the heat equation ais:

ap Tp = aE . TE + aw .Tw + an . Tn + as . Ts + S ……………20
 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

T 0 +T i
Tb =
2

The set of first order differential equation are below for enthalpy set ODE equation
were solved using Runge- kutta.

dh1
m. = - aPTP1 + aE TE + aw Tw + aN TN + aS TS + S (21)
dt
dh2
m. = - aPTP2 + aE TE + aw Tw + an Tn + aS TS + S (22)
dt
dh3
m. = - aPTP3 + aE TE + aw Tw + an Tn + aS TS + S (23)
dt
dh4
m = - aPTP4 + aE TE + aw Tw + aS TS + S (24)
dt
dh5
m = - aPTP5 + aE TE + an Tn (25)
dt
dh6
m = - aPTP6 + aE TE + an Tn + aS TS + S (26)
dt
dh7
m = - aPTP7 + aE TE + an Tn + aS TS + S (27)
dt
dh8
m = - aPTP + aE TE + aS TS (28)
dt

from these equation enthalpies are calculated and then calculate the quantity of
heat must be transferred in the process.

m
(h−h° ) = - Q1 – Q2 – Q3 – Q4 …………………….29
∆t
m
h=−(a E + aW +a N + ag ) + aETE +aNTN ……………………30
∆t
 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

8 4
Q Q
3
7 Q

2
6 Q

1
5 Q
R1

1 1 thic 1
R1 = h A + KA + h A T °=f (h)
w 1

HW → h
→ liquid h1 → nature Conv vertical plate
K PCM
→ h1 =
v d /2

The quantity of heat are calculated from :

1
Q1 = R (T 2−T w ) ……………….31
1

K PCM Á
Q2 = (T 2−T 3 ) …………………..32
d
K PCM Á
Q3 = (T 2−T 1 ) …………………………..33
d
 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

Q4 = (T2 – T6) …………………………………35

1 th ic 1
R2 = h A + A + h A
1 2

Q = m cp ∆ T …………….36
mwcp ∆ T w=m1 hfg 1+ ∆ t pch ………………37
the parameters of heat transfer equivalent coefficient are calculated as:
1
aW = R h< hf → h=c p T
1

1
aE = R h f <h< hg T = const
2

KN ∆ X
aN = dy
h> hy T = cp ℓ(T-Tp) +hg

KS ∆ X
aS = dy

ap = Ean
dh
m dt =−a p T p +a E T E +a W T W +a N T N + aS T S + S …………38

where:
Tw
S= R
1

3.3.Solution method using Runge-Kutta 4th order :

Runge-Kutta 4th order method is a numerical technique used to solve ordinary
differential equation of the form:
dy
=f ( x , y ) , y ( 0 )= y 0
dx ………………..39
So only first order ordinary differential equations can be solved by using the
Runge-Kutta 4th order method.
The four factor K1,K2,K3 and K4 are calculated as:
 Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

1
y i+1 = y i + k + 2k 2 +2 k 3 + k 4 ) h
6( 1 ………..40
k 1 =f ( xi , y i )
………………41
1 1
(
k 2 =f x i + h , y i + k 1 h
2 2 ) ………………..42
1 1
(
k 3 =f x i + h , y i + k 2 h
2 2 ) ………………….43
k 4 =f ( x i +h , y i + k 3 h )
………………………44
The flow chart for RK4 are shown below:
Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling of Process

Figure(3.4) Flow chart of RK4