Battle of Goodenough Island

10/22/2020 Battle of Goodenough Island - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 09°20′25″S 150°16′03″E
Battle of Goodenough Island
Battle of Goodenough Island

Part of the New Guinea Campaign
of the Pacific Theater (World War II)
Australian soldiers with a Japanese

flag captured during the fighting at
Goodenough Island
Date 22–27 October 1942

Location Goodenough Island,
Territory of Papua
09°20′25″S
150°16′03″E
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Australia Japan
United
States
Commanders and leaders
Arthur Torashige
Arnold Tsukioka
Keith
Gategood
Strength
640 353 initially,
285 during
ground fighting
Casualties and losses
13 killed, 20 killed,
19 wounded 15 wounded,
1 prisoner
The Battle of Goodenough Island (22–27 October 1942), also known as Operation Drake, was
a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II. The Allies landed on Goodenough Island, Papua,
and clashed with a Japanese Kaigun Rikusentai (Special Naval Landing Force). The Japanese troops
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goodenough_Island 1/10
had been stranded on the island during the Battle of Milne Bay in late August 1942. "Drake Force",
consisting of the Australian 2/12th Battalion and attachments, landed on the southern tip of
Goodenough Island at Mud Bay and Taleba Bay on 22 October, tasked with denying the Japanese use
of the island prior to the Buna campaign. Following a short but intense fight, the Japanese forces
withdrew to Fergusson Island on 27 October. After the battle, Goodenough Island was developed into
a major Allied base for operations later in the war.
Contents
Background
Prelude
Battle
Aftermath
See also
Notes
References
Background
Goodenough Island is the northernmost of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands to the north-east of Papua,
separated by the 15-mile (24 km) wide Ward Hunt Strait. The island is 65 miles (105 km) by sea from
Milne Bay and 185 miles (298 km) from Port Moresby. Its position along the sea route between Buna
and Milne Bay made it strategically important during late 1942. The island is roughly oval shaped,
measuring 21 miles (34 km) long and 13 miles (21 km) across. The coastal belt is up to 5 miles
(8.0 km) wide, covered in grasslands and dissected by streams and coastal swamps. The island rises
sharply to the central summit of Mount Vineuo, 8,000 feet (2,400 m) above sea level.[1]
While the western side of the island was covered in rain forest and jungle, there were grassy plains on
the north-eastern side covered in kunai and kangaroo grass. These were suitable sites for airfield
development, but the best anchorages were at Mud Bay on the south-eastern side, Taleba Bay on the
south-western, and Beli Beli Bay on the eastern side. Other sites were obstructed by coral reefs or
exposed to the weather, or could only accommodate shallow-draught vessels drawing 12 feet (3.7 m)
or less, making them unsuitable for development. The island had no roads, and there was no motor or
animal transport. Neither the interior of the island nor the surrounding waters were adequately
charted in 1942. Important features were often missing from maps, and the spellings of the names of
some features differed from one map to another.[1]
Aircraft and ships travelling between Milne Bay and Buna had to pass close to Goodenough Island.
An Allied presence on the island could provide warning of Japanese operations while denying the
Japanese that opportunity. Goodenough Island also had flat areas suitable for the construction of
emergency airstrips.[2]
Prelude
In early August 1942, a small detachment of an American fighter control squadron had been
stationed on Goodenough Island to provide advance warning to the Australian fighters based at Milne
Bay.[2] On 7 August, five Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) P-40 Kittyhawks of No. 76 Squadron
made forced landings on the grassy plains. One crashed on landing and had to be written off, but
after makeshift airstrips were cut through the grass, the remaining four were able to fly out
again.[3][4]
On 24 August, seven landing craft carrying 353 Japanese Special

Naval Landing Forces troops of Commander Torashige
Tsukioka's 5th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force,[5]
supplemented by a few engineers of the 14th and 15th Pioneer
Units (Setsueitai),[6][7] set out from Cape Nelson in the dark to
participate in the attack on the Allied forces at Milne Bay. Upon
reaching Goodenough Island they were unable to locate a
suitable hiding place during the day for their landing craft, which The pilot and support crew of a
had to be left on the beach, where the Allies discovered them. A No. 79 Squadron RAAF Spitfire Mk
coastwatcher at Cape Nelson reported the Japanese movements, Vc on Goodenough Island, July
and Milne Bay received a report around midday on 25 August 1943
that Japanese were on the west coast of Goodenough Island. Nine
Kittyhawks from No. 75 Squadron RAAF were despatched to
investigate. They located the landing craft and destroyed all seven, along with the Japanese force's
radio and most of its stores.[7][8] The air raid killed eight Japanese; the survivors, lacking transport,
were stranded.[9] Meanwhile, the American detachment on Goodenough Island destroyed its own
radios and withdrew from the island.[2]
News of what had occurred on Goodenough Island reached the Japanese command on 9 September
via an orderly who had made his way back to Buna in a canoe. The destroyers Yayoi and Isokaze set
out from Rabaul to rescue the men on 10 September.[8] Allied aircraft sighted them the next day. The
destroyers USS Selfridge, Bagley, Henley and Helm, under Captain Cornelius W. Flynn, USN, were
detached from Task Force 44 to intercept. They did not locate the Japanese destroyers, but five
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses did. Isokaze escaped, despite a near-miss, but Yayoi sank after taking a
direct hit on the stern that set her on fire. Her survivors reached Normanby Island, where they found
themselves in a similar predicament to their compatriots on Goodenough Island.[10] After the attack,
Isokaze returned to the area where Yayoi had gone down, finding an oil slick, but no survivors. On 22
September, Isokaze returned again, this time with the destroyer Mochizuki, and together they found
ten survivors in a launch. The two destroyers then searched the coast of Normanby Island without
success. The next day a patrol plane spotted another ten survivors, who were rescued on 26
September.[11]
The presence of shipwrecked Japanese sailors on Normanby Island presented no military threat to
the Allied forces at Milne Bay, who had repulsed the Japanese landing there earlier, but Captain A. T.
Timperley, the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit (ANGAU) officer responsible for the
D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands, argued that they posed a threat to the indigenous population
and Australia's reputation as its protector.[12] C Company, 2/10th Infantry Battalion, under the
command of Captain J. Brocksopp, was ordered to land on Normanby Island. Leaving Gili Gili on the
destroyer HMAS Stuart on 21 September, Brocksopp's company landed at Nadi Nadi on 22
September, and experienced no opposition. It took eight Japanese as prisoners before returning to
Milne Bay on Stuart on 23 September.[13]
Meanwhile, messages and food supplies had been air dropped by the Japanese to their troops on
Goodenough on 10 and 12 September.[14] On 3 October, the submarine I-1 arrived at Goodenough
Island, and dropped off rations, ammunition, medical supplies, a radio, and a landing craft. It took 71
sick or wounded men, all it could carry, back to Rabaul, along with the bodies of 13 dead. This left 285
Japanese troops on the island, most of whom were suffering from malaria. I-1 returned on 13 October
with more rations and medical supplies and a second landing craft,[15] but an Allied aircraft that
dropped a flare drove her off. On 15 October, the Japanese received a radio message warning that the
Allies were showing considerable interest in Goodenough Island and were likely to invade.[11][14]
The Allied Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific Area, General Douglas MacArthur, issued
new orders on 1 October:
Our Forces in the Southwest Pacific

Area [will] attack with the immediate
objective of driving the Japanese to
the northward of the Kumusi River
line. The New Guinea Force will:
1. Advance along the axes Nauro–

Kokoda–Wairopi and Rigo–
Dorobisolo–Jaure–Wairopi and/or
Abau–Namudi–Jaure–Wairopi
Trail, both inclusive, with the
objective of securing the line of
the Kumusi River from Awalama
Divide to the crossing of the General MacArthur's plan of advance on Buna-Gona,
Kokoda–Buna Trail, both October 1942. Goodenough Island lies on Axis III.
inclusive.
2. Occupy and hold Goodenough
Island and the north coast of
Southeastern New Guinea south
of Cape Nelson in such force as to
deny these areas to the Japanese
forces.
3. Upon securing these objectives,
all land forces will prepare for
further advance to secure the area
Buna–Gona upon further orders of
this Headquarters.[16]
Battle
As part of an operation codenamed "Drake", the 2/12th Infantry Battalion, a Second Australian
Imperial Force unit from the 18th Infantry Brigade, which was composed mainly of men from
Queensland and Tasmania, was selected to invade Goodenough Island, having taken part in the
fighting around Milne Bay in August and September. Its commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel
Arthur Arnold, as the commander of Drake Force, was ordered to destroy the Japanese force there,
re-establish the coastwatching and radar warning posts, and reconnoitre the island for airfield sites.
Intelligence reports indicated that there were approximately 300 Japanese troops on the island,
mainly concentrated in the Galaiwau Bay–Kilia Mission area in the south-east.[17] The Japanese were
believed to be short of food and ammunition, and suffering from malnutrition and disease.[18]
Boarding the destroyers HMAS Stuart and Arunta in Milne Bay on 22 October,[19] the Australian
troops were transported to Goodenough Island escorted by Task Force 44. Arriving that night, the
battalion disembarked on both sides of the island's southern tip. Arnold planned to trap the Japanese
between the main force of 520 men commanded by himself that landed at Mud Bay, and a smaller
one of 120 men, mostly from C Company, commanded by Major Keith Gategood, which landed at
Taleba Bay, about 6 miles (10 km) away.[20] Australian landing craft were unavailable, but the 2/12th
Infantry Battalion had three ketches, the Matoma, Maclaren King and Tieryo, three Japanese
landing craft that had been captured in the Battle of Milne Bay, and two powered whaleboats.[18]
Seven days' rations were carried on these craft, and another seven days' on the two destroyers. Each
man carried three days' rations.[21]
Drake Force had two AWA 3B Wireless Sets for maintaining communication with Milne Force. One
was taken to Mud Bay while the other remained on Arunta. Two Army No. 101 Wireless Sets enabled
battalion headquarters to communicate with Mud Bay. Each company had an Army No. 108 Wireless
Set to talk to battalion headquarters.[22]
The Mud Bay force travelled in Arunta and came

ashore at around 23:00 in the Maclaren King,
two of the ship's launches, the three Japanese
landing craft and the two powered
whaleboats. [23] A base was established at Mud
Bay, where a dressing station was prepared and
heavy equipment, including all but one 2-inch
mortar per company, was cached. The Australians
then set out on a gruelling march to Kilia, guided
by Papuan policemen.[17][24] As they moved off, a
violent thunderstorm broke, and it started to rain
heavily.[25] The force pushed on toward Kilia, but
made slow progress that night due to the steep
terrain and heavy rain. They were still half a mile
from Kilia at 08:30 on 23 October, when they
encountered the Japanese.[20]
The Australians were crossing a creek that was in

front of a steep hill. The Japanese commander
waited until the Australians were almost at his
position before opening fire with machine guns
and mortars. The troops who had crossed the
Map of Goodenough Island, showing sites of wartime
creek found hand grenades were being rolled
base development
down the hill at them; those behind it were
pinned down by heavy and accurate fire. Arnold
decided to pull back.[26] That night, he formed a
defensive position, and beat off a small Japanese attack.[27]
Meanwhile, the Taleba Bay force on Stuart transferred to Tieryo, a ship's launch and a ship's
whaleboat,[23] and was ashore by 03:30 on 23 October. They captured a Japanese machine gun
position at about 06:00. Two platoons went south where they were engaged by Japanese forces. The
Japanese were driven beyond Niubulu Creek, but a heavy Japanese counterattack from the north at
09:00 inflicted casualties on the Australians and forced them to withdraw from the area. Gategood
broke radio silence and attempted to contact Arnold on the 108 set, but was unable to reach him.
After this, they came under heavy mortar and machine gun fire, which inflicted heavy casualties.
Having lost six men killed and ten wounded, with three more posted as missing, the Australians were
forced to fall back under pressure from the pursuing Japanese. Lieutenant Clifford Hoskings would
later receive the Military Cross for silencing a Japanese machine gun in the ensuing fighting.[28]
Faced with being overrun, Gategood withdrew his force even further, at first back to Taleba Bay, and
then to Mud Bay aboard Stuart, arriving on 24 October.[20]
Gategood could not get through on the radio because the petrol generator that supplied power to the
radios at Mud Bay had broken down, thereby cutting Arnold's link with Mud Bay, Milne Force and
Taleba Bay. Arnold launched an attack on Kilia at 09:10, supported by two three-inch mortars and a
hundred rounds that had been brought up from Mud Bay. A promised air strike failed to arrive.
Instead, Japanese aircraft strafed the Australian positions, as well as the ketch Maclaren King in
Mud Bay with wounded men on board, resulting in further casualties. Arnold attempted a flanking
movement with A Company, but it became lost in the jungle. The attack then became a frontal one
against the main Japanese defences, which Arnold chose not to press.[29]
With the Australian forces unable to advance, the Japanese withdrew during the night. They were
transported, along with their equipment and supplies, by their two landing craft to Fergusson Island,
where they arrived at dawn on 25 October. From there, 261 men were collected by the light cruiser
Tenryū the following day.[8][30][31] The 2/12th Infantry Battalion

then pressed on from Kilia to Galaiwai Bay, meeting no
resistance and finding well-prepared but unmanned defences.[20]
The bombing and strafing of villages by the Allied Air Forces

caused some 600 Goodenough Islanders to flee to Fergusson
Island, where Timperley's ANGAU detachment had set up a
refugee camp and was caring for them until the fighting was over
and they could safely return.[24] Australian losses on Goodenough Island, seen in
Goodenough Island were 13 killed in action or died of wounds, November 1942 from the ketch
and 19 wounded. The Japanese suffered 20 killed and 15 Maclaren King, which acted as a
wounded during the battle,[20] but the 2/12th counted 39 dead. ferry between Milne Bay and
However, this was only an estimate as the Japanese had been Goodenough Island
able to retrieve and bury their dead, which had made it difficult
for the Australians to accurately determine their casualties.[32]
Despite the evacuation, some Japanese were left behind. One was captured by islanders on 30
October and handed over to Timperley.[33] Two died from malaria in November 1942, and another,
Shigeki Yokota, evaded capture until he was taken prisoner in July 1943.[34]
Aftermath
Deception
Two American officers, one each from the Air Corps and the
Corps of Engineers, had accompanied the 2/12th Infantry
Battalion's landing on Goodenough Island with the mission of
locating suitable sites for airbases and air warning facilities. They
found good sites around Vivigani and Wataluma. The Vivigani
site was cleared by local labourers who established a 4,000-foot
(1,200 m) by 100-foot (30 m) emergency fighter landing strip.
The 1st Battalion, 91st Engineer General Service Regiment, was
assigned the task of developing Vivigani Airfield into a major
airbase capable of handling heavy bombers.[35] The 2/12th
Infantry Battalion remained on the island until the end of
Imitation barbed wire entanglements December, eventually being shipped to Oro Bay on the night of
made from jungle creepers. Bluff 28–29 December to join the attack on Buna on 31 December,[36]
and deception were used to mislead leaving 75 men behind. The American engineers were withdrawn
the Japanese to thinking that at
to Port Moresby.[35]
least one brigade occupied the
island. Without the engineers, the plans to develop Goodenough Island
had to be postponed. Due to the strategic importance of the
island for the forthcoming operations against the Imperial
Japanese forces in the South West Pacific Area, the small Australian occupation force used deception
and camouflage to make the Japanese believe that a brigade-sized force occupied the island. They
fabricated dummy structures, including a hospital, anti-aircraft guns constructed of simple logs
pointed at the sky, and barricades of jungle vines which looked like barbed wire. They also lit fires to
appear as cooking fires for large numbers of soldiers, and sent messages in easily broken codes
consistent with a brigade.[35][37]
Garrison
A new garrison, the Australian 47th Infantry Battalion, a Militia unit under the command of
Lieutenant Colonel Henry Tasker, arrived from Milne Bay on 4 March 1943. This became the major
component of Drake Force, which also included a company of the 4th Field Ambulance, C Troop of
the 2/10th Field Battery, B Troop of the 2/17th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery, a section of the 11th Field
Company, and detachments of signals, workshop and camouflage units. In all, Drake Force had a
total strength of about 720 men. On 5 and 6 March, Japanese bombers attacked ships in the
anchorage, and the airstrip and village at Vivigani. They wounded two men, but caused no
damage.[38]
In the aftermath of the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, Japanese troops and sailors were again
shipwrecked on Goodenough Island. Responding to reports from ANGAU, the police and civilian
informants, patrols searched the island for Japanese survivors.[39] In a week of vigorous patrolling
between 8 and 14 March 1943, the 47th Infantry Battalion located and killed 72 Japanese, captured
42, and found another nine dead on a raft.[40] A remarkable coup was achieved by a patrol under
Captain Joseph Pascoe that killed eight Japanese who had landed in two flat-bottomed boats. In the
boats they found documents in sealed tins. On translation by the Allied Translator and Interpreter
Section, one document turned out to be a copy of the Japanese Army List, with the names and
postings of every officer. It therefore provided a complete order of battle of the Japanese Army,
including many units never previously reported. Moreover, a mention of any Japanese officer could
now be correlated with his unit. Copies were made available to intelligence units in every theatre of
war against Japan.[40][41]
Base development
A four-man survey party from No. 5 Mobile Works Squadron RAAF

arrived on Goodenough Island on 3 January 1943. They selected Beli
Beli Bay as a suitable site for an anchorage.[42] Here, a 5,000-ton
(14,000 m3) ship could anchor half a mile (0.8 km) offshore with some
degree of shelter from the south-east and north-west.[43] A member of
the survey team and a hundred local workers recruited by ANGAU
began constructing a jetty at Beli Beli Bay and improving the foot track
to Vivigani. An advance party of 54 men from No. 5 Mobile Works
Squadron arrived on 27 February 1943.[44][45]
Plans for Operation Chronicle, the invasion of Woodlark and Kiriwina

Islands, called for fighter cover from Goodenough Island. The operation
was scheduled for June 1943, so the pace of construction work was Work in progress on the
accelerated. The rest of No. 5 Mobile Works Squadron arrived in late roof during the construction
March, followed by No. 7 Mobile Works Squadron in April. A 5,100-foot of an "igloo" hangar by
(1,600 m) fighter strip was completed and sealed with a mixture of members of No. 7 Mobile
Works Squadron RAAF
gravel and bitumen. P-40 Kittyhawks of No. 77 Squadron RAAF arrived
on 12 June.[46][45] It was joined by Nos. 76 and 79 Squadrons RAAF on
16 June, and No. 73 Wing RAAF assumed control of the three fighter
squadrons on the island.[47] A 6,000-foot (1,800 m) by 100-foot (30 m) bomber strip was completed
on 20 October, although No. 30 Squadron RAAF had already commenced operations from the strip
on 10 October. Work on the airbase at Vivigani continued until November, by which time there were
taxiways and dispersal areas for 24 heavy and 60 medium bombers, and 115 fighters. No. 7 Mobile
Works Squadron also built two wharves for Liberty ships.[46][45]
The island, now codenamed "Amoeba", became a staging point and supply base for operations in New
Guinea and New Britain, and USASOS Sub Base C was established on the island on 27 April 1943.[48]
Sub Base C was abolished in July when responsibility for Goodenough Island passed to Alamo Force,
whose headquarters opened on Goodenough Island on 15 August. From there, it directed operations
in the Battles of Arawae and Cape Gloucester, and the landing at Saidor.[49]
In August 1943, Goodenough Island was chosen as the site for a number of hospitals to treat
casualties incurred as Allied forces advanced through the Pacific. Work on the 750-bed 360th Station
Hospital commenced on 15 September 1943, followed by the 1,000-bed 9th General Hospital on
4 November. A staging area for 60,000 troops was also established on the island. Thousands of
American troops later passed through Goodenough Island before the base was closed at the end of
1944.[49]
See also
Battle of Goodenough Island order of battle
Notes
1. Allied Geographical Section 1942, pp. 1–7.
2. Casey 1951, p. 138.
3. Gillison 1962, p. 607.
4. Allied Geographical Section 1942, p. 8.
5. Collie & Marutani 2009, p. 99.
6. Tanaka 1980, p. 24.
7. Gillison 1962, pp. 607–608.
8. Tanaka 1980, p. 27.
9. Graeme-Evans 1991, p. 181.
10. Gill 1968, pp. 173–174.
11. Collie & Marutani 2009, pp. 112–113.
12. McCarthy 1959, pp. 158, 346–347.
13. McCarthy 1959, pp. 346–347.
14. Bullard 2007, pp. 178–179.
16. McCarthy 1959, p. 260.
17. McCarthy 1959, p. 347.
19. Gill 1968, p. 182.
20. McCarthy 1959, pp. 347–349.
24. Powell 2003, p. 117.
26. Graeme-Evans 1991, pp. 192–194.
28. Graeme-Evans 1991, pp. 197–198.
29. Graeme-Evans 1991, pp. 198–201.
31. Collie & Marutani 2009, pp. 113–114.
34. "Yokota Shigeki interrogation report" (http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/29cfc8bae78d355cca2

56552007c6050/809aa35094a4e5b2ca256e77001bc623?OpenDocument). Australian War
Memorial. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
35. Casey 1951, pp. 138–140.
36. Milner 1957, p. 304.
37. Willoughby 1966, p. 80.
38. "War Diary, 47th Infantry Battalion, AWM52, Item 8/3/86/6: March – April 1943" (https://www.awm.
gov.au/collection/RCDIG1026540/). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
39. Powell 2003, pp. 117–118.
40. Dexter 1961, p. 10.
41. Drea 1992, pp. 73–74.
42. Casey 1951, p. 140.
43. Allied Geographical Section 1942, p. 3.
44. Casey 1951, pp. 140–142.
45. Wilson 1998, pp. 48–49.
46. Casey 1951, pp. 142–143.
47. Odgers 1957, p. 33.
48. Mayo 1968, pp. 368.
49. Casey 1951, pp. 145–146.
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Battle of Goodenough Island

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10/22/2020 Battle of Goodenough Island - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 09°20′25″S 150°16′03″E

Battle of Goodenough Island

Battle of Goodenough Island

Australian soldiers with a Japanese

Date 22–27 October 1942

On 24 August, seven landing craft carrying 353 Japanese Special

Our Forces in the Southwest Pacific

1. Advance along the axes Nauro–

Set to talk to battalion headquarters.[22]

The Mud Bay force travelled in Arunta and came

The Australians were crossing a creek that was in

Tenryū the following day.[8][30][31] The 2/12th Infantry Battalion

The bombing and strafing of villages by the Allied Air Forces

A four-man survey party from No. 5 Mobile Works Squadron RAAF

Plans for Operation Chronicle, the invasion of Woodlark and Kiriwina

34. "Yokota Shigeki interrogation report" (http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/29cfc8bae78d355cca2

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Goodenough_Island&oldid=984803184"

This page was last edited on 22 October 2020, at 05:49 (UTC).

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