IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Vol. EI-21 No.

3, June 1986 511

PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF DRY HUMAN SKIN

D. De Rossi, C. Domenici

Centro "E. Piaggio"

Universita di Pisa
and
Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del C. N. R.
Pisa, Italy
and
P. Pastacaldi
Divisione di Chirurgia Plastica
USL 12, Pisa, Italy

ABSTRACT

Mechanoelectrical conversion properties of dry human skin

have been examined and their origin investigated in dermis,
epidermis and horny layer. Shear stress piezoelectricity
is observed in all three cutaneous sections. Piezoelectric
properties of dermis can be ascribed to its collagen struc-
tural network, while the piezoelectric properties of epider-
mis appear to originate from partially oriented a-helical
keratin-like tonofibrils. The highest piezoelectric coef-
ficients have been found in horny layer samples. The values
of thickness-compression piezoelectric coefficients were so
low that they were not discernable from the intrinsic noise
of the measuring system. Although thermally generated
currents have been observed in the course of thermal pulse
experiments, no evidence of relevant contributions from
pyroelectric (polar) responses has been noticed in all
cutaneous compartments.

INTRODUCTION
Different biological tissues show the ability to con-
vert mechanical and thermal stimuli into electric sig-
nals [1]. Extensive studies are available [2], exam-
ining mechanoelectrical properties of bone both in the
dry and in the moist, physiological state.
The hypothesis ascribing bone mechanoelectric trans-
duction to piezoelectric properties of the collagenous
structure in the dry state and to electrokinetic phe-
nomena (streaming potentials) in the moist state nowa-
days has a large consensus [3]. The eventual role of
these phenomena on bone regrowth and healing is pre-
sently largely debated. However, the mechanoelectrical
properties of human skin have been very little studied
and their origin is largely unknown.
Shamos and Lavine [41 have reported observations of
direct piezoelectric effects in dry, whole human skin
samples from the forearm and callus from the sole.
These authors, by analogy with the behavior of bone
and tendons, ascribe the piezoelectric properties of
human skin to oriented collagen fibrils in dermis.
Athenstaedt et al. [5] have examined fresh human
skin samples both in vitro and in vivo, reaching the
conclusion that the observed electrical signals ob-
tained in response to mechanical or thermal stimuli are
intrinsically of piezo- and pyroelectric nature. The
same authors reported measurements performed on dry
skin observing a reduced (20 to 60% less) mechanoelec-
trical activity compared to moist samples.
It is worthwhile noting that, while Shamos and Lavine
ascribe the piezoelectric properties of human skin to
dermal collagen network, Athenstaedt et al. suggest
that these properties originate-from uniaxially orien-
ted polar keratin filaments in the basal cells layer of
epidermis. To clarify the nature of mechanoelectrical
transduction phenomena in human skin and to comprehend
better their microscopic origin, a systematic study of
these properties both in the dry and moist state has
been undertaken. We report here results obtained on
dry human skin samples.
SAMPLE PREPARATION
Several samples of human skin from breast, thigh, pre-

0018-9367/86/0600-0511$01.00 @ 1986 IEEE

5I2 IEEE Transactions on Electrical
puce, and callus from sole have been obtained from pa-
tients undergoing plastic surgery. Prepuce samples
were used because they are almost entirely composed of
true epidermal tissue (the horny layer is virtually
absent).
The samples were rinsed in distilled water, cut into
circular shape (2 cm diameter) and separated into their
dermal, epidermal and horny layer components by micro-
surgical operations. The samples were dehydrated in
vacuum for 12 h.
Typical dehydrated sample thickness was 300 to 400
vim for whole epidermis, 100 to 200 vm for horny layer
and 300 to 500 vm for dermis. Electrodes made of con-
ducting silver-loaded paint (Acheson Colloiden B.V.,
Scheemda, Holland) were applied by brushing on the sur-
faces of the samples used in piezoelectric measurements.
Colloidal graphite electrodes were sprayed on the sam-
ples used in thermal pulse experiments. After appli-
cation of the electrodes the samples were again vacuum
dried for two hours.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Dry skin is an anisotropic material which contains
oriented polar crystallites in an amorphous organic
matter, and its piezoelectric characterization would in
principle require determination of 18 components of the
piezoelectric coefficient third-rank tensor d.. (the
reduced matrix notation [6] has been used in iie pre-
sent work). di are the proportionality constants be-
tween the applied mechanical stress T and the generated
electrical polarization P:
6 providing pyroelectric informations integrated over the
i i i (l
=1 _j
When studying piezoelectric properties of biopolymers
it is customary [7] to define a cartesian coordinate
system where the z-3 axis coincides with the assumed
prevailing orientation of electric dipoles, which for
a-helical proteins, is colinear with the helix long
axis. The x_1 axis is assumed to be perpendicular to
to the skin surface.
Following these definitions, d14 represents the
shear piezoelectric coefficient obtained by measuring
the electrical charges on electrodes deposited on skin
surfaces, generated by applying an uniaxial mechanical
stress in the skin plane directed 450 from the prefer-
ential orientation of piezoelectric protein fibers.
Because skin shows relaxational dispersion [8], the
d coefficients are in fact complex quantities having
an in-phase d' real part and an out-of phase d " complex voluted with a time-dependent temperature distribution,
part. A frequency dependence of the piezoelectric co-
efficients in this case has to be expected.
Angular dependence in the plane of the samples (der- the purpose of the present work, however, we were only
mis, true epidermis and horny layer) of d' and of the
real part of the elastic modulus c' have been measured
at 25°C and at the frequencies of 1, 10, and 30 Hz using electric response may be eventually concentrated only
a Rheolograph Piezo (Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho, Tokyo,
Japan). The dependence of real d' and imaginary part
d" of shear piezoelectric coefficient on temperature
from -100°C to 1000C at 10 Hz have also been measured,
using the same apparatus.
Thickness-compression piezoelectric measurements
Insulation Vol. EI-211 No3` June 1986
have been performed by applying square wave stress
pulses generated by a flat circular plastic pin, driven
by an electromagnetic shaker. Load readings have been
performed by means of a miniature load cell (Type 9201,
Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland) me-
chanically in series with the sample, while charge gen-
erated by skin samples were detected by means of a
charge amplifier (Type 5007, Kistler Instrumente AG,
Winterthur, Switzerland). Two different methods have
been used to determine the eventual pyroelectricity of
skin samples. The first method, also called the static
method [9], is the only one capable of giving absolute
values of the pyroelectric coefficient. The measure-
ments have been implemented using a Thermo Controller
Unit (Toyo Seiki, Seisaku-sho, Tokyo, Japan) where the
temperature has been raised at a rate of 2°C per minute.
The voltage appearing at the electrodes was measured
with a very high input impedance (1015 Q) voltmeter
built around a FET-input electrometer operational am-
plifier (AD 515 J, Analog Devices, Norwood, MA, USA).
This method, however, is known to be effected by er-
rors related to voltages not of pyroelectric origin
which are spontaneously generated by the sample and by
voltages generated by any piezoelectric material when it
is nonuniformly heated (tertiary pyroelectric effect).
To provide an alternative measuring techniques, the
rectangular pulse heating method [9] has been used,
although this method is capable of providing only rela-
tive values of the pyroelectric coefficient.
A sharply focused 50 W incandescent lamp was used as
light source and light pulses of 1 s duration were de-
livered to the skin samples to change the temperature.
However, both the static method and the classical
rectangular pulse heating method are only capable of
sample thickness.
To probe the spatial distribution of polarization
across the thickness of the epidermis sample, as re-
quired to evaluate the hypotesis of a pyroelectric acti-
vity in the basal cell layer tonofibrils, the Collins'
thermal pulse method [10] has been used.
A very short (1 ms) duration light pulse, generated by
an electronic flash lamp, was delivered to the sample
located in a shielded, hermetic cell through a glass
window; voltage at the electrodes was amplified with the
Ad 515 J operational amplifier and recorded by means of
a 7912AD Tektronix transient recorder.
The physical basis of this method resides in produc-
ing, by means of thermal diffusion, a transient inhomo-
geneous strain across the sample, in order to measure
its inho-moc,neous pyroelectric res-ponsc. Altlhough the
information about the polarization distribution is con-
a deconvolution process is typically applied to the ex-
perimental data to obtain the first few Fourier coef-
ficients of the polarization distribution [11]. For
interested to detect a limiting case of spatial distri-
bution of polarization inside epidermis where the pyro-
at one very superficial layer of the sample.
In this simple case, qualitative inspection of the
volatage-time responses obtained by alternating the side
of the sample in respect to the impinging light is suf-
ficient to determine eventual strong asymmetry in the
pyroelectricity spatial distribution [11].
De Rossi et al.: Piezoelectric properties of dry human skin
RESULTS
Dermis
Typical recordings of the angular dependence of the
real part of the piezoelectric shear coefficient and
elastic modulus are shown in Fig. 1 for dermal samples.
Fig. 1: In-pZane anguZar dependence of the reaZ part
of eZastic modulus (c') and piezoeZectric shear co-
efficient (d') for a sanple of dermis from the
breast.
The values of d'(max) at room temperature have been
found to be of the order of 0.05 to 0.1 pC/N.
The presence of one or two maxima in the in-plane
polar behavior of c' obtained for different samples
from different anatomical sites indicates slight pre-
ferential uniaxial or biaxial orientation of collagen
fibrils in the dermal three-dimensional structural net-
work. The invariably observed bisinusoidal behavior of
d' polar response is similar to the one observed in
oriented collagen structures and uniaxially oriented
synthetic polypeptides [7].
This kind of anisotropy can be generally expressed
through the relation [12]
d' = 0.5 dl4sin(2e) (2)
In the case of prevailing uniaxial anisotropy, such as
shown in Fig. 1, for a composite piezoelectric materi-
al where the degree of orientation is low, the follow-
ing expression can be used [12], assuming collagen to
originate piezoelectric activity:
d' = 0.5 d04 1cF sin[2(O - 0 )] (3)
where dC'4
is the shear piezoelectric coefficient for
the single crystallite, b the volume fraction of the
paracrystalline piezoelecYric component (collagen) in
the sample, Fc the degree of orientation of collagen
fibers, and 0c the angle of average direction of colla-
gen crystallites orientation.
513
Referring to Fig. 1, if we assume the angle of average
direction of collagen crystallites orientation corre-
sponds to the maximum of angular response of the real
part of elastic modulus, 8c=90 '. The relationship d(e)
should be hence represented by the function:
d' = 0.5d1c v F sin[2(O - 2J] (4)
As the maa itude of d 4 has been measured to be 6 pC/N
(18.2xlO- cgsesu) [13], the volume fraction of collagen
4v in dried dermis is approximately 0.75 [14] and the
measured d'(O) for dermis has been found to be 3.3xlO09
cgsesu, it follows from Eq. 4 that F..= 0.05. This low
value of F. would indeed imply an almost random distri-
bution of collagen fiber orientation in the plane of
the dermis.
This finding is indeed compatible with ultrastructur-
al observations [15]. To obtain further evidence of
collagen being at the origin of piezoelectric proper-
ties of dermis, the temperature dependence of the real
and imaginary components of d of dried dermis have been
measured and compared with the temperature dependence
of df4 and d'c4 of pure, uniaxially oriented collagen
at the relative humidity of 39% [16]. As shown in
Fig. 2, the pattern of the two curves is very similar,
although a shift is present along the temperature axis.
It is known [17] that increasing water content shifts
the d'(T) curve toward lower temperature, so we ascribe
this discrepancy to the higher water content of the
pure collagen sample.
Epidermis
Typical recording of c' and d' angular dependence
are shown in Fig. 3 for samples of whole epidermis
(horny layer was not removed).
The value of d'(max) at room temperature has been
found to be typically of the order of 0.01 to 0.03
pC/N. As in the case of dermis, piezoelectric re-
sponse can be described in terms of in plane shear
stress piezoelectricity originating from slight pre-
ferential orientation (uniaxial or biaxial) of fibrous
proteins in the tissue.
In Fig. 4 the temperature dependences of d' and d"
are reported for true epidermis and horny layer, to-
gether with rhinoceros horn samples. Close similari-
ties can be observed. It appears that, in analogy
with rhinoceros horn samples, the piezoelectric re-
sponse of human epidermis can be ascribed to keratin-
like a-helical fibers. True piezoelectric response
(polar) to uniaxial thickness compression has not been
observed in epidermal samples, although erratic stress-
generated potentials usually were observed.
Thermal pulse experiments were performed on samples
of epidermis to eventually verify the suggested hy-
pothesis [5] of basal cell layer tonofibrils being re-
sponsible for the suggested piezo- and pyroelectric
properties of epidermis. Thermally generated electric
signals were not clearly pyroelectric in nautre, and
sample reversal in respect to the radiant heat source
did not show any marked asymmetry in charge response.
Horny Layer
The characteristic features of piezoelectric response
of the horny layer have been found to be very similar
to those of true epidermis. However, d'(max) of the
horny layer has been found to be of the order of 0.1
5;14 IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Vol. EI-21 No.3, June 1986

They are, in the epidermal cells or in the form of ful-

ly developed keratin in the horny layer or finally as
a three-dimensional network of collagen filaments in
dermis (also containing elastin and reticulin) [15].

E
_- 4 z
i
0.5
13
o

2
z

-0.5

Fig. 3: In-pZane anguZar dependence of the reaZ

part of elastic moduZus (c') and piezoeZectric co-
efficient (dT) for samples of epidermis from the
thigh.

The organization and orientation of fibrous proteins

show distinctive features in the three cutaneous sec-
tions which may prove to be related strictly to the
particular tensorial form assumed by the piezoelectric
e1 coefficients and to the eventual presence of local sym-
metry in the orientational arrangement, which may be
T(C)
>1
compatible with pyroelectric activity.
Fig. S shows a schematic drawing of skin, where the
arrangement of fibrous proteins, as determined from
-Dermis
/ X-ray analysis or ultrastructural observations [15], is
-Oriented Collagen
/
clearly evident.
The collagen network of dermis, as compared to the
collagenous structural frame of other connective tis-
sues such as bone and tendons, appears to be less or-
dered and oriented. Some degree of orientation, how-
ever, exists and it varies from one area to the next.
For the sake of formulating a structural model of
piezoelectricity in dermis, a loose, slightly oriented
Fag. 2: Temrperature dependence of reaZ (dLf) and collagen network is compatible with shear piezoelec-
imaginary (d"' ) parts of shear stress piezoeZectric tricity, but does not support any pyroelectric activi-
coefficient ot human dermis and pure coZZagen ty. These findings have been indeed observed in the
(coZZagen data from [13]). present study as previously described.
A more complex picture needs to be analyzed for what
to 0.2 pC/N, factor 5 to 10 times higher than the
a fibrous proteins arrangement is applicable to human
typical value of true epidermis. Neither pyroelectri c epidermis. It appears that piezoelectric properties in
response nor thickness compression piezoelectricity epidermis originate from a-helical keratin-like tono-
were detected in the horny layer samples. fibrils, and their orientational arrangement is crucial
to infer possible structures of their corresponding co-
efficient tensor. An almost uniaxial orientation of
A MODEL OF SKIN PIEZOELECTRICITY BASED ON tonofibrils perpendicular to the plane of the epider-
MICROSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION mis is indeed found in the basal cells layer [18],
OF FIBROUS PROTEINS these tonofibrils being seen as precursors of fully
developed keratin. The uniaxial arrangements of tono-
fibrils in the basal cells is progressively lost in up-
Fibrous proteins constitute a major component of skin. wards epidermal areas to assume a more isotropic, star-
De Rossi et al.: Piezoelectric properties of dry human skin 515

- - - Rhinoceros horn
14 _ - Skin horny layer
o\ \ - - True epidermis
1
0
E
10

'N

-100 -50 0 50 T(C)

Fig. 5: Schematic diagram showing the Layering of

skin where the fibrous proteins organization is
evident. ExtraceZZuZar coZZagenous mesh of dermis
is shown in the bottom, while the intracelZular
tonofibriZs in the epidermis are shown to pro-
gressiveZy change their orientation from an aZ-
most uniaxiaZ arrangement perpendicuZar to skin
d4 --- Rhinoceros horn surface in the basaZ ceZZ Zayer to an horizontaZ,
.5 - Skin horny layer aZmost uniplanar arrangement in the horny Zayer.
- - True epidermis

which can be hypothesized is C.co().

E
-
-100
_. -50
\E .
-\ 0 50 T(T)
This symmetry calls for the following form of the
piezoelectric coefficient matrix [7]:
-.5
II0 d14 dl 5 0
'\, /''\ ~~~~~~I
0 0

d =
O O d1 5 -d1 4 ° (5)
-1L d31 d31 d33 0 0

This sort of symmetry would also support pyroelectric

activity [9]. This reasoning is the basis of
Athenstaedt's speculations on the origin of pyroelec-
tric activity he claimed to exist in epidermis [5]. Ex-
cept for a layer of one cell thickness (the basal layer)
a more comples form of d should be postulated, were
probably all the 18 d coefficients should be non-zero.
Fig. 4: Temperature dependence of real (df4) and
imaginary (dr ) parts of shear stress piezoeZec- The keratin organization in the horny layer allow to
tric coefficient of human true epidermis and suggest a Dm (X22) form of symmetry and consequently [7]
horny Zayer and rhinoceros horn (rhinoceros a very simple form of the d matrix.
horn data from [13]).
0 0 d14 0 0
d - 0 0 0 0 -d14 0 (6)
like arrangement in the spinous layer t15]. 0
0 00 0

In the horny layer the cells become fully cornified

and flattened, and filaments account for almost half of
the total protein content [15]. These keratin fila-
ments are predominantly parallel to the plane of skin
[19].
In the case of uniaxially oriented tonofibrils in the
basal cell layer, assuming isotropy in the plane per-
pendicular to the helical axis, the kind of symmetry
This kind of symmetry supports neither pyroelectric nor
thickness-compression piezoelectric properties.
The higher degree of in-plane orientation and the
larger fractional content of fibrous proteins in the
horny layer in respect to true epidermis would suggest
a higher piezoelectric activity in the horny layer.
This fact has indeed been observed in the present study,
516 IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Vol. EI-21 No.3, June 1986
SYNTHETIC POLYMER ANALOGS OF
PIEZOELECTRIC DRY SKIN
In the process of investigating the microscopic ori-
gin of piezoelectric properties of biological materi-
als, comparison with artificial piezoelectric material
of inorganic and organic nature, has often been of
valuable help [3]. To provide further insight into the
nature of the piezoelectric activity of true epidermis,
two synthetic polymer analogs have been prepared and
characteri zed.
The first physical model is made of a film of uniaxi-
ally oriented polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a semicrystal-
line biopolymer of bacterial origin which is known to
assume a D (c22) symmetry upon mechanical drawing [20].
PHB samples were supplied by Marlborough Ltd., Stockton-
on-Tees, U.K. in the form of 200pm thick films, uniaxi-
ally stretched to 3.7 times.
The second analog is made of a 120pm thick polyvi-
nylidene fluoride (PVDF) film which has been purposely
poled under a temperature gradient of 40%C and at a low
electric field (0.5 MV/cm) following the method indi-
cated by Marcus [211 to concentrate its piezo- and py-
roelectric activity in a very thin layer close to one
of the electrodes. This would in some aspect model the
given picture of basal cell layer piezo- and pyroelec-
tric properties. Comparative evaluation of the two
polymers with true epidermis samples, performed by the
experimental procedures used in the present work, has
shown a very marked phenomenological analogy between
PHB and epidermis piezoelectric properties.
CONCLUSION
Human dermis, true epidermis, and horny layer, all
show piezoelectric activity. The preponderant contri-
bution appears to originate from shear piezoelectricity
of collagen network in dermis, and a-helical keratin-
like fibrils in epidermis and horny layer. The horny
layer typically shows the highest activity.
No experimental evidence has been found for the sug-
gested hypothesis [5] of pyroelectric response in the
epidermis arising from uniaxially oriented tonofibrils
in the basal cell layer being perpendicular to the der-
mal-epidermal junction. This hypothesis, however, can-
not be totally discarded because more refined measuire-
ment techniques are possibly needed to detect the very
low level of pyroelectric activity and thickness com-
pression piezoelectric response originating from a
single cell layer. Strong contribution to electro-
mechanical or thermomechanical response of human skin
in the dry state has been found to arise from trapped
charges, as is to be expected, because of the high ion-
ic content of skin tissue. Finally, we observed piezo-
electric decay with increasing moisture content. This
fact does not corroborate the hypothesis [5] of piezo-
and pyroelectricity being a major effect in moist skin
electromechanical properties.
REFERENCES
[1] A.J. Grodzinsky, "Electromechanical and physico-
chemical properties of connective tissue" CRC
Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. Vol 9, pp. 133-197, 1983.
[2] C.T. Brighton, J.Black and S.R. Pollack, Elec-
trical properties of bone and cartilage: ex-
perimental effects and clinical applications,
Grune & Stratton NY, 1979.
[3] W.S. Williams, "Piezoelectric effects in biologi-
cal materials", Ferroelectrics Vol 41, pp. 225-
246, 1982.
[4] M.H. Shamos and L.S. Lavine, "Piezoelcetricity as
a fundamental porperty of biological tissues",
Nature Vol 213, pp. 267-269, 1967.
[5] H. Athenstaedt, H. Claussen and D. Schaper,
"Epidermis of human skin: pyroelectric and piezo-
electric sensor layer", Science Vol 216, pp.
1018-1020, 1982.
[6] J.F. Nye, Physical properties of crystals, The
Clarendon Press, Oxford 1957, Chapter 7.
[7] E. Fukada, "Piezoelectric properties of biologi-
cal polymers", Quart. Rev. Biophys. Vol 16, pp.
59-87, 1983.
[8] D. De Rossi, P. Dario and C. Domenici, "The
electret nature of human skin: a model for arti-
ficial tactile sensor arrays" (Abstr.), IVth
Meeting of the European Society of Biomechanics,
Davos (Switzerland), September 1984.
[9] S.B. Lang, "Pyroelectric effect in biological ma-
terials." in Electronic conduction and mechano-
electrical transduction in biological materials,
B. Linpinski Ed., M. Dekker Inc. NY, 1982.
[10] R.E. Collins, "Measurement of charge distribution
in electrets", Rev. Sci. Instrum. Vol 48, pp. 83-
91, 1977.
[11] A,S. De Reffi, C.M. Guttman, F.I. Mopsik, G.T.
Davis and M.G. Broadhurst, "Determination of
charge or polarization distribution across poly-
mer electrets by the thermal pulse method and
Fourier analysis", Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol 40, pp.
413-416, 1978.
[12] T. Furukawa and E. Fukada, "Piezoelectric relaxa-
tion in poly(y-benzyl-gluamate)", J. Polym. Sci.
Phys. Ed. Vol 14, pp. 1979-2010, 1976.
[13] E. Fukada, "Piezoelectricity of biological ma-
terials." in Electronic conduction and mechano-
electrical transduction in biological materials,
B. Lipinski Ed., M. Dekker Inc. NY, 1982.
[14] R.D. Harkness, "Mechanical properties of skin in
relation to its biological function and its chemi-
cal components" in Biophysical properties of the
skin, H.TR. Elden Ed., Wiley & Sons NY, 1971.
[15] W. Montagna and P.F. Parakkal, The structure and
function of skin, 3rd Edition, Academic Press NY,
1974.
[16] E. Fukada, H. Ueda and R, Rinaldi, "Piezoelectric
and related properties if hydrated collagen",
Biophys. J. Vol 16, pp. 911-918, 1976.
[17] H. Maeda and E. Fukada, "Effect of water on piezo-
electric, dielectric and elastic properties of
bone", Biopolymers Vol 21, pp, 2055-2068, 1982.
De Rossi et al.: Piezoelectric properties of dry human skin 517

[18] G.F. Oldland, "The fine structure of the interre-

lationship of cells in the human epidermis", J.
Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. Vol 4, pp. 529-538,
1958.
[19] A.C. Park and C.B. Baddiel, "Rheology of the stra-
tum corneum I0: A molecular interpretation of
the stress strain curves", J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem.
Vol 23, pp. 3-12, 1972.
[20] E. Fukada, "Piezoelectricity of natural biomateri-
als'", Ferroelectrics Vol 60, pp. 285-296, 1984.
[21] M.A. Marcus, "Controlling the piezoelectric acti-
vity distribution in poly(vinylidene fluoride)
transducers", Ferroelectrics Vol 32, pp. 149-155,
1981.

Manuscript was received 4 November 1985.

This paper was presented at the 5th InternationaZ

Symposium on EZectrets, HeideZberg, Germany, 4-6
September 1985.