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Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
INTRODUCTION Section - 1
1. BASICS
1.1 Imaginary Number
Square root of a negative real number is an imaginary number, while solving equation x2 + 1 = 0 we
get x =  1 which is imaginary, so the quantity 1 is denoted by ‘i’ called ‘iota’ thus i  1 .
e.g. 2, 3, 4 ........... may be expressed as i 2 , i 3 , 2 i .........
Properties of iota (i) :

2 3 4
i= 1 so i = –1, i = – 1 and i = 1.
Hence, for n  N, in = i, – 1, – i, 1 attains four values according to the value of n, so
i4n + 1 = i, i4n + 2 = 1, i4n + 3 = – i, i4n + 4 = 1.
1.2 Introduction To Complex Numbers

A complex number z can be written in the following standard form :
z = a + bi where a, b are real numbers and i = 1
 a is known as real part of z i.e. a = Re (z)
 b is known as imaginary part of z i.e. b = Im (z)
 We can write z = Re (z) + i Im (z)
 The modulus of a complex number is denoted by | z |
For z = a + bi ; | z |  a 2  b2
In general : | z |  Re 2 ( z )  Im 2 ( z )
 z is known as conjugate of complex number z.
For z = a + bi ; z = a – bi
i.e. z = Re (z) – i Im (z)
 If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di (a, b, c, d  R)
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then z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d) i, z1 – z2 = (a – c) + (b – d) i and
z1 · z2 = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc) i
z1 a  bi (a  bi) (c  di )  ac  bd   bc  ad 
   2 
2  2 2
i
z2 c  di c2  d 2  c  d   c  d 
 Two complex numbers are equal if and only if
Re (z1) = Re (z2) and Im (z1) = Im (z2).
1.3 Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers

Geometrically, we can represent complex numbers on a plane (known as Argand Plane).
This plane consists of two perpendicular lines known as real axis and imaginary axis. Real axis is drawn
horizontally and imaginary axis is vertical to it. Any complex number can be represented as a point on
this plane.
Let z = a + bi be the point to be represented on this plane. This point is represented through the order
pair (a, b) on the plane. Real part (a) is plotted along the real axis and imaginary part (b) is plotted
along the imaginary axis.
a = Re (z) = horizontal component and
b = Im (z) = vertical component
Modulus of z :
Distance of point P (z) from origin = | z | = a 2  b2 .
Argument of z :
The angle between OP and + ve real axis is known as argument
(or amplitude) of complex number z.
It is represented as arg (z).
arg (z) =  = 2n + tan–1 (b/a) where n  I.
The argument of z has infinite values, all differing by integral multiples
of 2.
The unique value of  such that –  <  is called the principle
argument of the complex number.
How to find principal argument ?
Let z = a + bi and  = tan–1 (b/a)
The principal value depends on the quadrant in which the point (x, y) lies.
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(i) If z lies in the I quadrant i.e. a > 0 and b > 0, then

principal argument =  =  and general argument = 2 k + 
(ii) If z lies in the II quadrant i.e. a<0 and b > 0, then

principal argument =  =  – and general argument = 2 k + ( – )
(iii) If z lies in the III quadrant i.e. a<0 and b < 0, then
principal argument =  = –  + and general argument = 2 k + ( – )
(iv) If z lies in the IV quadrant i.e. a > 0 and b < 0, then

principal argument =  = – and general argument = 2 k – 
Note :
 For points above real axis :  (0, )  For points below real axis :  (–  , 0)
 For points on +ve real axis : =0  For points on -ve real axis :  =
 For points on +ve imaginary axis:  = /2  For points on -ve imaginary axis:  = – /2
Im ( z ) Re ( z ) Im ( z )
In General, tan   cos   sin  
Re ( z ) |z| |z|
1.4 Trigonometric Representation

A complex number can be represented in terms of its modulus | z | and argument .
We already know that Re (z) = | z | cos  and Im (z) = | z | sin 
 z = | z | (cos  + i sin ),
Usually, | z | is denoted by r. Hence, z = r (cos  + i sin )

The above representation is known as trigonometric representation for a complex number.
Illustrating the Concepts:
Express the following complex numbers in the trigonometric forms and hence calculate their principal
arguments. Show the complex numbers on the argand plane.
(i) z1   3  i (ii) z2  1  3i (iii) z3  1  i
(i) z1   3  i | z | 2 
 3 1 
 z1  2    i 
 2 2 
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 3 5 1 5
Replace  cos and  sin to get:
2 6 2 6
 5 5 
 z1  2  cos  i sin  [i.e. Trigonometric form of z1]
 6 6 
5
 argument =
6
(ii) z2  1  3i (| z | 2)
 1 3i 
 z2  2    
 2 2 
 1  2   3  2 
Replace     cos   and  2   sin  3  to get:
 2  3     
  2   2 
z2  2 cos    i sin   [i.e. Trigonometric form of z2]
  3   3 
2
 argument =
3
(iii) z3  1  i | z | 2 
 1 1 
 z3  2   i
 2 2 
1     1    
Replace  cos   and    sin   to get:
2  4   2  4 
       
z3  2 cos    i sin   [i.e. Trigonometric form of z3]
  4   4 

 argument = .
4
1.5 Exponential Representation

Euler’s Theorem :
ei = cos  + i sin 
Using Euler’s theorem and trigonometric representation, a complex number having modulus r and
argument  can be represented as : z = r ei
In this notation : 1 = e0i = e2i, i = ei/2, – i = e–i/2,  = ei2/3, and 2 = e–i2/3 = ei4/3

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1.6 Important Theorems & Properties

1. DeMoivre’s Theorem :
(cos  + i sin )n = cos n  + i sin n  where n is any rational number.

2. Section Formula
If points A (z1) and B (z2) represent the complex numbers z1 and z2 respectively in the Argand
plane, then :
 mz  nz1 
C  2  is the point dividing AB in the ratio m : n.
 mn 
3. | z1 · z2 · z3 ...... zn | = | z1 | | z2 | | z3 | ........ | zn |.
arg (z1 · z2 · z3 ....... zn) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + ......... + arg (zn)
 When complex numbers are multiplied, their modulii get multiplied and their arguments
get added together.
z1 |z | z 
4.  1 ; arg  1   arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )
z2 | z2 |  z2 
 When two complex numbers are divided, their arguments are subtracted to get the argument
of their quotient.
5. (i) z1  z2  z3  ......  zn  z1  z2  z3  ......  zn
(ii) z1 . z2 . z3 ..... . zn  z1 . z2 . z3 ........ z n
 z1  z1  zn   z n
(iii)  
 z2  z2
(iv)  
 

6. z + z = 2 Re (z)  z = –z if z is purely imaginary  Re(z)  0 
z- z =2 i Im (z)  z = z if z is purely real  Im(z)  0 
1
7. z z = | z |2  z = z if |z| = 1
8. | – z | = | z | = | z | and arg ( z ) = – arg (z)

9. | zn | = | z |n
10. (z – z0) is a factor of f (z) if and only if f (z0) = 0

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11. z1 z2  z1 z2  2 Re ( z1 z2 )  2 Re ( z1 z2 )  z1 z2  z1 z2 is purely real
12. | z1  z2 |2  | z1 |2  | z2 |2  ( z1 z2  z1 z2 )
 | z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 Re( z1z2 )  | z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 Re( z1z2 )
13. | z1 + z2 |2  | z1  z 2 |2 = 2 | z1 |2 + 2 | z 2 |2 
 
14. – | z |  Re (z)  | z |, – | z |  Im (z)  | z |
15. Triangle Inequatlity :
(i) | z1 + z2 |  | z1 | + | z2 | (ii) | z1 – z2 |  || z1 | – | z2 ||
ei  1 
16.  i tan
i 2
e 1
I. If z1 = r1 (cos  + i sin ) and z2 = r2 (cos  + i sin  ), show that :

(i) | z1 z2 | = r1 r2 (ii) arg (z1 z2) =  + 
z1 r z 
(iii)  1 (iv) arg  1     
z2 r2  z2 
For (i) and (ii) :
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos  + i sin ) (cos  + i sin )
= r1 r2 (cos  cos  – sin  sin  + i sin  cos  + i cos  sin )
= r1 r2 [cos ( + ) + i sin ( + )]
Comparing with z = | z | (cos  + i sin ), we get :

| z1 z2 | = r1 r2 and arg (z1 z2) =  + 
For (iii) and (iv) :

z1 r1 (cos   i sin )
z2 = r2 (cos   i sin )
r1 (cos   i sin  ) (cos   i sin )

= r (cos   i sin ) (cos   i sin )
2
r1 [cos  cos   sin  sin   i sin  cos   i cos  sin ]
= r
2 cos 2   sin 2 
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r1
= r [cos (  )  i sin (  )]
2
z1 r z 
  1 and arg  1      .
z2 r2  z2 
II. Show that | z1  z2 |2 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  2 Re  z1 z2  .
| z1  z2 |2   z1  z2  z1  z2 
 z1 z1  z2 z2   z1z2  z1z2 
 | z1 |2  | z2 |2   z1z2  z1z2 
 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  2Re  z1z2  [ z + z  2Re  z  ]
Illustration - 1 The simplified form of the expression : (x + 1 + i) (x + 1 – i) (x – 1 + i) (x – 1 – i) is:

(A) x4 - 4 (B) x4 + 4 (C) x4 + 2 (D) x4 - 2
SOLUTION : (B)
= [(x + 1 + i) (x + 1 – i)][(x – 1 + i) (x – 1 – i)] = [(x2 + 2) + 2x] [(x2 + 2) – 2x]
= [(x +1)2 – i2] [(x – 1) 2 – i2)]
= (x2 + 2)2 – (2x)2
= (x2 + 2x + 1 + 1)(x2 – 2x + 1 + 1)
= x4 + 4x2 + 4 – 4x2 = x4 + 4
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Illustration - 2 The value of : 2 x 4  5 x3  7 x 2  x  41, when x   2  3i is:
(A) 4 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 6
SOLUTION : (D)
Given x =  2  3i , so that x + 2 =  i 3 . = 2x2 (x 2
+ 4x + 7) – 3x3 – 7x2 – x + 41
Squaring, (x + 2)2 = 3i2 = – 3 = 2x2. 0 – 3x (x2 + 4x + 7)

+ 5x2 + 20x + 41 [Using (i)]
or x2 + 4x + 7 = 0. . . . .(i)
= – 3x.0 + 5 (x2 + 4x + 7) + 6
Consider, the given expression
2x4 + 5x3 + 7x2 – x + 41 [Using (i)]
= 5.0 + 6 = 6.
Now we will try to make (x2 + 4x + 7) in the
above expression i.e. given expression
Illustration - 3 (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ....(1 + ni) =  + i then the value of 2.5.10.....(1 + n2) is :
(A) 2 /  2 (B) 2  2 (C)  2  2 (D)  2 2

SOLUTION : (C)
We have (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ....... (1 + ni) =  + i
 | (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i).....(1 + ni) | = |  + i|
 | (1 + i) | · | (1 + 2i) | · | (1 + 3i) | ........ | (1 + ni) | = |  + i |
 | 1 + i |2 · | 1 + 2i |2 · | 1 + 3i |2 ....... | 1 + ni |2 = |  + i |2
 (12 + 12) (12 + 22) (12 + 32) ....... (12 + n2) = 2 +  2
 2.5.10 ...... (1 + n2) = 2 +  2.
Illustration - 4 If iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0, then the value of | z | is :

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1/2
SOLUTION : (B)
The given equation is iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0 Now z = i  |z|=|i|=1
3 2 2 2
or iz + z + i z + i = 0 [ i = – 1] and z2 = – i  | z2 | = | i | = 1
or z2 (i z + 1) + i (i z + 1) = 0  | z |2 = 1  | z | = 1.
or (z2 + i) (i z + 1) = 0 Hence, | z | = 1 in both the cases.
2
 z =–i or z = – 1/i = i.

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Illustration - 5 If | z1 | = | z2 | = ..... = | zn | = 1, then | z1 + z2 + ...... + zn | is always equal to :
1 1 1
(A) | z1 |  | z2 | ....... | zn | (B)   ..... 
z1 z2 zn
1 1 1
(C)   ......  (D) None of these
| z1 | | z2 | | zn |
SOLUTION : (B)
We have | zk | = 1, k = 1, 2, ........, n  | z1  z2  ......  zn |  | ( z1  z2  ......  zn ) |
 | zk |2 = 1  zk zk  1 [as | z |  | z |]
 zk  1 / z k . . . . .(i) = | z1  z2  z3  ......  zn |
1 1 1
 | z1  z2  .....  z n |    ...... 
z1 z2 zn
Illustration - 6 x y
If (x + iy)1/3 = a + ib, then  is equals to :
a b
(A) 2 (a2 – b2) (B) 4 (a2 – b2) (C) 8 (a2 – b2) (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
(x + iy)1/3 = a + ib x + iy = (a + ib)3 = a3 – ib3 + 3a2 bi – 3ab2 = (a3 – 3ab2) + i(3a2b – b3)

x 
x  a3  3ab2   a2  3b2 
a  x y
    4(a2  b2)
y a b
and y  3a2 b  b3   3a2  b2 
b 
Illustration - 7
1  C  iS
If C2 + S2 = 1, then 1  C  iS is equal to :
(A) C + iS (B) C – iS (C) S + iC (D) S – iC

SOLUTION : (A)
C2 + S2 = 1  (C + i S) (C – i S) = 1
1  C  i S 1  C  i S (C  iS )(1  C  iS )
   C  iS
1 C  iS 1  1 C  iS  1
C  iS

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Illustration - 8 q  ir
Given z  , then p  iq  1  iz if :
1 p 1  r 1  iz
(A) p2 + q2 + r2 = 1 (B) p2 + q2 + r2 = 2 (C) p2 + q2 + r2 = 3 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (A)
 q  ir 
q ir 1  i 
1  iz p  iq
z
1 p
 1  p   p  iq
We have ,    (q  ir ) 1 r
1  iz 1 r 1i
(1  p)
1  p  iq  r p  iq
  Simplify to get: p2 + q2 + r2 = 1
1  p  iq  r 1 r .
Illustration - 9 If z1, z2, z3 are three distinct complex numbers and a, b, c are three positive real numbers
such that
a b c a2 b2 c2
  , then   is equal to :
| z2  z3 | | z3  z1 | | z1  z2 | ( z2  z3 ) ( z3  z1 ) ( z1  z2 )
(A) 0 (B) abc (C) 3abc (D) a+b+c

SOLUTION : (A)
a b c
Let   k
| z2  z3 | | z3  z1 | | z1  z 2 |
 a = k | z2 – z3 |; b = k | z3 – z1 |; c = k | z1 – z2 |
a2 b2 c2  | z  z |2 | z  z |2 | z  z |2 
Now,    k2  2 3  3 1  1 2

z2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2  2 z  z3 z3  z1 z1  z 2 
 k 2 [ z2  z3  z3  z1  z1  z2 ]  zz | z |2 
 
 k 2 [ z2  z3  z3  z1  z1  z2 ]  0
Illustration - 10
If arg (z) < 0, then arg (– z ) – arg (z) is equal to :
 
(A)  (B) – (C) – (D)
2 2
SOLUTION : (AB)
z = | z | ei  Arg (–z) – Arg (z) = ( + ) –  = ,
Arg(–z) –Arg(z) can also be – if we deal with general arguments.

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Illustration - 11
One of the values of i i is (where i  1 )
(A) e–/2 (B) e/2 (C) e (D) e–

SOLUTION : (A)
z = ii = (ei/2)i = e–/2
Illustration - 12
The imaginary part of (z – 1) (cos  – i sin ) + (z – 1) –1 × (cos  + i sin ) is zero,
if:
(A) |z–1|=2 (B) arg (z – 1) = 2 (C) arg (z – 1) =  (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (C)
1 1
Let z – 1 = | z – 1 | e i   e i 
z  1 | z  1|
1 1
Now, ( z  1)e i  ei  | z  1| ei (    )  e i(   )
z 1 | z  1|
 1   1 
 | z  1|  cos (    )  i | z  1|  sin (    )
 | z  1|   | z  1| 
Imaginary part = 0 gives | z – 1| = 1 or  =  arg (z – 1) = 
Illustration - 13
1  cos   i sin  5
The principal value of the arg z and | z | of the complex number z is
 cos   i sin  3
( is acute) :
     
(A)  , 32 cos 5 (B) , 32 cos 5 (C)  , 16 cos 4 (D) None of these
2 2 2 2 2 2
SOLUTION : (A)
5
  
5  2 cos  ei  /2   i  /2
(1  cos   i sin  ) 2 z  32 cos 5
z    
2
e
3 i 3
(cos   i sin  ) e
 
 | z |  32cos 5 ; Arg ( z )  
2 2

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Classes
Illustration - 14 a b c
If a = cos  + i sin , b = cos  + i sin , c = cos  + i sin  and    1 , then cos
b c a
( – ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) is equal to :
3
(A) 1/2 (B)  (C) 0 (D) 1
2
SOLUTION : (D)
a = ei; b = ei ; c = ei
a b c
Now,   1
b c a
 ei( –  ) + ei( – ) + ei( – ) = 1
Equating the real parts, we get :
cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) = 1
FINDING nth ROOTS OF z Section - 2
2.1 Square Root of a Complex Number

The square roots of z = a + bi are :
 |z|  a |z|a  | z| a | z|a

 i  for b  0 ;  i  for b  0
 2 2   2 2 
Illustrating the Concepts :

Find the square root of 3 – 4 i.
Let z = a + bi = 3 – 4i
|z|= 9  16  5
 53 53
 Hence, square roots are :   i  = ± (2 – i)
 2 2 

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2.2 Cube Roots of Unity

The roots of the equation x3 = 1 are called as the cube roots of unity.
x3 – 1 = 0  (x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0
1 3 1 3
 x  1,   i,   i
2 2 2 2
 You can see clearly that if second root is represented by  then third root is 2.
 Cube roots of unity are
1 3 1 3
x=1 ; x  i ; x  i  2
2 2 2 2
Properties of cube root of unity :

1. 1 +  + 2 = 0
2. 3 = 1
3. 3n = 1, 3n +1
= , 3n + 2 = 2
–
4.  = 2 and 2 = 
  and 2 are complex conjugates of each other.
5. a + b + c2 = 0
 a=b=c if a, b, c are real.
1  i 
Note : The square roots if i, 2are :    , ± 2 and ±  are respectively..
 2 
2.3. nth Roots of Unity

The roots of the equation zn = 1 are called as nth roots of unity.
Consider zn = 1
2k
i
 ze n k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...............
It can be easily observed that for only k = 0, 1, 2, ......., n – 1

we can have distinct roots,
2k
i k = 0, 1, 2, ......., n – 1
z e n

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Classes
2k 2k
 z  cos  i sin k = 0, 1, 2, ......, n – 1
n n
2 2( n  1) 
 i i
z  1, e n , .........., e n
Properties of nth roots of unity

(i) Sum of nth roots of unity is zero.
(ii) (nth root of unity)n = 1
(iii) On the Argand plane, nth roots of unity divide the unit circle in
n equal parts i.e. these roots are the vertices of a regular polygon
inscribed in a unit circle with origin as the centre.

Show that the sum of n th roots of unity is zero.
Let S = 1 + ei2 /n + ei4 /n + ............... + ei2 (n – 1)/n
the series on the RHS is a GP. 1  ei 2

2 
 S= 2 =0
 i n i
11  e n 
 1 e n
 S=
2 11
i  S= 0
1 e n i
2
1 e n
2.4 nth roots of z :

The roots of the equation wn = z are called as nth roots of z.
Consider wn = z
 wn = | z | ei(2k + ) where  = Arg (z).
Take (1/n)th power on both sides,

(2 k   )
i
1/n n
w=|z| e where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ....., n – 1
 2k   
i
1/ n n
 nth roots of z = | z | e where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......., n – 1

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Illustrating the Concepts :

Find the sixth roots of z = i .
The sixth roots of i are roots of equation

W6 = i 
i (4 k  1)
 W6 = ei (2k + /2)  W= e 12 k = 0, 1, 2, ......., 5
Take (1/6)th power to get :
The sixth roots are :
 4k    
i   5 9 13 17 21
W= e  12  k = 0, 1, 2, ........, 5
i i i i i i
12 , e 12 , e 12 , e 12 , e 12 , e 12
e
Properties of nth roots of z

(i) Sum of nth roots of z is zero.
(ii) (nth root of z)n = z
(iii) On the Argand plane, nth roots of z divide the circle of radius r1/n in n equal parts i.e. these
roots are vertices of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle with origin as centre and radius
= r1/n.
2.5 Important Relations

1. x2 + y2 = (x + yi) (x – yi)
2. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x + y) (x + 2y)
3. x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x – y) (x – 2y)
4. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + z)
5. x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx = (x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + z)
Illustration - 15 If 1,  , 2 are cube roots of unity, then :

2n
(1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) ......... 2n factors = 2
(A)  2n (B)  2n 1 (C) 22 n (D) 2n
SOLUTION : (C)
(1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) ......... 2n factors

Using 4 = 16 = ......... =  and 8 = 32 = ........ = 2
= (1 –  + 2 ) (1 – 2 + ) (1 –  + 2 ) (1 – 2 + ) ………....2n factors.
= [(1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + )]n = [(–2) (–22)]n = 22n

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Classes
Illustration - 16
f(x, y) = (x + y)n – xn – yn where n is odd but not a multiple of 3 is not divisible by:
(A) x+y=0 (B) x-y=0 (C) x - 2 y = 0 (D) x - y = 0
SOLUTION : (B)
Let f (x, y) = (x + y)n – xn – yn
f (–y) = (– y + y)n – (– y)n – yn = 0 ( n is odd)
 (x + y) is also a factor of f (x, y).
f ( y )  ( y  y ) n  ( y ) n  y n  (2n  2) y n  0
 ( x  y ) is not a factor of f (x, y).

Now consider f ( y).
f ( y)= (y + y)n – ( y)n – yn
= yn (– 2)n – n yn – yn
= yn [– 2n – n – 1 ] ( n is odd)
 3n  1  n
= – y [ +  + 1 ]=  y  n
n 2n n 
 [Using x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + y2 + xy)]
  1 
 y n (1  1)
= 0 [Note : As n is not a multiple of 3, n  1]
n
 1
 f ( y) = 0  (x –  y) is also a factor of f (x, y).
Similarly we can show that
f (2y) = 0  (x –  2y) is also a factor of f (x, y).
Illustration - 17
If 1, , 2 are the three cube roots of unity, then for ,  , ,   R, the expression
     2  2 
 
   2      is :
 
(A) 1 (B)  (C) – (D) –1
SOLUTION : (B)
      2   2        2   2 
 2
   3 2 2
 
                 

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Illustration - 18 If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 4 = 0, then the value of 6 + 6 is :

(A) 64 (B) 128 (C) 256 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
2 12
x2 – 2x + 4 = 0  x   1  i 3   2 ,  2 2
2
 6 + 6 = 26 (6 + 12) = 128
Illustration - 19 If  is a cube root of unity, then (3 + 5 + 32)2 + (3 + 3 + 52)2 is equal to :
(A) 4 (B) 0 (C) –4 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (C)
(3 + 5 + 32)2 + (3 + 52 + 3)2 = (5 – 3)2 + (52 – 32)2 = 42 + 4 = – 4
Illustration - 20 If x = a + b, y = a + b2, z = a2 + b, then x3 + y3 + z3 is equal to :

(A) a3 + b 3 (B) (a + b)3 (C) 3(a3 + b3) (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (C)
x = a + b ; y = a + b2 and z = a2 + b
Now, x + y + z = (a + a + a2) + (b + b + b2) = 0  x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
But 3xyz = 3 (a + b)(a + b2)(a2 + b) = 3 (a3 + b3)
Hence, x3 + y3 + z3 = 3(a3 + b3)
Illustration - 21
If (1 + x)n = P0 + P1 x + P2 x2 + . . . . + Pn xn , then find the value of the
following series ?
I. P0 – P2 + P4 + . . . . . . . is :
n n n n
(A) 2n / 2 cos (B) 2n / 2 sin (C) 2n / 2 sin (D) 2n / 2 cos
4 4 4 4
II. P1 – P3 + P5 + . . . . . . . is :
n n n n
(A) 2n / 2 cos (B) 2n / 2 sin (C) 2n / 2 sin (D) 2n / 2 cos
4 4 4 4

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Classes
SOLUTION : I.(A) II.(B)

Consider the identity :
(1 + x)n = P0 + P1 x + P2 x2 + P3 x3 + . . . . . . + Pn xn.
Substitute x = i on both the sides.

(1 + i)n = P0 + P1i + P2 i2 + P3 i3 + . . . . . + Pn in
n
    
  2  cos 4  i sin 4    ( P0  P2  P4  .....)  i ( P1  P3  P5  .....)
 
 n n 
 2n /2  cos  i sin   ( P0  P2  P4  .....)  i ( P1  P3  P5  .....)
 4 4 
Equate the real and imaginary parts, to get :
n n
P0  P2  P4  P6  .......  2n / 2 cos and P1  P3  P5  .......  2
n/ 2
sin
4 4
Illustration - 22
If a, b, c and d are the real roots of the equation: x 4 + P1 x3 + P2 x2 + P3 x + P4 = 0
and (1 + a2) (1 + b2) (1 + c2) (1 + d2) = k(1 – P2 + P4)2 + (P3 – P1)2 then the value of k is :
(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) -2
SOLUTION : (B)
As a, b, c and d are the roots of the given equation :
 (x – a), (x – b), (x – c) and (x – d) are the factors of LHS.
 x4 + P1 x3 + P2 x2 + P3 x + P4 = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – d) is an identity . . . .(i)
Substitute x = i on both sides :
i 4 + P1i3 + P2i2 + P3i + P4 = (i – a) (i – b) (i – c) (i – d)
(1 – P2 + P4) + i (P3 – P1) = (i – a) (i – b) (i – c) (i – d) . . . .(ii)
Substitute x = – i in (i) :
i 4 – P1i3 + P2i2 – P3i + P4 = (– i – a) (–i – b) (–i – c) (–i – d)
(1 – P2 + P4) – i (P3 – P1) = (–i – a) (–i – b) (– i – c) (– i – d) . . . .(iii)
Multiply (ii) and (iii) to get :

(1 – P2 + P4)2 + (P3 – P1)2 = (1 + a2) (1 + b2) (1 + c2) (1 + d2) Hence k = 1

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Illustration - 23 Find the value of :

r6
 2r 2r 
 sin 7  i cos 7  .
r 1
(A) 0 (B) 2i (C) i (D) 1
SOLUTION : (C)
r 6 r 6
 2r 2r   2 2r 2r 
Let S =  1. sin 7  i cos 7  =    i sin 7  i cos 7 
r 1 r 1
Take (– i) common to get :
 r  6 i 2 r   2r 
io  io  r 6 i 
 7 e e 
= i   e  [Add and subtract eio] =  i   e 7  1
r 1   r  0 
r6 r6 i 2r
 2r 2r 
=  i   7cos  i sin
7  =  i  e 7 = – i (sum of 7th roots of unity – 1 )
r 1 r 1
= – i (0 – 1) = i
Illustration - 24 If 1, w, w2, ....., wn – 1 are n, nth roots of unity, the value of

(9 – w) (9 – w2) .... (9 – wn – 1) will be :
9n  1 9n  1
(A) n (B) 0 (C) (D)
8 8
SOLUTION : (C)
We have, xn – 1 = (x – 1) (x – w) . . . . . (x – wn – 1)
 ( x  w) ( x  w2 ). . . . .( x  wn  1)
x n  1 Substitute n
   (9  w) (9  w2 ). . . . .(9  wn  1)  9  1
( x  1) x 9 8

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Classes
Illustration - 25 If 1, w, w2, .... wn – 1 are the n, nth roots of unity and z and z are any two complex
1 2
n 1
numbers, then  | z1  wk z2 |2 is :
k 0
(A) n | z1 |2  | z2 |2  (B)  n  1 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  (C)  n  1 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  (D) None of these

 
SOLUTION : (A)
n 1 n 1
 | z1  wk z2 |2   [| z1 |2  | wk z2 |2  ( z1  wk z2 )  ( z1  wk z2 )]
k 0 k 0
n 1
  [| z1 |2  | wk |2 | z2 |2  ( z1  wk z2 )  ( z1  wk z2 )]
k 0
n 1 n 1
 2 2
w k
 wk
= n | z1 |  | z2 |   z1 z2  z1z2
k 0 k 0
 n | z1 |2  | z2 |2  + z1z2 (0)  z1z2 (0)

 
Illustration - 26  8   8 
If   cos    i sin   , then Re ( + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) is equal to :
 11   11 
1
(A) (B) 1 / 2 (C) 0 (D) None of these
2
SOLUTION : (B)
  ei8 /11
The 11 roots of unity can be written as
1,  ,  2 ,.......... 10 where    10  2   9  3   8  4   7  5   6
Also, sum of 11 roots of unity = 0
 1    ..... 10  0  
Re 1    ..... 10  0 
 
1  2 Re    2   3   4   5  0  [  Re() = Re(10) and so on]
  
Re    2   3   4   5  1 / 2

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SOLVING OF COMPLEX NUMBERS Section - 3
To solve complex numbers, we consider z  x  iy, x, y  R , form equations by comparing real and imaginary
parts on two sides.
Illustrating the concepts :

Find all complex numbers z which satisfy the following equations :
(i) z  z (ii) z z (iii) z 4z (iv) z2   z
(v) z 3  z (vi) z2  | z |  0
When y = 0, (i) gives x2 = – x

Let z = x + iy. Then z  x  iy .
or x (x + 1) = 0 which gives x = 0, – 1.
(i) The equation z  z becomes
Thus we get two sets of solution x = 0,
x + iy = x – iy. or 2iy = 0 which gives y = 0 and x = – 1, y = 0.
y = 0.
When x = 1/2, (i) gives y2 = 3/4 which gives
Hence z = x i.e., all the real numbers constitute
the solutions of the given equation. y = ± 3/2.
(ii) The equation z   z is equivalent to Thus we get two more sets of solutions
x + iy = – (x – iy) or 2x = 0 or x = 0. x =1/2, y = 3/2, and x = 1/2, y = – 3/2.
Hence z = iy i.e., the solutions of the given Hence the given equation has in all the following
equation are all pure imaginary numbers. four solutions:
z1= 0 + 0i, z2 = – 1 + 0i = – 1,
(iii) z  4  z or x – iy = 4 – x – iy
or x = 4 – x. z3 = 1/2 + i (3/2), z4 = 1/2 – (3/2) i.
This gives x = 2. (v) We have z 3  z  (x + iy)3 = x – iy

Hence z = 2 + iy.  x3 + 3x2 (iy) + 3x i2y2 + i3y3 = x – iy
 The given equation is satisfied by all  (x3 – 3xy2) + i (3x2y – y3) = x – iy.
complex numbers whose real part is 2.
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
(iv) z 2   z or ( x  iy ) 2   ( x  iy )
x3 – 3xy2 = x . . . .(i)
2 2
or x – y + 2ixy = – x + iy
and 3x2y – y3 = – y. . . . .(ii)
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
From (i), x (x2 – 3y2 – 1) = 0
x2 – y2 = – x . . . .(i)
 x = 0 or x2 – 3y2 – 1 = 0
and 2xy = y or y (2x – 1) = 0 . . . .(ii)
From (ii), y (3x2 – y2 + 1) = 0
From (ii), either y = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0
i.e., x = 1/2.  y = 0 or 3x2 – y2 + 1 = 0.

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Classes
Thus we have to solve the following four pairs Compare real and imaginary parts on both
of simultaneous equations : sides.
(a) x = 0, y = 0  x2  y 2  x 2  y 2  0
(b) x = 0, 3x2 – y2 + 1 = 0 and 2 xy  0 x0 or y  0
2 2
(c) y = 0, x – 3y – 1 = 0
Case I: x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2  0 & x  0
x 2  3 y 2  1  0 
and (d)  0  y 2  02  y 2  0   y 2  | y | 0
3 x 2  y 2  1  0
 y  0, 1,  1
From (a),
we have x = 0, y = 0 giving z = 0. Hence, z  0  i 0, 0  i 1 , 0  i  1
z  0, i,  i
From (b),
Case II:
we have x = 0, y = ± 1 giving
z=0±i=±i x2  y 2  x 2  y 2  0 and y0
From (c),  x2  0  x 2  0  0
we have x = ± 1, y = 0 giving
z = ± 1 + 0i = ± 1  x 2  | x | 0
 x  0 is the only solution
Finally from (d) , we have
z  0  i0
x2 y2 1 1 Hence the only solutions are z  0,  i.
  
 3  1  3  1 1  9 8 Another approach:
or x2 = y2 = – 1/2 which give no real values z2   | z |
of x and y while x, y are real. Take modulus on both sides
Hence, the only solutions of the given equation
| z2 |   | z |  | z |2  | z |
are
z = 0 , z = ± 1, z = ± i  | z |  0 or 1
Case I: | z | 0
(vi) z2 + | z | = 0
 z  0 is the only solution
Substituting z = x + iy; x, y  R Case II: | z | 1
 x  iy 2  x 2  y 2  0  i0  z 2  1  z  i
Hence the only solutions are z  0 ,  i
 x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2   i 2 xy  0  i0
    Note: Try to solve (iv) and (v) with another approach.
 

Vidyamandir Classes
Illustration - 27  z 2 
If arg  z  2   4 , then the locus of z is:
 
(A) | z + 2| = 22 (B) | z – 2| = 22 (C) | z – 2i| = 22 (D) | z + 2 i| = 22
SOLUTION : (C)
Let z = x + yi x, y  R 4y 
  tan
 x  2  yi   x2  4  y 2 4
 arg  
 x  2  yi  4  x2 + y2 – 4y – 4 = 0
 ( x  2  y i ) ( x  2  yi )    x2 + (y – 2) 2 = 8
 arg  4
 ( x  2)2  y 2   | x + (y – 2) i | = 22
 ( x 2  4  y 2 )  4 yi    | z – 2i | = 22
 arg 
2 2

 ( x  2 )  y  4
Illustration - 28 Find all non-zero complex numbers z satisfying z  iz 2 .
 3 i 3 i
(A) 2i (B)  (C) i (D) 
2 2 2 2
SOLUTION : (BCD)
Solving these equations, we get :
Let z = x + iy.
1 3
Then z  iz 2 gives y ,x ; x  0, y  1
2 2
x – iy = i (x + yi)2 = i (x2 – y2 + 2ixy) and x = 0, y = 0.
= i (x2 – y2) – 2xy Hence, the required non-zero complex numbers
satisfying the given equation, are:
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get :
3 1
x = – 2xy, – y = (x2 – y2) z  i and z = i.
2 2
Illustration - 29 If z = ( + 3) + i
(5   2 ) ; then the locus of z is (where i = 1 )
(A) a straight line (B) a circle (C) an ellipse (D) a parabola
SOLUTION : (B)
z  (  3)  i 5   2
Let z  x  iy  (  3)  i 5   2  x=+3 and y  5  2
 =x–3 and y2 = 5 – 2  ( x  3)2  ( y  0) 2  ( 5) 2 [Equation of circle]

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
Illustration - 30 | z + z | = | z | + | z | is possible if :
1 2 1 2
1
(A) z2  z1 (B) z2  (C) arg(z1) = arg(z2) (D) | z1 | = | z2 |
z1
SOLUTION : (C)
2 2 2 2
z1 z1 Squaring z1  z  z1 z  z z
1   1    1   1  1   1  2 Re  1   1 1 2 1
z2 z2 z2  z2  z2  z2  z2 z2
z  z1 z 
 Re  1    Arg  1   0 or Arg ( z1)  Arg ( z2 )
 z2  z2  z2 
COMPLEX NUMBER AS A FREE VECTOR Section - 4
Complex Number as a free vector

If z  a  ib represent a complex number on the Argand plane, it can be represented by an arrow on
argand plane.

Then AB  z  a  ib

 AB  a 2  b 2  z

Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by vector AB.
Modulus of z :
It represents the magnitude of the vector z  a  ib.
Argument of z :

It represents the direction of the vector AB
b
i.e. arg( z )  tan 1  
a
[Rest details remain same as that given for Complex No. as a point]
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Let the complex number z1  x1  i y1  ( x1, y1) and z2  x2  iy2  ( x2 , y2 ) be represented by the points
P andQ on the Argand plane.
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Then the mid points of PQ and QR are the same. The mid point of
x x y y 
PQ   1 2 , 1 2  .
 2 2 
Hence, R  ( x1  x2 , y1  y2 )

Vidyamandir Classes

There fore, complex number z can be represented by OR.

OR  ( x1  x2 )  i ( y1  y2 )
 ( x1  iy1)  ( x2  iy2 )
 z1  z2
In vector notation, we have
    
z1  z2  OP  OQ  OP  PR  OR

Similarly PQ  z2  z1 represents the difference of two complex numbers. Hence addition and subtraction
of two complex number is represented by the diagonals of the parallelogram with adjacent sides z1 and z2 .
Important Results :
1. Distance Formula
Distance between A( z1 ) and B ( z2 ) is given by AB  z2  z1
2. Section Formula
The point P( z ) which divides the segment AB in the ration of m : n is given by :
mz2  nz1
z
mn
Illustration - 31 If z1, z2 , z3 are the affixes of the vertices of a triangle having its circumecentre at the
origin. If z is the affix of its orthocenter then prove that z1  z2  z3  z  0
SOLUTION :
We know that orthocenter O, centroid G and Therefore, by section formula, we get :
circumcentre C of a triangle are collinear such z1  z2  z3 2(0)  1( z )
that G divides OC in the ratio 2 : 1. Since affix  
3 2 1
z1  z2  z3
of G is and C is the origin.  z1  z2  z3  z
3
 z1  z2  z3  z  0

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
ROTATION THEOREM Section - 5
Using euler’s theorem, z  z ei 
z AC  AC ei … (i)
Z AB  AB ei … (ii)
Divide (i) and (ii), we get :
Z AC AC i ( )
 e
Z AB AB
Z AC Z AB i ( )
 e
AC AB
zˆ AC  zˆ AB ei ; where      and zˆ AC , zˆ AB are unit vector along AC and AB
Hence, (i) unit vector (arrow) along AC can be obtained by rotating the unit vector (arrow) along AB by
angle  in the anticlockwise direction. (ii) unit vector (arrow) along AB can be obtained by rotating the unit
(arrow) along AC by angle  in the clockwise direction.
Where mˆ and nˆ are unit complex nos (i.e. complex number divided by its magnitude.)
Hence operator ei when multiplied rotates the unit vector anticlockwise if   0 and clockwise if   0.

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IMPORTANT RESULTS Section - 6
1. If z A and z B represent the position vector of points A and B respectively, then the complex number ( z B  z A )

represents the vector AB.

AB  ( p.v of B)  ( p.v. of A)  z B  z A
2. We can imagine the addition (and subtraction) of two complex number on the Argand plane just like vectors.
3. From the above figure, it is clear that : z1  z2  z1  z2

and in general,
z1  z2  z3  .....  zn  z1  z 2  .......  zn [It is known as Triangle Inequality]
4. If z1 and z2 represent the vector AB and AC, then the angle between AB and AC is :
  arg( z1 )  arg( z2 )
   arg( z1 / z2 )
Illustration - 32 If 2
z  4, find the area of the triangle formed by the complex numbers, z , z and z  z
as its sides.
SOLUTION :
As seen from the figure, the triangle formed is
z  zei 2 /3 and z  z equilateral because angle between equal sides is
 z is the vector obtained by rotating vector z 60.
anti-clockwise through an angle of 120. 3 3 2
 area  ( side)2  z  3 sq. units.
4 4
Note that the third side is :
z  z  (1  ) z  2 z
 2  i
i   
 e i 2 /3 z  e  3  z  ze 3

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Classes

 This vector is obtained by rotating the vector z anti-clockwise through an angle . This can be verified from
3
the above figure.
Illustration - 33 Prove that the complex number z , z and the origin form an isosceles triangle with angle
1 2
2 / 3 subtended at orgin if z12  z22  z1 z2  0
SOLUTION :
Let A and B are the points represented by Take argument on both sides
z1 and z2 respectively on the Argand plane. Arg ( z2 )  Arg (z1)  Arg ()  Arg ( z1)
Consider z 21  z 2 2  z1 z2  0  Arg ( z2 )  Arg ( z1 )  2 / 3
( Arg ()  2 / 3)
 AOB  2 / 3.
2
Hence vertical angle  AOB  .
3
i 2 /3
Note : As z2  z1  z2  z1e , we can directly
conclude that z2 is obtained by rotating z1
On factorizing LHS, we get : through 2 / 3 in anti-clockwise direction.
 AOB  2 / 3 and OA = OB
( z2  z1 ) ( z2  2 z1 )  0
Consider z2  2 z1
 z2  z1 or z2  2 z1
Similarly, show that AOB is isosceles with
Consider z2  z1 .…(i)
Take modulus on both sides, 2
vertical angle
3
z2   z1  z1  z2  z1

Vidyamandir Classes
Illustration - 34 Show that z , z , z represent the vertices of an equilateral triangle if and only if :
1 2 3
z12  z22  z32  z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1  0
SOLUTION :
Note : You are advised to learn it as a result. Part (ii)
Given that : z12  z22  z32  z1z2  z 2 z1  z3 z1  0
The problem has two parts :
(i) If the triangle is equilateral, then prove
the condition.
  z1  z2  2 z3   z1  2 z2  z3   0
(ii) If the condition is given, then prove that  ( z1  z2  2 z3 )  0
the triangle is equilateral.
or ( z1  2 z2  z3 )  0
Part (i) 2
If the triangle ABC is equilateral, the vector BC Case (1) : z1  z2   z3  0
can be obtained by rotating AB anti-clockwise
through 120.
 z1  z2  (1  ) z3  0
 ( z1  z3 )  ( z3  z2 )
 ( z3  z2 )  ( z2  z1)ei 2 /3  ( z1  z3 ) is obtained by rotating the vector
 z3  z2  ( z2  z1 ) ( z3  z2 ) anti-clockwise through 120.
 z1  z2  z2  z3  0  z1  z3  z3  z2 and the angle inside

the triangle is 60.
 z1  z23  z22  z32  0
 triangle ABC is equilateral.
  
z1  1  2 z2  2 z3  0 Case (2) : ( z1  2 z2   z3 )  0
 z1  z 2  2 z3  0
Considering LHS :
z12  z22  z32  z1 z2  z2 z3  z3 z1
 ( z1  z2  2 z3 ) ( z1  2 z2  z3 )  0
. . . . . . [Using the above proved result]

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Classes
 z1  z3  (1  ) z2  0  ( z1  z2 ) is obtained by rotating the vector
 ( z1  z2 )   ( z2  z3 ) ( z2  z3 ) anti-clockwise through 120.

 z1  z2  z2  z3 and the angle inside
the triangle is 60.
 Hence triangle ABC is equilateral.
Illustration - 35 Let the complex number z1, z2 and z3 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Let z0 be
the circumcentre of the triangle. Prove that :
z12  z22  z32  3 z02
SOLUTION :
For an equilateral triangle with vertices  9 z02  z12  z22  z32  2( z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1 )
z1, z2 and z3 : Using (i), we have :
z12  z22  z32  z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1  0 . …(i)  9 z0 2  z12  z22  z32  2( z12  z 22  z32 )
As circumcentre conincides with centroid, z0 is  9 z02  3( z12  z22  z32 )

centroid also.
 3z02  z12  z22  z32
 z0  ( z1  z2  z3 ) / 3
Illustration - 36 If z 2  z 2  2 z z cos   0 then the origin, z , z form vertices of an isosceles triangle

1 2 1 2 1 2
with vertical angle .
SOLUTION :
 z1  z2 (cos   i sin )
z12  z22  2 z1z2 cos   0
 z1  z2 e i
 z12 2
 (2 z2 cos ) z1  z2  0
Solving as a quadratic in z1, we get :  z1  z2 ei or z2  z1 ei 
 z1 is obtained by rotating z2 anticlockwise
2 z2 cos   z2  4 cos 2   4 
  through  or z2 is obtained by rotating
z1 
2 z1 anti-clockwise through .
In both the cases, z1  z2 and the angle
between z1 and z2 is .
Hence origin, z1 and z2 form an isosceles triangle
with vertex at origin and vertical angle as .

Vidyamandir Classes
STANDARD LOCII OF THE POINT ‘z’ IN THE ARGAND PLANE Section - 7
1. (a) In general, z  z0  r represents a circle (represented by P)

centred at z0 and of radius r.
(b) z  z0  r represents the exterior of the circle (represented by
R) and
(c) z  z0  r represents the interior of the circle (represented by
S).
2. (a) If Arg ( z )  , then locus of z is a straight line starting at the

origin (excluded) inclined at an angle  with the Real Axis.
(b) If Arg ( z  a)  , then locus of z is a straight line starting at the

point a (excluded) and inclined at an angle  with the Real
axis.
 z  z1 
(c) If Arg    0 or , then locus of z is a straight line passing through the points z1 and z2
 z  z2 
3. If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, then z  z1  z  z2 represents

perpendicular bisector of the segment joining A( z1 ) and B( z 2 ).
z  z1
4. If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, and k  0, k  1 is a real number, then  k represent a circle.
z  z2
For k  1, it represents perpendicular bisector of the segment joining A( z1 ) and B( z 2 ).

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
5. z  z1  z  z2  k
Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points and k be a positive real number..
(a) If k  z1  z2 , then z  z1  z  z2  k represents an ellipse
with foci at A( z1 ) and B( z2 ) and length of major axis = k.
(b) If k  z1  z2 , then
z  z1  z  z2  k represents the segment joining z1 and z2 .
(c) If k  z1  z2 , then
z  z1  z  z2  k does not represent any curve in the Argand plane.
6. z  z1  z  z2  k
Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points, k be a positive real number..
(a) If k  z1  z2 or k  ( z1  z2 , z1  z2 )
z  z1  z  z2  k represents a hyperbola with foci at
A( z1 ) and B ( z2 ).
But k = 0 is exluded as for k  0 we have z  z1  z  z2  0
 z lies on the  r bisector of line joining z1 and z2
(b) If k  z1  z2 , then || z  z1 |  | z z2 || k
represents the straight line joining A( z1 ) and B( z2 ) but excluding
the segment AB.
(c) If | k |  | z  z2 | or k  (,| z1  z2 |  (| z1  z2 |, )
then || z  z1 |  | z  z2 ||  k does not represent any curve in the Argand plane.
7. (a) z  z1 2  z  z2 2  z1  z2 2
If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, then

2 2 2
z  z1  z  z2  z1  z2 represents a circle with z1 and z2
as extremities of a diameter.
 z  z1 
(b) If Arg     (fixed), then locus of z is a circular arc.
 z  z2 

Vidyamandir Classes
Illustration - 37
Find the complex number having least positive argument and satisfying z  5i  3.
SOLUTION :
We will analyse the problem geometrically.
All complex number (z) satisfying z  5i  3 lies on or inside the circle centre at (0, 5) and radius = 3 units.
OA  52  32  4
1  OA  1  4 
and min  sin    sin  
 OC  5
1  4 
The complex number at A has modulus 4 and argument sin  
5
3 4
 z A  4(cos   i sin )  4   i 
5 5
12 16
 zA  i
5 5

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
LINE & CIRCLE Section - 8

1. Line
1.1 Equation of Line :
(i) Conjugate form of equation of line :
 z  z1 
Arg  
 z  z 2
Consider   0
Arg ( z  z1)  Arg ( z  z2 )  0
Arg ( z  z1 )  Arg ( z  z2 )
Locus of z is that part of line which lies outside the line joining z1 and z2 .
Consider   
Arg ( z  z1 )  Arg ( z  z2 )  
Locus of z is the line segment joining z1 and z2 .
 z  z1 
Note : If Arg    0 or , we say that locus is a line passing through z1 and z2 .
 z  z2 
 z  z1 
Arg    0 or 
 z  z2 
z  z1 z  z2 i (0 or ) ( z  z1 )2 ( z  z2 )2 i(0 or 2)
  e   e
z  z1 z  z2 2 2
z  z1 z  z2
( z  z1 )2 ( z  z2 ) 2 2
  (i) [ z z  z ]
( z  z1 )( z  z1 ) ( z  z2 ) ( z  z2 )
z  z1 z  z 2
  . . . (i)
z  z1 z  z 2

Vidyamandir Classes
(i) can be expressed in Determinant form, i.e.

z z 1
z1 z1 1  0
z2 z2 1
(ii) Parametric form of equation of line
z  z1  k ( z2  z1 ) where k  R
It is analogus to equation of line in 3-D geometry which is given as r  a  k  b  a  passing

through two points with position vector a and b .
(iii) Cartesian form of equation of line
Consider two points P ( z1 ) and Q ( z2 ) such that z1  x1  iy1 and z2  x2  iy2 . It is similar to line
passing through two points P ( x1, y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) in two – point form, i.e.
y  y1 y2  y1

x  x1 x2  x1
(iv) General form of equation of line
Ax  By  C  0 represents the general equation of line in X-Y plane.
zz
Consider on Argand plane with a point z  x  iy such that Re( z )  x  and
2
zz
Im( z )  y  .
2i
 zz  zz 
Hence A   B   C  0 ; where A, B, C  R
 2i   2i 
A B A B
   z  z C  0
 2 2i   2 2i 
 A B  A B
  i z  i z C  0
2 2 2 2
A B
Let  i  a and C  b ; where b  real and a  complex
2 2
 az  az  b  0 represents the general form of equation of line.

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
1.2 Comparison of conjugate form and general form of equation of line.
z z 1
z1 z1 1  0
z2 z2 1
 z ( z1  z2 )  z ( z1  z2 )  ( z1z2  z1z2 )  0 . . . (i)

Let W  z1z2 , then W  z1z2
W W
We have, Im(W ) 
2i
 W  W  2i Im(W )
 W  W is purely imaginary no i.e. z1z2  z1z2 is purely imaginary no.
Multiply (i) by i on both sides
 i ( z1  z2 ) z  i ( z1  z2 ) z  {i( z1z2  z1z2 )}  0
 …(ii)
Now purely Re al
General form of equation of line is :

az  az  b  0 … (iii)
Now, (ii) and (iii) are coincident, if
i ( z1  z2 ) i( z1  z2 ) i( z1z2  z1z2 )
 
a a b
As i ( z1z 2  z1z2 ) and b  R
i( z1z2  z1z2 )
  k R
b
i ( z1  z2 )
 k  ai  ( z1  z2 )k '
a
Hence, a difference complex No. (parallel vector) along az  az  b can be considered as ai. This implies
ai
that direction of line or unit vector along the line 
ai
Complex Slope :
The complex slope of a line in Argand Plane is generally denoted as W and is defined as :
Parallel diff . complex No. along the line k ( z1  z2 ) z1  z2
Complex Slope  Parallel diff . complex No. along the line  k ( z  z )  z  z
1 2 1 2
ai ai a
Complex Slope of a line az  az  b  0 is :  
ai a (i ) a

Vidyamandir Classes
Special Cases :
 If two lines are parallel, their complex Slopes are equal.
z1  z2 i 0 z3  z4
e 
z1  z2 z3  z4
z1  z2 z3  z4
 
z1  z2 z3  z4
 W1  W2
 If two lines perpendicular, then sum of their complex slopes is zero.
z1  z2 i / 2 z3  z4
e 
z1  z2 z3  z4
( z1  z2 )2 i ( z3  z4 ) 2
 e 
2 2
z1  z2 z3  z4
z1  z2 z z
 (1)  3 4
z1  z2 z3  z4
z1  z2 z3  z4
  0  W1  W2  0
z1  z2 z3  z4
Illustration - 38 Find the equation of line passing through point C (c) and perpendicular to the line through
points A( z1 ) and B ( z2 ).
SOLUTION :
Method 1 :
z c z z
Let z be a general point on the line passing  1 2 e /  / 2
through point C(c) z c z1  z2
z  c z1  z 2 i
  e
z  c z1  z 2
z  c z1  z 2
  (1)
z  c z1  z 2
z  c z1  z2
 0
z  c z1  z2

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
Method 2 :
Using (i) and (ii), we have
We can simply apply, W1  W2  0
z  c z1  z2
z  c z1  z2  (1)
  0 z  c z1  z2
z  c z1  z2
z  c z1  z2
Method 3 :   0
z  c z1  z2
Parametric form of equation of line through c is :
z  c  t ( z1  z2 )i . . . . (i)
Take conjugate on both sides
z  c  t ( z1  z2 ) (i ) . . . . (ii)
Illustration - 39 Find the equation of line passing through the point C(c) and perpendicular to the line
az  az  b  0. Where a  complex and b  Real
SOLUTION :
Method 1 :
Consider two points z1 and z2 on the line z1  z2 a
  . . . . (iii)
az  az  b  0 . . . . (i) z1  z2 a
From previous question, we have Solving (ii) and (iii), we have
z1  z2 z  c z c a
 0 
. . . .(ii) z c a
z1  z2 z  c
Method 2 :
A vector parallel to line L is a i
Using Rotation equation, we have
ai  i / 2 z  c
e 
ai z c
(ai) 2  /  ( z  c )2
 e 
2 2
ai z c
From (i) ; a z1  a z1  b  0 ai zc
 (1) 
and a z2  a z2  b  0 ai z c
. . . . .[ z1, z2 lies on the line] a z c

 
Subtract the above two equations, a z c
a( z1  z2 )  a ( z1  z2 )  0

Vidyamandir Classes
Methode 3 : Method 4 :
Apply simple W1  W2  0 Parametric form of equation of line through point
( lines are perpendicular ) C (c) is :
z  c ai z  c  t [ai] i
  0
z  c ai  z  c  at . . . . (i)
zc ai Take conjugate on both sides
  0
z  c a ( i )  z  c  at . . . .(ii)
zc a Using (i) and (ii), we have
 
z c a zc a
 
z c a
Illustration - 40 Find the equation of Line passing through point C (c) such that it makes an angle  with
az  az  b  0
SOLUTION :
By rotation theorem :
ai i z  c
e 
ai z c
(ai )2  / 2 ( z  c)2
 e 
2 2
ai z c
ai i 2 z  c  a i 2 z  c
 e   e 
ai z c a z c
Hence it represents two lines inclined at an angle
 to the given line.
Illustration - 41 Find the equation of tangent at a point A (a) centred at origin and having a radius r.
SOLUTION :
Consider a general point P(z) on the line.
As OA is perpendicular to tangent
 W1  W2  0
. . .[ lines are perpendicular]
a 0 z a
  0
a 0 z a
za a
  0
z a a

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
2. Circle
2.1 Equation of Circle
 z  z1 
Arg   where   0 or 
 z  z2 
Locus of z is an arc of circle where z1, z2 are the end points of
a chord of the circle such that chord formed by z1, z2 subtends
an angle  at the circumference of the circle.
(i) Equation of circle in complex form

z  z0  r
( z  z0 ) ( z  z0 )  r 2
zz  zz0  z0 z  z0 z0  r 2
2 2
z  zz0  z0 z  z0  r2  0
Replace  z0  a
2 2
 z  a z  a z  a  r2  0
Let a 2  r 2  b where b  Real

2
 z a z a z b  0
2
Where centre   a and radius  a b
(ii) Equation of circle in cartesian form
 z  z1 
Arg  
 z  z2 
Let z  x  iy ; z1  x1  iy, and z2  x2  i y2 where x, y ; x1, y1, ; x2 , y2  R
 ( x  x1 )  i( y  y1) 
Arg  
 ( x  x2 )  i( y  y2 ) 
Arg[( x  x1)  i ( y  y1 )]  Arg[( x  x2 )  i ( y  y2 )]  
 y  y1  1  y  y2 
tan 1    tan  
 x  x1  x  x2 
Solving the above equation provides equation of circle in cartesian form :

Vidyamandir Classes
Illustration - 42 Find the equation of circle passing through two points z  1 and z  1 such that
1 2
 z  z1  
Arg  
 z  z2  4
SOLUTION :
Method 1 : zz
Substitute x 2  y 2  z 2 and y 
 z 1   2i
Arg   . . . . (i)
 z 1 4 [ z  x  i y ]
Substitute z  x  i y in (i), 2
z  i z  i z 1  0
 ( x  1)  iy   Method 2 :
Arg  
 ( x  1)  iy  4  z 1  
Arg  
 y  1  y    z 1 4
tan 1    tan  
 x 1   x 1  4 
 Arg ( z  1)  Arg ( z  1)
4
 y y 
  z 1 z 1 i /4
   e
tan 1  x  1 x  1   z 1 z 1
 y 2  4
 1 2 
 x 1  z 1 z 1
  ei / 2
z 1 z 1
 2y   z 1 z  1
tan 1      (i ) . . . . (i)
 x2  y2 1  4 z 1 z 1
 
z z  z  z  1  i[ z z  z  z  1]
2y 
  tan 2
x2  y 2  1 4 (1  i) z  (1  i) z  (1  i ) z  (1  i )  0
 x2  y 2  2 y  1  0 z
2

(1  i)
z
(1  i )
z 1  0
(1  i ) (1  i )
2
z  i z  i z 1  0
How to decide between minor and major arc (locus is not the whole circle, it is an arc of circle)
 z  z1 
Arg  
 z  z2 
 z lies on the arc of circle through z1 and z2

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
Points to determine Major & Minor are are :

Step 1 : Express  as a principal Argument
Step 2 : If  is acute, then locus is major arc
If  is obtuse, then locus is major arc


If   , Approach fails [Use Manual Approach]
2
 z  z1   z  z1 
Note : Locus of Arg      2k  ; k  I is same as that of Arg  z  z   
 z  z1   2
 z  z1   z  z1 
Locus of Arg      (2k   1) ; k  I is different from that of Arg    . It is the alter
 z  z2   z  z2 
nate segment.
Explanation :
 z 1   
Consider Arg    Arg ( z  1)  Arg ( z  1) 
 z 1  4 4
The equation of circle is :
x2  y 2  2 y  1  0 [Previously solved]
When z  1 is rotated by angle in major arc, we obtain a vector along z  1. But when z  1 is rotated
by angle in minor arc, we obtain a vector along 1  z.
Hence Locus is the major arc about the line joining ( 1, 0) and (1, 0) i.e. Real-axis

Vidyamandir Classes
 z  z1  
(iii)Diametric form of equation of circle Arg  
 z  z2  2
Locus of z is a circle where z1 and z2 are the end points of diameter..

z  z1 z  z2
 0
z  z1 z  z2
It represents the diametric form of equation of circle.
(iv) Parametric form of equation of plane :

Using Rotation equation,
z  zc rei

z  zc rei
But z  zc  r
z  zc rei

r r
z  zc  rei
C + i S CATEGORY QUESTIONS Section - 9

In this category of questions, summation of a series is required. The main concept is to decide among C or S
for the required summation. The following illustrations explain the concept.
Illustration - 43 If   k , show that : cos  sin   cos 2  sin 2  ........  cos n  sin n  cot 
[1  cos n  cos n ]
SOLUTION :
Let S  cos  sin   cos 2  sin 2  ......  cos n  sin n

and C  cos  cos   cos 2  cos 2  ....  cos n  cos n [ we generate C according to S]
Operate C  iS
C  iS  cos [cos   i sin ]  cos 2  [cos 2  i sin 2 ]  .....  cos n  [cos n  i sin in]
C  iS  cos  ei  cos 2  ei 2  ......  cos n  ei 

Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
The above expression on RHS is G.P. with first term  cos  ei common ratio  cos  ei 
n
 cos  ei   1   cos  ei   
C i S 
1  cos  ei 
1  cos  ei  1  [cos 2   i cos  sin ]
 sin 2   i sin  cos   i sin  [cos   i sin ]
 i sin  ei 
 Ci S 
 cos  ei   1  cos n  ei n  
   i cot  1  cosn  ei n  
(i ) sin  ei   

 
C  i S  i cot  1  cosn  cos n    i cosn  sin n  
   
C  i S  cot  cos n  sin n    i cot  1  cos n  cos n  
   
Compare the imaginary parts on both sides,
n
Hence, S  cot  1  cos  cos n  
Illustration - 44 Find the summation of the series :

n
C1 cos   n C2 cos 2  n C3 cos 3  ............  n Cn cos n 
SOLUTION :
Let C  n C1 cos   n C2 cos 2  ....  n Cn cos n 
and S  n C1 sin   n C2 sin 2  ....  n Cn sin n [ We generate S according to C]

Operate C  i S
C  i S  n C1 [cos   i sin ]  n C2[Cos 2  i sin 2] .....  nCn [cos n   i sin ]
 C  i S  n C1 ei   n C2 ei 2   ....  n Cn ei n 
n
 
C  i S  1  ei   1
n
n      
 1  cos    i sin    1   2cos 2  i  2sin cos    1
 2  2 2 

Vidyamandir Classes
n
  
 2n cos n  cos  i sin   1
2 2 2

n  in
n
 2 cos e 2  1
2
  n    n 
 C  i S   2n cosn cos  1  i  2n cos n sin 
 2 2   2 2 
Compare the real parts on both sides,
  n 
Hence, C   2n cosn cos  1
 2 2 
Illustration - 45 If sin   2sin   3 sin   0 and cos   2 cos   3 cos   0 ; then evaluate
(a) cos 3  8cos 3  27 cos 3 (b) sin(   )  2sin(  )  3sin(  ).
SOLUTION :
(a) Let C  cos   2cos   3cos   0
S  sin   2sin   3sin   0
Operate C  i S
C  i S  [cos   i sin ]  2[cos   i sin ]  3[cos   i sin  ]
C  iS  ei  2ei  3ei  0  i 0

Let z1  ei ; z2  ei  ; z3  ei 
 z1  2 z2  3 z3  0 . . . . (i)
 z13  (2 z2 )3  (3 z3 )3  3( z1 ) (2 z2 ) (3 z3 )
 ei 3  8ei 3  27 ei 3  3(1) (2) (3) ei ( )

Compare the real and imaginary parts,
 cos 3  8cos 3  27 cos 3  18cos(     )
(b) Let C  cos(   )  2cos(  )  3cos(  )

S  sin(   )  2sin(  )  3sin(  )
Operate C  iS
i ()
 ei ( )
C  i S  ei ( )  2 e
 z2 z3  2 z2 z1  3 z1z2

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Classes
1 2 3
 z1 z 2 z3    
 z1 z2 z3 
As z1  z2  z3  1
 z1z1  z2 z2  z3 z3  1
 z1 z2 z3 ( z1  2 z2  3z3 )
  
z1 z2 z3 z1  2 z2  3z3  z1 z2 z3 (0)  0 . . . . . [ Using (i)]
C  iS  0  i 0  S 0
 sin(   )  2 sin(  )  3sin(  )  0
Illustration - 46
The roots z1, z2 , z3 of the equation x3  3ax 2  3bx  c  0 in which a, b, c are complex
numbers, correspond to the points A, B, C on the Argand plane. Find the centroid of the triangle ABC and
show that it will be equilateral if a 2  b.
SOLUTION :
x3  3ax 2  3bx  c  0
z1  z2  z3  3a . . . (i)
z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1  3b . . . (ii)
z1z2 z3  c . . .(iii)
As A( z1 ), B ( z2 ) and C ( z3 ) be the vertices of the triangle ABC.
z z z
 centroid of ABC  1 2 3   a
3
For  to be equilateral ;
z12  z 22  z32  z1z 2  z2 z3  z3 z1
 ( z1  z2  z3 ) 2  3( z1z2  z2 z3  z3 z1 )
 9a 2  3 (3b)  a2  b

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My Chapter Notes
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Vidyamandir Classes

Vidyamandir Classes Complex Numbers

e.g. 2, 3, 4 ........... may be expressed as i 2 , i 3 , 2 i .........

Properties of iota (i) :

Hence, for n  N, in = i, – 1, – i, 1 attains four values according to the value of n, so

i4n + 1 = i, i4n + 2 = 1, i4n + 3 = – i, i4n + 4 = 1.

1.2 Introduction To Complex Numbers

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 1

z1 · z2 = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc) i

1.3 Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers

Distance of point P (z) from origin = | z | = a 2  b2 .

22 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

(i) If z lies in the I quadrant i.e. a > 0 and b > 0, then

(ii) If z lies in the II quadrant i.e. a<0 and b > 0, then

(iv) If z lies in the IV quadrant i.e. a > 0 and b < 0, then

1.4 Trigonometric Representation

Usually, | z | is denoted by r. Hence, z = r (cos  + i sin )

(i) z1   3  i (ii) z2  1  3i (iii) z3  1  i

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section11

1.5 Exponential Representation

4 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

1.6 Important Theorems & Properties

(cos  + i sin )n = cos n  + i sin n  where n is any rational number.

5. (i) z1  z2  z3  ......  zn  z1  z2  z3  ......  zn

(ii) z1 . z2 . z3 ..... . zn  z1 . z2 . z3 ........ z n

z- z =2 i Im (z)  z = z if z is purely real  Im(z)  0 

8. | – z | = | z | = | z | and arg ( z ) = – arg (z)

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 5

11. z1 z2  z1 z2  2 Re ( z1 z2 )  2 Re ( z1 z2 )  z1 z2  z1 z2 is purely real

 | z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 Re( z1z2 )  | z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 Re( z1z2 )

I. If z1 = r1 (cos  + i sin ) and z2 = r2 (cos  + i sin  ), show that :

Comparing with z = | z | (cos  + i sin ), we get :

For (iii) and (iv) :

r1 (cos   i sin  ) (cos   i sin )

II. Show that | z1  z2 |2 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  2 Re  z1 z2  .

 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  2Re  z1z2  [ z + z  2Re  z  ]

Illustration - 1 The simplified form of the expression : (x + 1 + i) (x + 1 – i) (x – 1 + i) (x – 1 – i) is:

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section

Illustration - 2 The value of : 2 x 4  5 x3  7 x 2  x  41, when x   2  3i is:

(A) 4 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 6

Squaring, (x + 2)2 = 3i2 = – 3 = 2x2. 0 – 3x (x2 + 4x + 7)

(A) 2 /  2 (B) 2  2 (C)  2  2 (D)  2 2

Illustration - 4 If iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0, then the value of | z | is :

8 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustration - 5 If | z1 | = | z2 | = ..... = | zn | = 1, then | z1 + z2 + ...... + zn | is always equal to :

(A) C + iS (B) C – iS (C) S + iC (D) S – iC

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 9

(A) 0 (B) abc (C) 3abc (D) a+b+c

10 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

(A) e–/2 (B) e/2 (C) e (D) e–

(A) |z–1|=2 (B) arg (z – 1) = 2 (C) arg (z – 1) =  (D) None of these

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 11

FINDING nth ROOTS OF z Section - 2

2.1 Square Root of a Complex Number

 |z|  a |z|a  | z| a | z|a

Illustrating the Concepts :

12 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

2.2 Cube Roots of Unity

Properties of cube root of unity :

2.3. nth Roots of Unity

It can be easily observed that for only k = 0, 1, 2, ......., n – 1

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 13

Properties of nth roots of unity