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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-

1723)
● Developed the most
powerful microscopes of
his day.
● He discovered one-celled
protozoans and bacteria.
● His work eventually led to
the discovery of the causes
of diseases, such as the
Black Death.
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Edward Jenner (1749-


1823)
● Jenner was ridiculed and resented by
his fellow
doctors. He unknowingly created the 1st
vaccine.
● This cartoon makes fun of Jenner’s
inoculations.
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The Birth of Anesthesia


A 19th century physician administering
chloroform prior to
surgery. Ether was one of the earliest
anesthetics to be used
but it was difficult to administer as it usually
made the
patients choke.
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Sir Humphry Davy (1778-


1829)
● Humphry Davy discovered
laughing gas (nitrous
oxide) which has made
going to the dentist much
less painful.
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James Lind (1716-1794)


● In James Lind’s experiment,
those that ate citrus fruit
stayed healthier.
● Captain Cook took Lind’s
advice and his crew stayed
health for a four-year journey.
● The British Navy finally
ordered sailors to drink lime
juice.
● Lind had found the cure for
scurvy—vitamin C.
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Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec and the
stethoscope
1821
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Ignaz Phillipp
Semmelweiss
● Discovered that the doctors were spreading
childbed fever.
More women were dying under the care of
doctors than
midwives.
● He proved that doctors were carrying the
disease from
corpses to their patients.
● He proved that cleanliness could prevent
childbed fever.
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Joseph Lister (1827-1912) and
Infection
● Discovered that carbolic acid
prevented infection on compound
infections.
● By insisting that everything be
kept clean and disinfected, he
lowered the death rate in his
surgeries.
● He discovered it was not the
presence of acid but the absence
of germs that mattered in surgery.
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Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)
● Louis Pasteur argued
that diseases were
caused by germs and
so effectively
established
bacteriology as a
science.

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