Design of Working Piles-R0

B-1
APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

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FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS
600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION
B1.0.0 General
This document covers the design of piles for the Exhaust Stack & Diffuser Foundations
Estimated design loads Estim-

Dia-
Axial ated
Pile for Stack & Diffuser Lateral Axial Tension meter
Compression Length
foundations
kN kN kN m mm
950 90 300 20 600
The preliminary sub-soil investigation records provided by Swissboring are used for the design.
B2.0.0 Soil Profile for Pile Design

Dry density of soil = 18 kN/m3
Water table Level below NGL ~ 20.00 m
Submerged density = 8 kN/m3
Dia of Pile = 60 cm
The soil profile for pile design is based on bore log for BH No.8 and is as represented below :
(see attached Phase III soil investigation BH datas)
Description of Strata Level SPT-N RQD
From To (Avg) %
Silty fine to medium SAND 0.0 1.0 0

1.0 2.0 0
Very Dense fine to medium 2.0 3.0 79
SAND 3.0 4.0 71
Dense to very dense fine to 4.0 5.0 44
medium SAND
Very dense fine to medium 5.0 6.0 100

SAND 6.0 8.0 100
8.0 11.0 100
Very dense fine to medium
11.0 18.0 100
SAND with cementing
18.0 22.0 100
Highly weathered fine silty 22.0 23.0 100
SANDSTONE
Design angle of friction for sand (assumed conservatively) = 38 °

Note :
Level 0.0 corresponds to ~ 45.0 m DMD
Level 22 corresponds to ~ 23.0 m DMD
For purpose of design, the cutoff level of pile = 2.0 m below GL
F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

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Length of pile in sandy strata = 20.0 m

Length of pile in weathered rock = 0.0 m
Total length of pile = 20.0 m
B3.0.0 Pile Capacity in Cohesionless Soils - Vertical compression - 600 dia Pile
B3.1.0 Method 1
The ultimate bearing capacity of piles in cohesionless soil and sockettted in rock / weathered rock
(Ref. : Pile Design & Construction Practice - M.J. Tomlinson, 4th Ed, Sec 4.3.1 & 4.3.7)
Qu Que + Qus + Qr
By End Bearing
Que = Ap. PD .Nq
By Skin Friction in sand
Qus = 1/2 . ks. PD. tan d .Asi
By Skin Friction in rock / weathered rock
Qr = a.b.Quc
where
Qu = Ultimate bearing capacity of piles
D = pile shaft diameter
= 600 mm
Ap = Cross-sectional area of pile toe in cm2
= 2827 cm2
g = Effective unit weight of soil at pile toe
= 8 kN/m3 (submerged density)
PD = Effective overburden pressure at pile toe
~ 405.0 kN/m2
Nq = Bearing capacity factor depending upon the angle of
internal friction f at toe
f = angle of internal friction (ref. Fig 4.13, Sec 4.3.1)
As = Surface area of pile shaft

Sni=1 = Summation for n layers in which pile is installed
ks = Coefficient of earth pressure
= 1.0
PDi = Effective overburden pressure for the ith layer
where I varies from 1 to n
d = Angle of wall friction between pile and soil, in degrees(may
be taken equal to f )
Asi = Surface area of pile stem in the ith layer where I
varies from 1 to n
a = rock socket reduction factor (ref. Fig 4.38, Sec 4.3.7,

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Tomlinson)
= 0.00
b = rock socket correction factor dependent on mass factor, j
(ref. Fig 4.39, Sec 4.3.7, Tomlinson)
= 0.00 (for j = 0.0)
j = mass factor based on RQD (ref sec 4.3.7, Tomlinson)

= 0.00
quc = unconfined compression strength of rock
= 0.0 kN/m2
Per Tomlinson, sec 4.3.1, partial material factor of 1.2 to 1.25 is to be applied
Partial saftey factor on f 1.25
From considerations of cavity below toe in cemented sandy soils or entrapment of
bentonite slurry at the toe
Que = 0 (assumed conservatively))
Total frictional resistance in sandy strata Qus = 1/2x1x405x(TAN38/1.25)3.14x0.6x20

= 4771.5 kN
Frictional resistance in rock socket Qr = a.b .quc Asi
= 0x0x0x3.14x0.6x0
= 0.0 kN
Total vertical ultimate capacity Qu = 4771.5 kN
Factor of safety FOS = 3.0

According to Tomlinson, sec 4.3.6, reduction factor for friction due to use of bentonite in bore
should be 10 to 30%
Reduction factor used = 0.7
Safe vertical compressive load on pile = 1113 kN
> 950 kN
REMARKS OK
B3.2.0 Method 2
Refer - "Foundation Analysis and Design", J.E. Bowles, 4th edition, Sec 16-9
For cohesionless soils,
Qus = Sni=1 .ks. Pdi. tan d. Asi
All notations are as given in section 3.1.0 above
Qus Depthwise frictional resistance tabulated below :
Thk. of Qus =.ks.
Cumm. PDi PDi.tand.
Depth each Field N f
depth
layer Asi

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0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 9.0 0 0.0

1.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 0 27.0 0 0.0
2.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 79 45.0 42 61.1
3.00 4.00 1.00 4.00 71 63.0 42 85.5
4.00 5.00 1.00 5.00 44 81.0 40 102.5
5.00 6.00 1.00 6.00 100 99.0 42 134.4
6.00 7.00 1.00 7.00 100 117.0 42 158.9
7.00 8.00 1.00 8.00 100 135.0 42 183.3
8.00 9.00 1.00 9.00 100 153.0 42 207.7
9.00 10.00 1.00 10.00 100 171.0 42 232.2
10.00 11.00 1.00 11.00 100 189.0 42 256.6
11.00 12.00 1.00 12.00 100 207.0 42 281.1
12.00 13.00 1.00 13.00 100 225.0 42 305.5
13.00 14.00 1.00 14.00 100 243.0 42 329.9
14.00 15.00 1.00 15.00 100 261.0 42 354.4
15.00 16.00 1.00 16.00 100 279.0 42 378.8
16.00 17.00 1.00 17.00 100 297.0 42 403.3
17.00 18.00 1.00 18.00 100 315.0 42 427.7
18.00 19.00 1.00 19.00 100 333.0 42 452.1
19.00 20.00 1.00 20.00 100 351.0 42 476.6
20.00 21.00 1.00 21.00 100 369.0 42 501.0
21.00 22.00 1.00 22.00 100 387.0 42 525.5 Pile Tip
22.00 23.00 1.00 23.00 100 405.0 42 549.90
23.00 24.00 1.00 24.00 100 423.0 43 594.82
Average N 94.70 sum 5858.1

From considerations of cavity below toe in cemented sandy soils or entrapment of bentonite
slurry at the toe
Que (assumed conservatively)) = 0
Total frictional resistance in sandy strata Qus = 5858.1
Frictional resistance in rock socket Qr = a.b .Quc Asi

(see above) = 0.0
Total vertical ultimate capacity Qu = 5858.1
should be 10 to 30%

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> 950 kN
REMARKS OK
B3.3.0 Settlement Calculation for piles
B3.3.1 Under Vertical Load

Ref. "Principles of Foundation Engineering"--Braja M. Das, 5th Edition, 2004, Thomson/ Brooks-Cole
Section 11.18
Total elastic settlement under load, Se = Se1 + Se2 +Se3
Where,
Elastic shortening of pile Se1 = (Qwp + x Qws)*L
Ap.Ep
where Qwp = working load carried by pile tip
Qws = working load carried by friction along pile shaft
Ap = area of pile tip cross section
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile material
x = 0.50 for rectangle distribution of frictional resistance
= 0.50 for parabolic distribution
= 0.67 for triangular distribution
Elastic settlement of pile under Se2 = qwp D (1-ms2) Iwp
load transmitted at the pile tip
Es
where qwp = Qwp/Ap
D = diameter of pile tip
ms = Poisson's ratio of soil = 0.3 (assumed)
Iwp = Influence factor ~0.85
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil below pile point
Elastic settlement of pile under Se3 = Qws. D. (1-ms2).Iws

load transmitted along the pile
shaft pL.Es
where
p = perimeter of pile
L = embedded length of pile
Iws = influence factor
= 2+0.35*(sqrt(L/D)
= 4.02
Noting that Qwp = 0 kN
Qws = 950 kN
L = 20.0 m
p = 3.14x0.6
= 1.885 m

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Ap = 3.14x(0.6^2)/4
= 0.283 m2
Fck = 40 N/mm2
gm = partial safety factor for concrete
= 1.5
Ep = 5.5 sqrt(Fck/gm)
= 28.40 kN/mm2
N = Average over shaft
Refer Table 5.5, Foundation Analysis and Design, J.E.Bowles,4th Edition
Es = 500(N+15)
= 54850 kN/m2
Se1 = (0+0.5x950)x20/(0.283x28400000)
= 0.00118 m
= 1.183 mm
Se2 = 0.00 m
Se3 = 950x0.6x(1-0.3x0.3)x4.02/(1.885x20x54850)
= 0.00101 m
= 1.01 mm
Total settlement under safe working load = 2.192 mm
Settlement under 1.5 x safe load = 3.2874 mm

Permitted settlement as per Owner
spec G5.4, cl 8.7.2 = 5.00 mm
REMARKS < Permitted settlement, OK
spec G5.4, cl 8.7.2 = 7.00 mm
B3.4.0 Theoretical Elastic static Stiffness of pile - under vertical compression

Stiffness = Load / Displacement
Kv = 950 / 0.002192 kN/m
= 433476
~ 433500 kN/m
B4.0.0 Structural Design of Working Pile

The structural design of pile is done for the max. axial force, moment and shear along the pile shaft.
The pile shaft is analysed as a beam on elastic foundation subject to the following loads :
Load Description Value Unit
LC1 Axial Compression 950 kN
LC2 Axial tension 640 kN (from soil capacity considerations)

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LC3 Lateral Force 90 kN

LC4 Moment due to 71.25 kNm
non-verticality
eccentricity=75mm
LC5 1.5(LC1+LC3+LC4)
LC6 LC3+LC4
Note : The pile is designed for an axial tension of 300 kN only even though the tension
which can be mobilized from soil consideration is as noted above.
B4.1.0 Modulus of subgrade reaction for pile design

Es = 500(N+15)
Refer Sec 9-6, Foundation Analysis and Design, J.E.Bowles,4th Edition
ks = Es
B(1-ms2 )
B = Width / dia of pile
Description of Strata Level SPT-N RQD Es ks

From To (Avg)
Silty fine to medium SAND 0.0 1.0 0 7500 13736

1.0 2.0 20 17500 32051
Very Dense fine to medium 2.0 3.0 79 47000 86081
SAND 3.0 4.0 71 43000 78755
Dense to very dense fine to 4.0 5.0 44 29500 54029
medium SAND
Very dense fine to medium 5.0 8.0 100 57500 105311

SAND
8.0 14.0 100 57500 105311
14.0 18.0 100 57500 105311
SAND with cementing
18.0 22.0 100 57500 105311
Highly weathered fine silty 22.0 23.5 100 57500 105311
SANDSTONE
Subgrade modulus and elastic bed stiffness used in pile lateral load design
Pile Depth Table value ks ks*D
kN/m 3
kN/m/m
0-1m 32051 32100 19300
1-3m 78755 78800 47300
3 - 4m 54029 54100 32500

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4m-Toe of pile 105311 105400 63300

ks values are rounded up from table above
Ks*D = spring stiffness of elastic bed / m (values are rounded up)
B4.2.0 Analysis & Results

The analysis of the pile as a beam on elastic halfspace is carried out using STAAD Pro. The
inputs and outputs are furnished in Annexure B 4.6.0
The results are summarized below :
B4.2.1 Displacements
Detailed output and sketch in Annexure 4.6.0
Max. displacements are at Node no. 21 as noted below :
LC3 LC6
Max horizontal displacement 2.789 3.794 mm
B4.2.2 Bending Moment

The bending moment diagram and the member forces are given in Annexure B 4.6.0
The maximum factored (LC5) bending = 186.95 kNm
moment
Member Mz
No. = 20,19
B4.2.3 Shear Force

The shear force diagram and the member forces are given in Annexure B 4.6.0
The maximum factored (LC5) shear = 80.08 kN
force,Fy
Factored lateral load capacity = 135 kN
Governing Shear force = 135 kN
Member No. = 20
B4.3.0 Theoretical Elastic static stiffness of pile - under lateral force

From above max. displacment :
Lateral stiffness, Kh = 90 / 0.00279 kN/m
= 32270 kN/m
~ 32300 kN/m
B4.4.0 Reinforcement Design

Max Factored Bending Moment = 186.95 kN.m
Max Factored Axial Force = 1425 kN
Max factored shear force = 135 kN
Fcu = 40 N/mm2
Fy = 460 N/mm2
h = 600 mm
Clear Cover to reinforcement = 75 mm

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Hs = 600 - ( 2 x 75 ) - ( 2 x 10 ) - ( 2 x 10))
= 410 mm
Hs / h = 410 / 600
= 0.683
Refer "Examples of Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings to BS8110, C.E. Reynolds &
J.C. Steedman, 4th Edition
Using Data sheet 59 for Circular columns (see Annexure C)
Mu / h3.Fcu = (186.95 x 10^6 / (600 ^3 x 40)
= 0.022
Nu / h2.Fcu = (1425 x 10^3 / 600 ^2 x 40)

= 0.099
rs/Fcu = 0.0002 (conservatively, for Nu = 0)

rs = 0.008
Area of Steel ( Asc ) = r x Ac
= 2262 mm2
Provide 12 nos. T20 for full length of the pile including projection
above Pile cut of level
Area of Steel Provided = (12 x 3.14 x 20^2/4)
= 3770 mm2
Safe
Design for shear reinforcement
For circular section, in accordance with the recommendation of B.C.A Paper by J.L. Clarke
Ast ( 1/2 of 12 T20 ) = 1885 mm2
Depth of Centroid of Ast
Cover to reinforcement c = 85 mm
R1 = ( 600/2-85)
= 215 mm d
t = 20 mm R1
y2 a
2a = 360 x 4 /12
a = 60 ° y1
= 1.05 rads
y1 = R1 {1 - 2 sin a / 3a [ 1 - ( t / R1 ) + (1 / (2 - t / R1 ) ] }
= 215 { 1 - 2 x sin 67.5 / 3 x 1.18 [ 1 - ( 20 / 215 ) +
[ 1 / ( 2 - 20 / 215 ] ] }
= 45.33 mm
y2 = 215 - 45.33
= 169.67 mm 0.55
d = 469.67 mm 0.09
bd = pi()* R2 - R2 [ ( f -sinf cosf ) ] 0.52

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Cos f = 45.33 / (600 / 2)

= 0.151
f = 81.31 deg
f = 1.42 rads
bd = PI() x (600 / 2 )² - ( 600 / 2 )² x [ ( 1.42 - 0.983 * 0.180 )]
= 170948 mm2
b = 363.98 mm
Shear Stress ,v = (135 x 10^3 / 170948.13)
= 0.790 N/mm2
100 Ast / bd = 1.10 %
vc = 0.760 N/mm2
0.5vc = 0.380 N/mm2
vc + 0.4 = 1.160 N/mm2
Max allow. Shear stress = min ( 5.38 or 5.0 )
Min(0.85Öfck or 5.0N/mm²) = 5.00 N/mm2
CASE : 1 If v < 0.5 vc , Provide minimum shear links

Maximum shear link spacing = 0.75 d
CASE : 2 If 0.5 vc < v < (vc + 0.4) , sv = 0.95 * fy * Asv / ( 0.4* b )
CASE : 3 If (vc + 0.40) < v < 0.8*sqrt(fcu) or 5 N/mm2, sv = 0.95 * Fy *Asv / (( v - vc)*b)
Governing Case Case 2 i.e 0.5 vc < v < ( vc + 0.4 )
i.e 0.38 < 0.79 < 1.16
Remark Provide design shear reinforcement
Provide spriral shear reinforcement T10 - 100 mm c/c
Asv = bv x sv x 0.4 / 0.95 fy
bv = 363.98 mm
sv = 100 mm
Asv = 363.98 x 100 x 0.4 / 0.95 x 460
= 33.3 mm2
b = tan-1 ( 50 / 450 ) 50
= 0.111 b
sin b = 0.111 450
Af = 79 mm 2
Effective area of spiral = Af ( 1 - sin b )

= 70 mm2
> 33 mm2
Hence O.K
B4.5.0 Check for Tension with bending
Vertical capacity of pile in tension, ( N ) = 300 kN

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Doc. No. : 0
Factored Moment dueto lateral load = 186.95 kNm

d N
Factored Tensile load Nu = 450 kN
Effective cover c = 85 mm
Effective depth h = 410 mm
m = Mu /(fck*Ac*h)
Here, Ac = 282743 mm²
dia(h) = 600 mm
m = 186.95 * 10^6 / ( 40 * 282743 * 600 )
0.028
n = Nu / (fck*Ac)
= 0.040
c/h = 0.21
for w refer chart 2.1-F4 c/h = 0.20
(REF : from Handbook for Limit State Design of RC members by V.K.Ghanekar & J.P.Jain )
w = 0.150
Ast(req) = w*Ac*fck / fy
= 0.150 * 282743 * 40 / 460
= 3688 mm²
Minimum percentage of steel req for pile = 0.80%
Ast(req) = 2262 mm²
Max reinforcement reqd = 3688 mm²
= 3770 mm2
Safe

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam
Sheet 2 REV
FICHTNER Prep. : PSK Chkd :KCS Appd : KCS
CONTENTS
Annexure B 600 DIA PILE FOR EXHAUST STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION
B1.0.0 General
B3.1.0 Method 1
B3.2.0 Method 2
B3.4.0 Theoretical Elastic static Stiffness of pile - under
vertical compression

B4.2.3 Shear Force
B4.3.0 Theoretical Elastic static stiffness of pile - under
lateral force
B4.5.0 Allowable Tension in Pile
B4.6.0 STAAD Inputs & Outputs - 600 Diameter Pile
ANNEXURE B References
ANNEXURE C Pile Details
NOTE :
The design of piles in this document is based on soil Investigation carried out
for Phase III expansion of Station "H". The safe load capacities and stiffnesses
arrived at are on theoretical basis and shall be verified at site based on load
F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Contents page 12 of 33

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam
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tests.

0
Appd : KCS

B-1
Aweer Gas Turbine Power Station "H" Phase-III Rev

Exhaust Duct, Diffuser & Stack Foundations (Part 1) - Doc. No. : R-21-C-C 11534 A
Piling & Pile Design - Design Calculations
FICHTNER Prepared : PGL Checked : SSM Approved : KCS
B1.0.0 General
This document covers the design of piles for the Exhaust Stack & Diffuser Foundations
Estimated design loads Estim-

Dia-
Axial ated
Pile for Stack & Diffuser Lateral Axial Tension meter
Compression Length
foundations
kN kN kN m mm
950 90 300 20 600
The preliminary sub-soil investigation records provided by Swissboring are used for the design.

Dry density of soil = 18 kN/m3
Water table Level below NGL ~ 20.00 m
Submerged density = 8 kN/m3
Dia of Pile = 60 cm
The soil profile for pile design is based on bore log for BH No.8 and is as represented below :
(see attached Phase III soil investigation BH datas)
Description of Strata Level SPT-N RQD
From To (Avg) %
Silty fine to medium SAND 0.0 1.0 0

1.0 2.0 0
Very Dense fine to medium 2.0 3.0 79
SAND 3.0 4.0 71
Dense to very dense fine to 4.0 5.0 44
medium SAND
Very dense fine to medium 5.0 6.0 100

SAND 6.0 8.0 100
8.0 11.0 100
11.0 18.0 100
SAND with cementing
18.0 22.0 100
Highly weathered fine silty 22.0 23.0 100
SANDSTONE
Design angle of friction for sand (assumed conservatively) = 38 °

Note :
Level 0.0 corresponds to ~ 45.0 m DMD
Level 22 corresponds to ~ 23.0 m DMD
For purpose of design, the cutoff level of pile = 2.0 m below GL
F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, SOIL RESISTANCE-600

B-2

Length of pile in sandy strata = 20.0 m

Length of pile in weathered rock = 0.0 m
Total length of pile = 20.0 m
B3.1.0 Method 1
The ultimate bearing capacity of piles in cohesionless soil and sockettted in rock / weathered rock
(Ref. : Pile Design & Construction Practice - M.J. Tomlinson, 4th Ed, Sec 4.3.1 & 4.3.7)
Qu Que + Qus + Qr
By End Bearing
Que = Ap. PD .Nq
By Skin Friction in sand
Qus = 1/2 . ks. PD. tan d .Asi
By Skin Friction in rock / weathered rock
Qr = a.b .Quc
where
Qu = Ultimate bearing capacity of piles
D = pile shaft diameter
= 600 mm
Ap = Cross-sectional area of pile toe in cm2
= 2827 cm2
g = Effective unit weight of soil at pile toe
= 8 kN/m3 (submerged density)
PD = Effective overburden pressure at pile toe
~ 405.0 kN/m2
Nq = Bearing capacity factor depending upon the angle of
internal friction f at toe
f = angle of internal friction (ref. Fig 4.13, Sec 4.3.1)
As = Surface area of pile shaft

Sni=1 = Summation for n layers in which pile is installed
ks = Coefficient of earth pressure
= 1.0
PDi = Effective overburden pressure for the ith layer
where I varies from 1 to n
d = Angle of wall friction between pile and soil, in degrees(may
be taken equal to f )
Asi = Surface area of pile stem in the ith layer where I
varies from 1 to n
a = rock socket reduction factor (ref. Fig 4.38, Sec 4.3.7,

B-3

Tomlinson)
= 0.00
b = rock socket correction factor dependent on mass factor, j
(ref. Fig 4.39, Sec 4.3.7, Tomlinson)
= 0.00 (for j = 0.0)
j = mass factor based on RQD (ref sec 4.3.7, Tomlinson)

= 0.00
quc = unconfined compression strength of rock
= 0.0 kN/m2
Per Tomlinson, sec 4.3.1, partial material factor of 1.2 to 1.25 is to be applied
Partial saftey factor on f 1.25
From considerations of cavity below toe in cemented sandy soils or entrapment of
bentonite slurry at the toe
Que = 0 (assumed conservatively))
Total frictional resistance in sandy strata Qus = 1/2x1x405x(TAN38/1.25)3.14x0.6x20

= 4771.5 kN
Frictional resistance in rock socket Qr = a.b .quc Asi
= 0x0x0x3.14x0.6x0
= 0.0 kN
Total vertical ultimate capacity Qu = 4771.5 kN

should be 10 to 30%
> 950 kN
REMARKS OK
B3.2.0 Method 2
Refer - "Foundation Analysis and Design", J.E. Bowles, 4th edition, Sec 16-9
For cohesionless soils,
Qus = Sni=1 .ks. Pdi. tan d. Asi
All notations are as given in section 3.1.0 above
Qus Depthwise frictional resistance tabulated below :
Thk. of Qus =.ks.
Cumm. PDi PDi.tand.
Depth each Field N f
depth
layer Asi

B-4

0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 9.0 0 0.0

1.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 0 27.0 0 0.0
2.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 79 45.0 42 61.1
3.00 4.00 1.00 4.00 71 63.0 42 85.5
4.00 5.00 1.00 5.00 44 81.0 40 102.5
5.00 6.00 1.00 6.00 100 99.0 42 134.4
6.00 7.00 1.00 7.00 100 117.0 42 158.9
7.00 8.00 1.00 8.00 100 135.0 42 183.3
8.00 9.00 1.00 9.00 100 153.0 42 207.7
9.00 10.00 1.00 10.00 100 171.0 42 232.2
10.00 11.00 1.00 11.00 100 189.0 42 256.6
11.00 12.00 1.00 12.00 100 207.0 42 281.1
12.00 13.00 1.00 13.00 100 225.0 42 305.5
13.00 14.00 1.00 14.00 100 243.0 42 329.9
14.00 15.00 1.00 15.00 100 261.0 42 354.4
15.00 16.00 1.00 16.00 100 279.0 42 378.8
16.00 17.00 1.00 17.00 100 297.0 42 403.3
17.00 18.00 1.00 18.00 100 315.0 42 427.7
18.00 19.00 1.00 19.00 100 333.0 42 452.1
19.00 20.00 1.00 20.00 100 351.0 42 476.6
20.00 21.00 1.00 21.00 100 369.0 42 501.0
21.00 22.00 1.00 22.00 100 387.0 42 525.5 Pile Tip
22.00 23.00 1.00 23.00 100 405.0 42 549.90
23.00 24.00 1.00 24.00 100 423.0 43 594.82
Average N 94.70 sum 5858.1

From considerations of cavity below toe in cemented sandy soils or entrapment of bentonite
slurry at the toe
Que (assumed conservatively)) = 0
Total frictional resistance in sandy strata Qus = 5858.1
Frictional resistance in rock socket Qr = a.b .Quc Asi

(see above) = 0.0
Total vertical ultimate capacity Qu = 5858.1
should be 10 to 30%

B-5

> 950 kN
REMARKS OK

Ref. "Principles of Foundation Engineering"--Braja M. Das, 5th Edition, 2004, Thomson/ Brooks-Cole
Section 11.18
Total elastic settlement under load, Se = Se1 + Se2 +Se3
Where,
Elastic shortening of pile Se1 = (Qwp + x Qws)*L
Ap.Ep
where Qwp = working load carried by pile tip
Qws = working load carried by friction along pile shaft
Ap = area of pile tip cross section
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pile material
x = 0.50 for rectangle distribution of frictional resistance
= 0.50 for parabolic distribution
= 0.67 for triangular distribution
Elastic settlement of pile under Se2 = qwp D (1-ms2) Iwp
load transmitted at the pile tip
Es
where qwp = Qwp/Ap
D = diameter of pile tip
ms = Poisson's ratio of soil = 0.3 (assumed)
Iwp = Influence factor ~0.85
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil below pile point
Elastic settlement of pile under Se3 = Qws. D. (1-ms2).Iws

load transmitted along the pile
shaft pL.Es
where
p = perimeter of pile
L = embedded length of pile
Iws = influence factor
= 2+0.35*(sqrt(L/D)
= 4.02
Noting that Qwp = 0 kN
Qws = 950 kN
L = 20.0 m
p = 3.14x0.6
= 1.885 m

B-6

Ap = 3.14x(0.6^2)/4
= 0.283 m2
Fck = 40 N/mm2
gm = partial safety factor for concrete
= 1.5
Ep = 5.5 sqrt(Fck/gm)
= 28.40 kN/mm2
N = Average over shaft
Es = 500(N+15)
= 54850 kN/m2
Se1 = (0+0.5x950)x20/(0.283x28400000)
= 0.00118 m
= 1.183 mm
Se2 = 0.00 m
Se3 = 950x0.6x(1-0.3x0.3)x4.02/(1.885x20x54850)
= 0.00101 m
= 1.01 mm
Total settlement under safe working load = 2.192 mm

spec G5.4, cl 8.7.2 = 5.00 mm
spec G5.4, cl 8.7.2 = 7.00 mm
B3.4.0 Theoretical Elastic static Stiffness of pile - under vertical compression

Stiffness = Load / Displacement
Kv = 950 / 0.002192 kN/m
= 433476
~ 433500 kN/m

The structural design of pile is done for the max. axial force, moment and shear along the pile shaft.
The pile shaft is analysed as a beam on elastic foundation subject to the following loads :
Load Description Value Unit
LC1 Axial Compression 950 kN
LC2 Axial tension 640 kN (from soil capacity considerations)

B-7

LC3 Lateral Force 90 kN

LC4 Moment due to 71.25 kNm
non-verticality
eccentricity=75mm
LC5 1.5(LC1+LC3+LC4)
LC6 LC3+LC4
Note : For nominal tension values, the pile design will be checked and proven safe or no
tension shall be permitted in the piles

Es = 500(N+15)
Refer Sec 9-6, Foundation Analysis and Design, J.E.Bowles,4th Edition
ks = Es
B(1-ms2 )
B = Width / dia of pile
Description of Strata Level SPT-N RQD Es ks

From To (Avg)
Silty fine to medium SAND 0.0 1.0 0 7500 13736

1.0 2.0 20 17500 32051
Very Dense fine to medium 2.0 3.0 79 47000 86081
SAND 3.0 4.0 71 43000 78755
Dense to very dense fine to 4.0 5.0 44 29500 54029
medium SAND
Very dense fine to medium 5.0 8.0 100 57500 105311

SAND
8.0 14.0 100 57500 105311
14.0 18.0 100 57500 105311
SAND with cementing
18.0 22.0 100 57500 105311
Highly weathered fine silty 22.0 23.5 100 57500 105311
SANDSTONE
Subgrade modulus and elastic bed stiffness used in pile lateral load design
Pile Depth Table value ks ks*D
kN/m 3
kN/m/m
0-1m 32051 32100 19300
1-3m 78755 78800 47300
3 - 4m 54029 54100 32500

B-8

4m-Toe of pile 105311 105400 63300

ks values are rounded up from table above
Ks*D = spring stiffness of elastic bed / m (values are rounded up)

The analysis of the pile as a beam on elastic halfspace is carried out using STAAD Pro. The
inputs and outputs are furnished in Annexure B 4.6.0
The results are summarized below :
Detailed output and sketch in Annexure 4.6.0
Max. displacements are at Node no. 21 as noted below :
LC3 LC6
Max horizontal displacement 2.789 3.794 mm

The bending moment diagram and the member forces are given in Annexure B 4.6.0
The maximum factored (LC5) bending = 186.95 kNm
moment
Member Mz
No. = 20,19
B4.2.3 Shear Force

The shear force diagram and the member forces are given in Annexure B 4.6.0
The maximum factored (LC5) shear = 80.08 kN
force,Fy
Factored lateral load capacity = 135 kN
Governing Shear force = 135 kN
Member No. = 20
B4.3.0 Theoretical Elastic static stiffness of pile - under lateral force

From above max. displacment :
Lateral stiffness, Kh = 90 / 0.00279 kN/m
= 32270 kN/m
~ 32300 kN/m

Max Factored Bending Moment = 186.95 kN.m
Max Factored Axial Force = 1425 kN
Max factored shear force = 135 kN
Fcu = 40 N/mm2
Fy = 460 N/mm2
h = 600 mm
Clear Cover to reinforcement = 75 mm

B-9

Hs = 600 - ( 2 x 75 ) - ( 2 x 10 ) - ( 2 x 10))
= 410 mm
Hs / h = 410 / 600
= 0.683
Refer "Examples of Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings to BS8110, C.E. Reynolds &
J.C. Steedman, 4th Edition
Using Data sheet 59 for Circular columns (see Annexure C)
Mu / h3.Fcu = (186.95 x 10^6 / (600 ^3 x 40)
= 0.022
Nu / h2.Fcu = (1425 x 10^3 / 600 ^2 x 40)

= 0.099
rs/Fcu = 0.0002 (conservatively, for Nu = 0)

rs = 0.008
Area of Steel ( Asc ) = r x Ac
= 2262 mm2
= 2513 mm2
Safe
Design for shear reinforcement
For circular section, in accordance with the recommendation of B.C.A Paper by J.L. Clarke
Ast ( 1/2 of 8 T20 ) = 1257 mm2
Depth of Centroid of Ast
Cover to reinforcement c = 85 mm
R1 = ( 600/2-85)
= 215 mm d
t = 20 mm R1
y2 a
2a = 360 x 3 /8
a = 67.5 ° y1
= 1.18 rads
y1 = R1 {1 - 2 sin a / 3a [ 1 - ( t / R1 ) + (1 / (2 - t / R1 ) ] }
= 215 { 1 - 2 x sin 67.5 / 3 x 1.18 [ 1 - ( 20 / 215 ) +
[ 1 / ( 2 - 20 / 215 ] ] }
= 54.11 mm
y2 = 215 - 54.11
= 160.89 mm 0.52
d = 460.89 mm 0.09
bd = pi()* R2 - R2 [ ( f -sinf cosf ) ] 0.52

B - 10

Cos f = 54.11 / (600 / 2)

= 0.180
f = 79.61 deg
f = 1.39 rads
bd = PI() x (600 / 2 )² - ( 600 / 2 )² x [ ( 1.39 - 0.983 * 0.180 )]
= 173618 mm2
b = 376.70 mm
Shear Stress ,v = (135 x 10^3 / 173618.22)
= 0.780 N/mm2
100 Ast / bd = 0.72 %
vc = 0.660 N/mm2
0.5vc = 0.330 N/mm2
vc + 0.4 = 1.060 N/mm2
Max allow. Shear stress = min ( 5.38 or 5.0 )
Min(0.85Öfck or 5.0N/mm²) = 5.00 N/mm2
CASE : 1 If v < 0.5 vc , Provide minimum shear links

Maximum shear link spacing = 0.75 d
CASE : 2 If 0.5 vc < v < (vc + 0.4) , sv = 0.95 * fy * Asv / ( 0.4* b )
CASE : 3 If (vc + 0.40) < v < 0.8*sqrt(fcu) or 5 N/mm2, sv = 0.95 * Fy *Asv / (( v - vc)*b)
Governing Case Case 2 i.e 0.5 vc < v < ( vc + 0.4 )
i.e 0.33 < 0.78 < 1.06
Remark Provide design shear reinforcement
Provide spriral shear reinforcement T10 - 100 mm c/c
Asv = bv x sv x 0.4 / 0.95 fy
bv = 376.70 mm
sv = 100 mm
Asv = 376.70 x 100 x 0.4 / 0.95 x 460
= 34.5 mm2
b = tan-1 ( 50 / 450 ) 50
= 0.111 b
sin b = 0.111 450
Af = 79 mm 2
Effective area of spiral = Af ( 1 - sin b )

= 70 mm2
> 34.5 mm2
Hence O.K
B4.5.0 Allowable Tension in Pile
Tension capacity of pile from

B - 11

soil friction considerations = 640 kN

Assume allowable tensile capacity
of pile as = 300 kN
Area of steel provided = 2513 mm2
Stress in steel fst = 119 N/mm2
Check for crack width in direct tension (BS 8007 :1987, Appendix B, Clause B.5)
Youngs modulus of steel Es = 200000 N/mm2
Ignoring tension taken by concrete,
Strain in reinforcing steel, e1 = fst / Es
= 0.0006
Stiffening effect of concrete in
direct tension(B.7) e2 = bt x h / E s As
Here,bt x h represents the concrete area = p x D² / 4
e2 = 0.00056
Average strain in concrete where
crackwidth is required, em = e1 - e2
= 3.4E-05
Bar spacing s = 3.142 * ( 600 - 2 * 85 ) / 8
= 169 mm
Max. dist.from surface to rebar, acr = sqrt[ (169/2)² + 85² ]
= 120 mm
Design crack width in direct tension, w = 3 x acr x em
= 0.012 mm
Tensile Stress in concrete = 1.06 N/mm2
As per BS 8007, Table A.1
Allowable tensile stress in concrete = 1.60 N/mm2
Hence under actual tensile load, the concrete will not crack, or if cracked,
the crack width will be well within limits.

Design of
APPDCL 2X800 MW SDSTPS
TATA Projects Limited Working Piles
KRISHNAPATNAM
1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF 500 DIA FIXED HEAD WORKING PILE
1.1 Input Data

Diameter of pile D = 500 mm
Pile capacity in compression P = 1100.00 kN
Pile capacity in Tension T = 290.00 kN
Pile capacity in Lateral (fixed head) H = 80.00 kN
Pile capacity in Lateral (free head) H = 40.00 kN
Limit state design Load factor FL = 1.5
Grade of concrete fck = 25 N/mm²
Grade of steel fy = 500 N/mm²
Clear cover to stirrups c = 40 mm
Minimum % of steel required pt,min = 0.4 % (Cl.5.11.1 IS:2911 Part 1/sec 1)
Minimum Area of steel required Ast min = 785 mm2
Diameter of helical reinforcement ft = 8 mm
Min. diameter main reinforcement f1 = 16 mm
Max diameter of main reinforcement f2 = 25 mm
Area of pile cross section Ac = 196350 mm2
1.2 Depth of Fixity calculation (As per Appendix C, Cl. C-1.2)
Cut-off level below FFL = 3.5 m

Length of lateral test pile below cut-off l Le = 18 m
Coefficient of stiffness K1 = 90.000 kg/cm3 (From soil report
Length of pile above GL L1 = 0 m
Modulus of Elasticity of Conc. E = 5000Öfck

= 25000 N/mm²
= 254842 kg/cm²
Moment of inertia of pile I = p D4 / 64
= 306796 cm4
Pile Stiffness R = (E I / K1)1/4
= 171.7 cm
4R = 687 cm
< 1800 cm O.K
L1 / R = 0.00
For fixed head pile Lf / R = 2.17 (From Fig 2 - IS 2911, Part1 Sec.1)
Length of Fixity Lf = 372.6 cm
1.3 Design of pile from cut off level to depth of fixity
A Design for Tesion with Bending
Factored Lateral load Hu = 120 kN

Factored Bending moment Mu = Hu(L1+Lf)/2 For fixed head pile
= 223.53 kNm
Reduction factor = 0.82 (From Fig 3 - IS 2911, Part 1 Sec.1)
Design Bending Moment Mu = 183 kNm
Effective cover d' = 60.50 mm
d' / D = 0.12
Factored uplift load (Tension) N = Tu = 435 kN
m = Mu/fck Ac h = 0.075
n = N / ( fck Ac ) = 0.089
Refer V.K.Ghaneker's Handbook for Limit State Design of Reinf.Conc. Members (Columns 2.1-F3)
w = 0.380
fy' used in the above reference chart fy = 415 N/mm2
Area of steel required Ast req = w Ac fc / fy = 4495 mm2
Multiplying factor to consider for fy = 500 N/mm2 = 0.83
Area of steel required Ast,req = 3731 mm2
Doc. No. TPL-069-CAL-C-6002, Rev. R1

FICHTNER INDIA Page : 5 of 17
Design of
KRISHNAPATNAM
B Vertical Tension
Factored Tensile load Tu = 435 kN

Area of steel required Ast,req = Tu / 0.87 * fy
= 1000 mm2
C Lateral load only

d' / D = 0.121
Vertical load Pu = 0.00 kN
Mu/fckD3 = 0.059
Refer Chart 61 SP:16 p/fck = 0.055
p = 1.38 %
Area of steel required Ast req = 2700 mm2
D Design for Compression with Bending
Factored compressive load Pu = 1650 kN

Pu/fckD2 = 0.26
Mu/fckD 3
= 0.059
p = 1.20 %
Provide 8 Nos 25 dia + 0 Nos 20 dia

Ast prov. = 3927 mm2
O.K.
E Check for minimum eccentricity
% of Ast,prov p = 3927x100/(pi()x500^2/4)
= 2.000 %
p/fck = 2/25
= 0.08
Pu/fckD2 = 0.26
From Chart 61, Mu/fckD3 = 0.075
Moment Capacity = 0.075x25x500^3/10^6
Mu = 234.375 kN.m
Eccentricity (e) = Mu/Pu
= 234.38/1650
= 142.05 mm
Min. ecc. for short axially loaded columns,
(Le/500+D/30) or 20 mm whichever is greater = Max ((3725.5/500+500/30), 20 mm)
(As per clause 25.4 of IS:456) = 24.11767 mm
Eccentricity as per moment capacity = 142.05 > 24.11767 Hence ok
1.4 Design of pile below depth of fixity
A Vertical Compression

Axial capacity Pa,u = 0.4 fck Ac
(As a plain concrete section) = 1963 kN
O.K.
B Vertical Tension

Frictional resistance of pile above depth of fixity = α Cu pi() D 28 kN
Self weight of pile upto depth of fixity = 25 kN
= 879 mm2
Ast prov. = 905 mm2
O.K.
Since the Bending Moment reduces considerably beyond depth of fixity(3344 mm), conservatively
provide 8 #25 dia & 0 #20 dia to a depth of 1.5 times the depth of fixity, say, 5000 mm from cutoff level and
provide 8 #12 dia & 0 #12 dia below depth of fixity
1.5 Helical reinforcement
Diameter of helical reinforcement = 8 mm

Pitch of the spiral reinforcement :
least of the following :
i). Diameter of pile = 500 mm
ii) 16 f1 = 400 mm
iii) 300 mm = 300 mm
\ provide 8 dia @ 250mm c/c

Design of
KRISHNAPATNAM
2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF 500 DIA FREE HEAD WORKING PILE
2.1 Input Data

Minimum % of steel required pt,min = 0.4 % (Cl.5.11.1 IS:2911 Part 1/Sec 1)


= 25000 N/mm²
= 254842 kg/cm²
= 306796 cm4
= 171.7 cm
4R = 687 cm
< 1800 cm O.K
L1 / R = 0.00

Factored Bending moment Mu = Hu(L1+Lf) For free head pile
= 197.78 kNm
d' / D = 0.12
m = Mu/fck Ac h = 0.032
n = N / ( fck Ac ) = 0.089
w = 0.200

Design of
KRISHNAPATNAM
B Vertical Tension

= 1000 mm2
C Lateral load only

d' / D = 0.121
Mu/fckD3 = 0.025
p = 0.50 %

Pu/fckD2 = 0.26
Mu/fckD 3
= 0.025
p = 0.40 %

O.K.
% of Ast,prov p = 2060.9x100/(pi()x500^2/4)
= 1.050 %
p/fck = 1.05/25
= 0.04
Pu/fckD2 = 0.26
Mu = 234.375 kN.m
= 234.38/1650
= 142.05 mm

O.K.
B Vertical Tension

= 879 mm2
Ast prov. = 905 mm2
O.K.

ii) 16 f1 = 320 mm
iii) 300 mm = 300 mm

Design of
KRISHNAPATNAM
3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF 600 DIA FIXED HEAD WORKING PILE
3.1 Input Data



= 25000 N/mm²
= 254842 kg/cm²
= 636173 cm4
= 206.0 cm
4R = 824 cm
< 1800 cm O.K
L1 / R = 0.00
Factored Lateral load Hu = 142.5 kN

Factored Bending moment Mu = Hu(L1+Lf)/2 For fixed head pile
= 318.52 kNm
d' / D = 0.10
m = Mu/fck Ac h = 0.062
n = N / ( fck Ac ) = 0.081
w = 0.300

Design of
KRISHNAPATNAM
B Vertical Tension

= 1310 mm2
C Lateral load only

d' / D = 0.101
Mu/fckD3 = 0.048
p = 1.05 %

Pu/fckD2 = 0.25
Mu/fckD 3
= 0.048
p = 0.75 %

O.K.
% of Ast,prov p = 4830.2x100/(pi()x600^2/4)
= 1.708 %
p/fck = 1.71/25
= 0.07
Pu/fckD2 = 0.25
Mu = 405 kN.m
= 405/2250
= 180.00 mm

O.K.
B Vertical Tension

= 1096 mm2
O.K.

ii) 16 f1 = 400 mm
iii) 300 mm = 300 mm

Design of
KRISHNAPATNAM
4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF 600 DIA FREE HEAD WORKING PILE
4.1 Input Data



= 25000 N/mm²
= 254842 kg/cm²
= 636173 cm4
= 206.0 cm
4R = 824 cm
< 1800 cm O.K
L1 / R = 0.00

Factored Bending moment Mu = Hu(L1+Lf) For free head pile
= 296.66 kNm
d' / D = 0.10
m = Mu/fck Ac h = 0.028
n = N / ( fck Ac ) = 0.081
w = 0.080

Design of
KRISHNAPATNAM
B Vertical Tension

= 1310 mm2
C Lateral load only

d' / D = 0.101
Mu/fckD3 = 0.022
p = 0.40 %

Pu/fckD2 = 0.25
Mu/fckD 3
= 0.022
p = 0.40 %

O.K.
% of Ast,prov p = 1357.2x100/(pi()x600^2/4)
= 0.480 %
p/fck = 0.48/25
= 0.02
Pu/fckD2 = 0.25
Mu = 405 kN.m
= 405/2250
= 180.00 mm

O.K.
B Vertical Tension

Frictional resistance of pile at 6 m below pile cut off level = α 41 kN
= 1120 mm2
O.K.

ii) 16 f1 = 192 mm
iii) 300 mm = 300 mm


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B-1

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

Estimated design loads Estim-

B2.0.0 Soil Profile for Pile Design

Silty fine to medium SAND 0.0 1.0 0

Very dense fine to medium 5.0 6.0 100

Design angle of friction for sand (assumed conservatively) = 38 °

F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

Length of pile in sandy strata = 20.0 m

As = Surface area of pile shaft

F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

j = mass factor based on RQD (ref sec 4.3.7, Tomlinson)

Total frictional resistance in sandy strata Qus = 1/2x1x405x(TAN38/1.25)3.14x0.6x20

Factor of safety FOS = 3.0

F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 9.0 0 0.0

Average N 94.70 sum 5858.1

Total frictional resistance in sandy strata Qus = 5858.1

Frictional resistance in rock socket Qr = a.b .Quc Asi

F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

B3.3.0 Settlement Calculation for piles

B3.3.1 Under Vertical Load

Elastic settlement of pile under Se3 = Qws. D. (1-ms2).Iws

F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

Settlement under 1.5 x safe load = 3.2874 mm

B3.4.0 Theoretical Elastic static Stiffness of pile - under vertical compression

B4.0.0 Structural Design of Working Pile

F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

LC3 Lateral Force 90 kN

B4.1.0 Modulus of subgrade reaction for pile design

Description of Strata Level SPT-N RQD Es ks

Silty fine to medium SAND 0.0 1.0 0 7500 13736

Very dense fine to medium 5.0 8.0 100 57500 105311

F:\7486 Aweer Ph III\DSN\PILE DESIGN/496031017.xls, Pile Design

APPDCL 2 x 800 MW Krishnapatnam Rev

FICHTNER Prepared : PSK Checked : KCS Approved : KCS

600 DIA PILE DESIGN FOR STACK & DIFFUSER FOUNDATION

4m-Toe of pile 105311 105400 63300

B4.2.0 Analysis & Results

B4.2.2 Bending Moment

B4.2.3 Shear Force

B4.3.0 Theoretical Elastic static stiffness of pile - under lateral force

B4.4.0 Reinforcement Design