2.

PURE SUBSTANCE
- fixed composition; cannot be further
purified
- may be either:

 Elements
- substance that consists of identical
atoms
- cannot be subdivided by chemical or
physical means
- nonmetals, metals, metalloids, inert
gas

 Compounds
- made up of two or more elements
in a fixed ratio by mass
- combined by chemical means
- can be:

 Inorganic Compound
- does not contain carbon
- Acid - donates Hydrogen (H+)
- Base - donates Hydroxen ions (OH-)
- Salt - Acid + Base
- Ex: HCl + NaOH ---> Nacl + H2O
CHEMISTRY
- the science that deals with matter  Organic Compound
- contains carbon
MATTER - not all carbon containing are
- anything that has mass and takes up space organic
- divided into two classes:

Why does it need to produce a compound?

1. MIXTURES - to have stable configuration = 8 valence
- a combination of two or more pure electrons in the outermost shell
substance
- may be either:
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
 Homogeneous - is a description of the orbitals that its
- uniform composition throughout electrons occupy
- the orbitals available to all atoms are the
 Heterogeneous same— namely, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and so on
- nonuniform composition
GROUND-STATE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION IONIC BOND
- the electron configuration of the lowest - the metal loses electrons to become a
energy state of an atom positively charged cation, whereas the
nonmetal accepts those electrons to
SHELLS/ PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS become a negatively charged anion
- specific regions of space where electrons in - forms ionic compound
atoms remain confined - metal to non metal
- are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, and so on, from - attracts opposite sign
inside and out - ex: NaCl
- divided into sub-shells designated by letters
s, p, d, and f
- within these, electrons are grouped in
orbitals, which is a region of space and can
hold two electron

LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

 Valence Electrons
- an electron in the outermost occupied
(valence) shell of an atom

 Valence Shell
- the outermost occupied shell of an
atom

 Metals
- 1, 2, or 3 valence electron = give up
- Ex: Sodium (Na) 11 = 1s2 ) 2s2 2p6 ) 3s1 COVALENT BOND
- nonmetal to non-metal
 Nonmetals - sharing of electron pairs between atoms
- 5, 6, or 7 valence electron = gain electron - ex: Cl2
- Ex: Chlorine (Cl) 17 = 1s2) 2s2 2p6) 3s2 3p5
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 Metalloids - ability to gain electron
- 4 valence electron

 Inert Gases
- 8 valence electron
COORDINATE COVALENT BONDING MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
- a pair of electrons are shared in one atom
- ex: C6 + O8 INORGANIC ORGANIC
Most are ionic Most are covalent
High melting point Low melting point
High boiling point Low boiling point
Water soluble Water insoluble
Insoluble in non polar Soluble in non polar
solvent solvent

ORGANIC COMPOUND

1. Hydrocarbons
- contains basic elements (C, H)

 Aliphatic HCs
a. Alkanes - single C-C
- have 3 hydrogen atoms
POLAR - ex: Butane
- unequal - saturated
- δ+ = Partial positive
- δ- = Partial negative b. Alkenes - double C-C
- have 2 hydrogen atoms
- ex: Ethene
- unsaturated

c. Alkynes - triple C-C

- has 1 hydrogen atom
- ex: Acetelyne
- unsaturated

NONPOLAR
- equal sharing
- mostly are covalent  Aromatic HCs
- ex: Benzene

 Alicyclic HCs
 2. C==O
2. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
- general term of many kinds of complicated  Aldehydes
compound derived from hydrocarbon
molecules with one or more hydrogen
atoms being substituted by other atoms or Carbonyl group
atoms groups

 Ketones
CHO - ex: Acetone

1. C---O

 Alcohols
- R-OH (Hydroxyl group)
- R = alkyl

Alkyl grorup
[derived from HCs
3. O==C==O

 Carboxylic Acids

 Ether
- R-O--R

4. ESTERS
CHN

1. AMINES
- R-NH2
- C, H, N, O

2. AMIDES

Basic structure of
proteins

HALOGEN CONTAINING
- X (Cl, Br, I)
- R-X

THIOLS
- R-SH

REFERENCE:

Bettelheim, F. A., Brown, W. H., Campbell, M. K.,

Farrell, S. O., Torres, O.J. (2013). Introduction to
General Organic and Biochemistry 10e.
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. (PDF)

Note: Some information were gathered online

and from our notes