 Subject: Agriculture policies and

Strategies
 Code# 629

Submitted to Sir Saad Iqbaal

Submitted By Irfan Ali

Assignment# 1: Choose a organization and

prepare its Organizational structure with its
explanation.

ORGANIZATION: AGRO-KNOW (international)

Currently, the Agro-Know team includes the following roles:

 Business Development Consultants to pursuit and generate new business opportunities

 Account Managers to effectively manage business projects and customer relations.
 Technical Consultants to provide consulting services on a functional and technical level
 Project Managers to coordinate team work and maintain time schedules and technical
specifications of projects and applications.
 Application Analysts to determine specifications of applications according to the
projects operating requirements.
 Event Managers to successfully consult, promote and organize Ak’s events
 OER trainers to successfully project manage training sessions and OER initiatives
 Data Scientists & Engineers to support agricultural research institutions and greed
collections in networking their repositories.
 Programmers to develop applications and design data bases
 System Administrators to provide technical support for all information systems,
network infrastructure and security systems
Assignment#2 Case study on Corporate Governance
Overview
Agency cost is a type of cost that arises from an agent as hired by a principal. In the context of
business relationship, an agent (management) acts on behalf of a principal (shareholders) to run a
business. Agency costs also refer to expenses and other costs associated with agency problems. If
managers’ objectives are not aligned with the owners’ goals, agency problems will arise.
Corporate governance is generally defined as the relationship between a firm’s owners,
managers, board of directors (BOD), and other stakeholders. This relationship is designed in the
form of a contract to regulate all stakeholders’ behavior to reach firm objectives. Recently,
corporate governance covers not only beyond the scope of the formal contract, but also the way
to pursue the common goals and to reward all parties involved. Governance system can serve as
rules of the game for every party to obey. Since each party in a company has own interests that
may differ from each other, the governance system provides control to ensure that the business
practices pursue the organization’s objectives. Agency costs is also influenced by owner’s
concentration. Owner concentration refers to the portion of share hold by large-block shareholder
(majority). A higher portion of owner concentration encourages a stronger power of shareholder
in monitoring managers to run business. Large-block shareholders have incentives to proactively
protect their investment. Their significant portion of shares may higher motivate the owner to
monitor and discipline managers’ behavior and to avoid inappropriate discretion of the
managers.
Objectives
 To examine whether governance mechanisms and ownership concentration work to
reduce the agency costs of Agro-industrial firms.
 To monitor those parties within a company which control the resources owned by
investors.
 To contribute to improved cooperate performance and accountability in creating a long
term shareholder value.

The foundation to governance is the action of the individual. These actions are guided
by a person's moral stance.

Corporate governance is a matter of great importance for large public companies,

where the separation of ownership from management is much wider than for small
private companies. Public companies raise capital on the stock markets, and
institutional investors hold vast portfolios of shares and other investments. Investors
need to know that their money is reasonably safe. Should there be any doubts about the
integrity or intentions of the individuals in charge of a public company, the value of the
company's shares will be affected and the company will have difficulty raising any new
capital should it wish to do so. The scope of corporate governance for private and not-
for-profit organizations will be much reduced when compared with a listed company,
especially as there are no legal or regulatory requirements to comply with. The
ownership and control, organizational objectives, risks and therefore focus may be
different from a listed company. However, many of the governance principles will still be
applicable to other entities. The public and not-for-profit sectors have voluntary best
practice guidelines for governance which, while appreciating the differences in
organization and objective, cover many of the same topics (composition of governing
bodies, accountability, risk management, transparency, etc.) included within the UK
Corporate Governance Code 2010. In not-for-profit organizations, a key governance
focus will be to demonstrate to existing and potential fund providers that money is being
spent in an appropriate manner, in line with the organizations’ objectives.
Internal corporate governance stakeholders within an organization there are a number
of internal parties involved in corporate governance. These parties can be referred to as
internal stakeholders.

A useful definition of a stakeholder, for use at this point, is 'any person or group that
can affect or be affected by the policies or activities of an organization'..