Clearly state all the assumptions you make

Useful Information

• g = 9.8 m/s2, density of water = 103 kg/m3, viscosity of water = 10−3 Pa s.

• Kinetic energy correction factor α = 2 for laminar flow, α = 1 for turbulent flow in pipes.
d 1 d 1 d 1
• sin 1  x   ; cos 1  x    ; tan 1  x   .
dx 1  x dx
2
1  x dx
2 1  x2
• Loss coefficient K for: entrance = 0.5, elbow (900) = 0.9, gate valve (fully open) = 0.3, gate
valve (half open) = 5.

1. Consider the gate HA shown in figure 1 which is hinged at H. The gate is 10m wide
normal to the plane of the paper. Calculate the force F required at A to hold the gate closed.
[6 points]

Figure 1: Problem 1

2. A pipe of 12 cm diameter containing water flowing at 20 kg/s is capped by an orifice plate

(as shown in figure 2) with flange bolts. The water jet exits to the atmosphere, and jet
diameter reaches a constant value of 25 mm as shown in the figure. The pressure in the pipe
at section 1 is 800 kPa (gage). Assume flow to be uniform both at section 1 and in the jet, and
neglect viscous friction at the pipe walls. Calculate the force provided by the flange bolts to
hold the orifice plate fixed. [5 points]

Figure 2: Problem 2

1|P ag e
3. A turbine (shown in the figure 3) is supplied with 0.6m3/s of water from a 0.3m diameter
pipe; the outlet pipe has 0.4m diameter. Assume flow to be steady, incompressible, and non-
viscous. Determine the pressure drop across the turbine if the rate at which work is produced
by the turbine is 60kJ/s. [4 points]

Figure 3: Problem 3

4. An infinitely long cylindrical wire of radius R1 is pulled (with constant velocity V) through
a circular cylindrical tube of radius R2 filled with a liquid of viscosity m and density ρ, as
shown in figure 4. The wire is placed coaxially in the tube, i.e. their axes of revolution
coincide. The cylindrical tube connects two large reservoirs of the liquid maintained at a
constant pressure P0. Determine:

(a) The steady velocity profile in the fully-developed region of the cylindrical tube,
neglecting entrance and exit effects. Give brief reasons for why certain terms are neglected in
the Navier-Stokes equations (see Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates).
[4 points]

(b) The force per unit length required to pull the wire through the cylindrical tube. (Neglect
contributions to the force from the liquid in the reservoirs.) [3 points]
�����������������������������������������

Figure 4: Problem 4

2|P ag e
5. Consider a water tank which is connected to a pipe system as shown in figure 5. The pipe
walls are smooth, and the pipe system has a sharp-edged entrance, one 900 elbow, and a fully-
open gate valve. Water exits from the pipe to atmospheric pressure. The pipe diameter is 5
cm, and the total length of the pipe is 1 m. Calculate the minimum height H of the water in
the tank above the pipe system discharge (H shown in the figure), such that the Reynolds
number of flow in the pipe is 105. [6 points]

Figure 5: Problem 5

6. A swimming pool is approximated by a Rankine half-body shape as shown in figure 6. At

point O, which is 0.5 m from the left edge of the swimming pool, there is a line source (into
the paper) of water delivering 0.35 m3/s per meter of depth into the paper. Assuming potential
flow, find the coordinates of point B along the axis where the water velocity is 25 cm/s.
[7 points]

Figure 6: Problem 6

3|P ag e
7. Two large water tanks are connected with a pipe of diameter D = 5 cm and length 2 m as
shown in figure 7. The kinetic energy correction factor for flow in the pipe α = 1.
2
Vtube
(a) If the frictional loss head (hl, in meters) for the pipe is given by 5.4 (Vtube in m/s, and
2g
g in m/s2), calculate the velocity Vtube in the pipe. [2 points]
(b) If a pump is installed in the pipe (with hl given by the same expression as in part a) to
have a velocity Vtube = 10 m/s, calculate the rate at which the pump does work on the fluid, if
the flow is from A to B. [2 points]
(c) Calculate the rate at which the pump does work on the fluid if the flow is from B to A, for
Vtube = 10 m/s, with hl given by the same expression as in part a. [2 points]
(d) What is the inconsistency in using the Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 on the
free surface of the two tanks? [2 points]

Figure 7: Problem 7

8. (a) Derive the equation that governs a streamline using the definition of the streamline.
[2 points]
(b) For a 2-D incompressible flow, show that stream function is a constant along a streamline.
[3 points]
(c) Show that for a 2-D incompressible flow, the volumetric flow rate (per unit width)
between two streamlines is given by the difference in the values of their stream function.
[2 points]
9. Consider the axi-symmetric, steady, fully-developed, laminar flow of a liquid film (density
ρ and viscosity µ) outside a circular tube driven by gravity, as shown in figure 8. The outer
radius of the tube is R, and the thickness of the annular liquid film is (a−1)R. Use the Navier-
Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates.

Figure 8: Problem 9
(a) Derive the expression for the velocity distribution in the falling liquid film outside the
tube. [5 points]
(b) Derive the expression for the shear stress exerted on the outer wall of the tube. [2 points]
4|P ag e
10. A water jet of diameter D flows out of a nozzle at a velocity V0. This jet is used to support
a cone-shaped object as shown in figure 9(a). The jet forms a uniform film surrounding the
cone. Assume friction-less, steady, incompressible flow. Choose an appropriate control
volume (CV) with control surfaces cutting across locations A and B.
(a) Simplify the integral mass balance for the CV.
(b) Simplify the integral momentum balance for the CV.
(c) Apply Bernoulli equation between points A and B.
Using the above three equations, derive an expression for the combined mass (M) of the cone
and water in the CV that can be supported by the jet. For V0 = 10 m/s, H = 1 m, h = 0.8 m,
D = 100 mm, θ = 300, what is the numerical value of M (in kg)? [8 points]

Figure 9: Problem 10

Useful Information

• Loss coefficient K for: entrance = 0.78, elbow (900) = 0.9, elbow (450) = 0.4; gate valve
(fully open) = 0.3.
1 
• Vector Identity:  v   v    v  v      v   v .
2 

11. A large tank containing water (shown in figure 10) has a small smoothly contoured
orifice, from which a water jet exits with a velocity of Vjet. The height of water in the tank h as
shown in the figure is 45.92 m. The diameter of the jet is 100 mm, and this jet moves
horizontally to the right, where it is deflected by a cone that moves to the left at Vcone = 14 m/s.
The thickness t of the liquid film that leaves the cone at the radius R (= 230 mm) is t = 5.434
mm. Neglect effects of gravity for flow around the cone. Determine:
(a) The velocity Vjet of the liquid jet that comes out of the orifice, neglecting losses.
[4 points]
(b) The velocity of the liquid that leaves the cone at R = 230 mm. [4 points]
(c) The horizontal component of the external force on the cone required to maintain its
motion. [6 points]

5|P ag e
 Figure 10: Problem 11
12. Water is to be pumped from a reservoir using a pipe system shown in figure 11. The flow
rate in the pipe must be 0.038 m3/s and water must leave the exit of the pipe via a nozzle at a
velocity Vj = 37 m/s. The dimensions and fittings involved in the pipe system are indicated in
the figure. The wall roughness factor e = 0.0015 mm.
Neglect losses at the exit nozzle. Determine the power input (in kW) to the pump required to
achieve this flow. [12 points]

Figure 11: Problem 12

13. A belt of width W moves at a velocity V as shown in figure 12. A very viscous liquid fills
the gap b between the belt and a stationary plate. Assume steady, fully-developed laminar
flow between the belt and the plate, and do not neglect the effect of gravity.
For this system:
(a) State the boundary conditions to solve the problem. [2 points]
(b) Derive the expression for velocity profile in the liquid. [6 points]
(c) Derive the expression for volumetric flow rate of the liquid. [2 points]
(d) If µ = 0.1 Pa-s, ρ = 103 kg/m3, b = 1 cm, θ = 450, determine the velocity (in m/s) of the
belt above which there is a net volumetric flow rate in the direction of the belt motion.
[2 points]

6|P ag e
 Figure 12: Problem 13

14. (a) Derive the Bernoulli equation for steady incompressible flow from the Euler equation
for an inviscid fluid. Between which two points is the derived Bernoulli equation valid?
[7 points]
(b) Prove that for a 2-D incompressible, irrotational flow the streamlines and equipotential
lines are always orthogonal. [7 points]

15. (a) Consider the steady laminar boundary layer flow past the top surface of square plate
arrangements shown in figure 13. Compared to the friction drag on a single plate (area A,
drag force F1), how much larger is the drag on four plates together as in configurations (A)
and (B) shown in figure 5. Will the drag on the two arrangements be the same? Explain.
[7 points]

TOP VIEW
Figure 13: Problem 15(a)

(b) A naphthalene ball of diameter 1 cm is suspended in a large room with still pure air at
270C and 1 atm. The surface temperature of naphthalene can be assumed to be 270C and its
vapor pressure at this temperature is 1 mm Hg. Assume naphthalene vapor to be an ideal gas.
Determine the steady rate of evaporation of naphthalene (in kg/s). Assume that the radius of
the naphthalene ball diameter remains constant in your calculation. Molecular weight of
naphthalene is 128 kg/kmol; R = 8314 m3 Pa/(kmol K); D for naphthalene in air is
5×10−6 m2/s. [7 points]

16. Integral Momentum Balance: Two large tanks containing water have smoothly
contoured orifices (openings) of equal area (figure 14). A jet of water issues from the orifice
of the left tank. Assume that the flow is uniform and viscous losses are negligible. The jet
impinges on a vertical flat plate covering the opening of the right tank. Choose an appropriate

7|P ag e
CV to determine the minimum value of the height h required to keep the plate in place over
the orifice of the right tank. [8 points]

Figure 14: Problem 16

17. Pipe Flows and Losses: The pipe flow shown in figure 15 is driven by pressurized air (at
pressure p1) in the tank. What gage pressure p1 is needed to provide water flow rate
Q=60m3/h? Assume the entrance from the tank to the pipe be a sharp entrance, and the two
bends to be at an angle of 900. The friction factor chart and the minor loss coefficients are
provided in a separate data sheet. [10 points]

Figure 15: Problem 17

18. Navier-Stokes Equations: Consider the steady flow of a Newtonian fluid in the annular
region between two long cylinders (inner radius κR and outer radius R) as shown in the figure
16. The outer cylinder moves with an angular velocity W, while the inner cylinder is
stationary.
(a) Simplify the relevant component of the Navier-Stokes momentum equations in cylindrical
coordinates. [2 points]
(b) Solve this differential equation, and obtain the velocity profile in the annular gap after
utilizing the boundary conditions. [4 points]

8|P ag e
(c) Find the torque exerted by the fluid on the inner cylinder. [4 points]

���������

������������
Figure 16: Problem 18: Top view of the set-up with two concentric cylinders
19. (a) Potential Flow: The velocity potential for a 2-D potential flow is given by
Φ(r,θ ) = Ar2 cos2θ, where A is a constant with appropriate units, and r and θ are the polar
coordinate variables. Determine the expressions for the velocity components and stream
function for this flow. By considering the streamline with ψ = 0, sketch the geometry of the
surface. Based on this, qualitatively plot the streamlines of the flow, and comment on what
physical situation the potential flow represents. [10 points]

Figure 17: Problem 19(b): Air flow into a box

(b) Boundary Layers: Consider a box made of four plates with length L = 25 cm and width
a = 4 cm as shown in the figure 17. Air flows into this box with a free stream velocity U0 =
12m/s.
Assuming steady, laminar flat-plate boundary layer flow over the plates, determine the
pressure drop required to maintain the flow in the box. Assume that the interaction between
the boundary layers at the corners of the box is negligible. The friction coefficient
C f  0.664 Re1x 2 for laminar boundary-layer flow over a single flat plate, and Rex is the
Reynolds number based on the distance from the origin of the plate. [8 points]

9|P ag e
1. For the manometer shown in figure 1, if the absolute pressure at point A is 1.013×10 5Pa,
the absolute pressure at point B is (ρwater =103 kg/m3, ρHg =13.56×103 kg/m3, ρoil = 800kg/m3):
(a) 107.34 kPa (b) 5570 Pa (c) 106.87 kPa (d) 106.87 MPa.

Figure 1: Problem 1
2. A solid sphere (of diameter 1m) floats at the interface between water and air such that 40%
of the sphere is submerged in water. The density of the sphere is:
(a) 400 kg/m3 (b) 2500 kg/m3 (c) 250 kg/m3 (d) 600 kg/m3.

3. Consider the geometry of a dam shown in figure 2 (each step is 0.3m high, 0.3m deep and
3m wide [into the paper]). The vertical force exerted by the fluid on the steps of the dam is:
(a) 26.46 kN (b) 264.6 kN (c) 3.9114 kN (d) 391.14 kN

Figure 2: Problem 3

4. A 2-D velocity field is given (in arbitrary units) by v  xi  yj

The acceleration at (x = 1, y = 1) is
(a) i + j (b) 0 (c) i − j (d) – i + j
5. Which of the following statements are TRUE:
P. A streamline is perpendicular to the local velocity vector in the fluid.
Q. Path lines and streak lines are the same in an unsteady flow.
R. Streak lines are produced by continuously injecting a dye at a point, and observing its
consequent evolution.
S. Stream lines and streak lines are the same in a steady flow.
(a) P and R (b) R and S (c) Q and S (d) Q and R

6. Given the Eulerian velocity field v  5ti  2 xzj  ty 2k

the acceleration of the material particle that is present at x = 1, y = 1, z = −1 at t = 2 is :
(a) 5i−16j−7k (b) 5i+k (c) 10i−2j+2k (d) 5i+16j+7k.

7. For the system shown in figure 3, both the tank and the tube are open to the atmosphere
(here, s.g. denotes specific gravity of the liquid). If θ = 300, the length L of the liquid in the
inclined tube is

Figure 3: Problem 7
(a) 0.9 m (b) 1.8 m (c) 2.7 m (d) 3.6 m

8. For the system shown in figure 4, the Gate B is 30 cm high, 60 cm wide (into the paper),
and is hinged at the top. There is a rigid stopper that prevents the gate to move into the water.
The water depth H that will first cause the gate to open is:
(a) 0.56 m (b) 2.24 m (c) 1.12 m (d) 3.36 m

Figure 4: Problem 8
9. For two-dimensional flow in a channel with velocity profile shown in figure 5, the viscous
shear stress on the surface AA of the fluid element shown (shaded in the figure) is in the
direction of the unit vector
(a) i (b) j (c) − i (d) − j

Figure 5: Problem 9

10. A two-dimensional velocity field in Cartesian coordinates is given by

 y2 
v   x 2  axy  i   bxy   j
 2 
If the flow is incompressible, the values of a and b are
(a) a = 1,b = 2 (b) a = −1,b = 2 (c) a = −1,b = −2 (d) a = 1,b = 2

11. For fully-developed fluid (viscosity m, density r) flow in a pipe with an average velocity
V, diameter D, if the pipe length L is doubled, the friction factor f will
(a) increase twice (b) remain the same (c) increase four times (d) decrease by a factor of two

12. If a stream of fluid flowing past a sphere of diameter D causes a force F on the sphere
that depends only on U, D and m, then the force must be proportional to
UD U
(a) (b) U 2 D 2 (c) (d) UD
 D

13. A solid block (mass M) slides down an inclined plane while lubricated by a thin film of
very viscous oil, as shown in figure 6. The contact area between the block and the liquid is A
and the liquid film thickness is h. Assume a linear velocity distribution in the film. If M = 6
kg, h = 1 mm, A = 40 cm2, θ = 450, and μ = 1 Pa s, the velocity
V with which the block will slide is (use g = 9.8 m/s2):
(a) 0.103944 m/s (b) 100.3944 m/s (c) 10.3944 m/s (d) 1.03944 m/s
 Figure 6: Problem 13
14. Consider the motion of a very tiny spherical particle (radius R, velocity V) in a fluid
(viscosity μ). Owing to the small dimensions, the viscous forces in the flow are very large
compared to inertial forces, and hence the density (ρ) of the fluid is not a relevant physical
parameter. Which one of the following non-dimensional groups is a correct representation of
the drag force F experienced by the sphere:

(a) F/(μV/R) (b) F/(μV2/R) (c) F/(μVR) (d) F/(μVR2)

15. Consider the flow in the annular region formed between two concentric cylinders (see
figure 7) of inner diameter Di and outer diameter Do. If Do = 2Di, the hydraulic diameter for
flow in the annular region is:
(a) 2Di (b) Di/2 (c) Di (d) 4Di

Figure 7: Problem 15
16. Consider the fully-turbulent flow of water in a very rough pipe, where the friction factor
is independent of the Reynolds number. The pressure difference across the ends of the pipe
4P and the length L of the pipe are kept constant. If the diameter of the pipe is increased by
two times, i.e., D2 = 2D1, the volumetric flow rate Q2 (for pipe with diameter D2) is related to
the flow rate Q1 (for pipe with diameter D1) as:
(a) Q2 = Q1√32 (b) Q2 = Q1/√32 (c) Q2 = Q1/2 (d) Q2 = 2Q1
17. A large pump is to deliver 1.5m3/s of water from a 40cm dia impeller with a pressure rise
of 400kPa. To design this, a lab-scale model with an 8cm dia impeller is to be used with
water as the fluid with identical properties as in the prototype. The pressure rise ∆P in the
pump is related to the volumetric flow rate Q, density of fluid ρ, viscosity μ, diameter of the
impeller D. Using dimensional analysis, the flow rate Qm (in m3/s) and pressure rise ∆P (in
kPa) to be expected in the model are respectively given by:
(a) Qm = 7.5, ∆P = 8 (b) Qm = 0.3, ∆P = 8 (c) Qm = 7.5, ∆P = 104 (d) Qm = 0.3, ∆P = 104.

18. Within a boundary layer (for laminar flow past a flat plate), as the Reynolds number
increases, the velocity gradient at the surface of the plate

(a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains the same (d) is zero

19. Consider uniform laminar flow past a flat plate with velocity U. Let the total drag force
on the plate of length L be Fold. If the length of the plate is increased to 4L, the drag force
Fnew for this case is related to Fold as
(a) Fnew = 4Fold (b) Fnew = Fold (c) Fnew = Fold/2 (d) Fnew =2Fold (e) Fnew = Fold/4

20. A line vortex is located at x = 2, y = 2, and the velocity component vq at x = 0, y = 0 is

12 m/s. The values of vr and vq (in m/s) at x = 1, y = 1 are respectively given by:

(a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 0 (c) 1, 1 (d) 0, 0

21. For uniform, 2-D, potential flow past a circular cylinder (as shown in figure 8), the
velocity components at points A and B are given by:
(a) Point A: vr = 2U, vθ = 0 Point B: vr = 2U, vθ = 0.
(b) Point A: vr = 0, vθ = 0 Point B: vr = 0, vθ = 2U
(c) Point A: vr = 0, vθ = 2U Point B: vr = −2U, vθ = −2U
(d) Point A: vr = 0, vθ = 0 Point B: vr = 0, vθ = −2U

Figure 8: Problems 21 and 22

22. For uniform, 2-D, potential flow past a circular cylinder (as shown in figure 8), the
pressures at various points (as shown in the figure) satisfy:
(a) pA > pB, pC < pB
(b) pA < pB, pC > pD
(c) pA > pB, pC > pD
(d) pA < pC, pB > pD

23. Which of the following statements are FALSE for 2-D potential flows:
(P) Stream function and velocity potential satisfy the Laplace equation.
(Q) Streamlines and equipotentials are orthogonal.
(R) Streamlines and equipotentials are parallel.
(S) No-slip condition is always satisfied by the velocity field on solid surfaces.
(a) P and S (b) S and Q (c) P and Q (d) R and S

24. Consider the two configurations shown in figure 9, wherein two identical plates (of
infinitesimal thickness, length L and width W) are joined along the width (in arrangement A)
and along the length (in arrangement B). There is steady, uniform, boundary-layer flow over
the top surface of these two arrangements (hatched surfaces in the figure) with identical
uniform velocity outside the boundary layer. The drag forces FA (for arrangement A) and FB
(for arrangement B) are related as:
(a) FA = √2FB (b) FA = FB (c) FA = 2FB (d) FA = FB/√2

Figure 9: Problem 24