Florence Nightingale
Environmental Theory
NURSING “the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in his
recovery
5 environmental factors
 Fresh air
 Pure water
 Efficient drainage
 Sanitation/cleanliness
 Light & direct sunlight
Nursing puts patients in the “best conditions”
for nature to act upon them
Stresses the healing properties of the
physical environment (fresh air, light,
warmth, and cleanliness)
Theory basis: The inter-relationship of a
healthful environment with nursing External
influences and conditions can prevent,
suppress, or contribute to disease or death
Theory goal: Nurses help patients retain their
own vitality by meeting their basic needs
through control of the environment.
Nursing’s Focus: control of the environment
for individuals, families & the community
Components of Nightingale’s
Environmental Theory
 Health of houses
 Ventilation & warming
 Light
 Noise
 Variety
 Bed & bedding
 Cleanliness of rooms and walls
 Personal cleanliness
 Nutrition and taking food
 Chattering hopes and advices
 Observation of the sick
 Social considerations
Metaparadigm
Person
A human being acted upon by a nurse, or
affected by the environment. Has
reparative powers to deal with disease.
Recovery is in the patient‟s power as long as
a safe environment exists.
Environment
The foundational component of
nightingale‟s theory. The external conditions
& forces that affect one‟s life and
development. Includes everything from a
person‟s food to a nurse‟s verbal & non-
verbal interactions with the patient
Health
Maintained by using a person‟s healing
powers to their fullest extent
Maintained by controlling the environmental
factors so as to prevent disease
Disease is viewed as a reparative process
instituted by nature
Nursing
Nursing is a discipline distinct from medicine
focusing on the patient‟s reparative process
rather than on their disease.
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Patient Centered Theory or 21 nursing
problems
Abdellah described nursing as a service to
individuals, families, and, therefore to the
society.
11 nursing skills
1. Observation of health
2. Skills of communication
3. Application of knowledge
4. Teaching patients and families
5. Planning and organization of work
6. Use of resource materials
7. Use of personnel resources
8. Problem solving
9. Direction of work of others
10. Therapeutic use of self
11. Nursing procedures
Metaparadigm 14 components of basic nursing care
Nursing
Nursing is a helping profession. In abdellah‟s 1. Breathing normally
model, nursing care is doing something for 2. Eating and drinking adequately
the person or providing information to the 3. Eliminating body wastes
person with the goals of meeting needs, 4. Moving and maintaining a desirable
increasing or restoring self-help ability, or position
alleviating impairment. 5. Sleeping and resting
Person 6. Selecting suitable clothes
Abdellah describes people as having 7. Maintaining body temperature
physical, emotional, and sociological needs. within normal range by adjusting
These needs may overt, consisting of largely
clothing and modifying the
physical needs, or covert, such as emotional
environment
and social needs. Patient is described as the
only justification for the, existence of nursing. 8. Keeping the body clean and well-
Health groomed to protect integuments
9. Avoiding dangers in the environment
In patient centered approaches to nursing, and avoiding injuring others.
Abdellah describes health as a state 10. Communicating with others in
mutually exclusive of illness. expressing emotions, needs, fears, or
opinions.
Although abdellah does not give a
11. Worshipping according to one‟s
definition of health she speaks to “total
faith.
health needs” and „‟a healthy state of mind
12. Working in a such way that one feels
and body” in her description of nursing as a
a sense of accomplishment
comprehensive service.
13. Playing or participating in various
Environment forms of recreation
14. Learning, discovering, or satisfying
Society is included in “planning for optimum the curiosity that leads to normal
health on local, state, national, and development and health, and
international levels”. However, as she further available health facilities.
delineated her ideas, the focus of nursing
service is clearly the individual. Metaparadigm

The environment is the home or community Person

from which is the home or community from
Individual requiring assistance to achieve
which the patient comes.
health and independence or a peaceful
Virginia Henderson death. Mind and body are inseparable.

Environment
Nursing need Theory or 14
components of nursing All external conditions and influences that
affect life and development.
“Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing Nursing
to health or its recovery (or to peaceful
Assists and supports the individual in life
death) that an individual would perform
activities and the attainment of
unaided if he had the necessary strength,
independence.
will or knowledge.”
Health
Equated with independence, viewed in
terms of the client‟s ability to perform 14
components of nursing care unaided:
Example: breathing, eating, drinking,
sleeping, safety
Dorothea Orem
Self-care deficit Theory
Orem’s general theory of nursing in three
related parts:
1. Theory of self-care
2. Theory of self-care deficit
3. Theory of nursing systems
Theory of self-care
Describes WHY & HOW people care for
themselves
Suggests that nursing is required in case of
INABILITY TO PERFORM self-care as a result of
limitations
Includes concepts of
1. Self-care agency
2. Therapeutic self-care demand
3. Basic conditioning factors
Self-care agency – a human ability which is
“the ability for engaging in self-care”
“Conditioned by age developmental state,
life experience sociocultural orientation
health and available resources.”
1. Development &
2. Operability – identified in terms of
the kinds of self-care operations
individuals can perform consistently
and effectively.
3. Adequacy – measured in terms of
the number and kinds of operations
in which persons can engage and
operations required to meet self-
care demands
Therapeutic self-care demand – consists of
the summation of care measures necessary
to meet all of an individual‟s KNOWN SELF
CARE REQUISITES
3 TYPES OF SELF CARE REQUISITES
I. Universal self-care requisite
a. Maintenance of:
i. Sufficient intake of air
ii. Sufficient intake of
water
iii. Sufficient intake of
food
iv. Care associated with
elimination processes
and excrement‟s
v. Balance of activity
and rest
vi. Balance of solitude
and social interaction
vii. Prevention of hazards
to human life,
functioning and well
being
viii. Promotion of human
functioning and
development
II. Developmental self-care requisites
a. Balance of different stages in
human life cycle
b. Maintenance of living
conditions supporting life
cycles
c. Prevention of occurrence of
deleterious effects of
conditions that affect human
development
III. Health deviation self-care requisites
– related to deviations in structure or
function of a human being
6 categories of health deviation requisites
a) Seeking/ securing appropriate
medical assistance
b) Being aware / attending to the
effects and results of illness states
c) Effectively carry out medically
prescribed treatments
 d) Be aware and attend side effects of
treatment
e) Modify self-concept to accept
oneself in a particular state of health
f) Learn to live with the side effects of
illness and medical treatment
Basic conditioning factors – affect the value
of the therapeutic self-care demand or self-
care agency of an individual.
 Age
 Gender
 Developmental state
 Health state pattern of living
 Healthcare system factors
 Family system factors
 Socio-cultural factors
 Availability of resources
 External environmental factors
Orem’s theory of self-care deficit
A maturing person deliberately learn and
perform actions to direct their survival
Nursing is required when an adult (or in the
case of a dependent, the parent) is
incapable or limited in the provision of
continuous effective self-care.
5 methods of helping
1. Acting for and doing for others.
2. Guiding others
3. Supporting another
4. Providing an environment promoting
personal development in relation to
meet future demands
5. Teaching another
Orem’s theory of nursing systems
Describes and explains relationship that
must exist and be maintained for the
product or nursing to occur
3 systems
Wholly compensatory – patient is unable to
perform any self-care activities and relies on
the nurse to perform
Partially compensatory – both patient and
nurse participate in self-care activities
Supportive educative – patient has the
ability for self-care but requires assistance
from the nurse in decision making,
knowledge and skill acquisition.
Metaparadigm
Person
A unity can function biologically,
symbolically, and socially.
Human being–has the capacity to reflect,
symbolize, and use symbols
Environment
Includes physical, chemical, biologic and
social contexts within which human being
exists.
Health
A state characterized by soundness or
wholeness of developed human structures
and of bodily and mental functioning.
Nursing
Is art, a helping service, and a technology
Actions deliberately selected and
performed by nurses to help individuals or
groups under their care maintain or change
conditions.
Myra E. Levine
Conservation Principles: A model for
health
Goal: to promote adaptation and maintain
wholeness using the principles of
conservation.
Model guides the nurse to focus on the
influences and responses at the organismic
level.
Wholeness – the product of adaptation
Every individual has a unique range of
adaptive responses
The responses will vary by heredity, age,
gender, challenges of illness experiences.
3 characteristics of adaptation
Historicity: adaptations are grounded in
history and await the challenges to which
they respond
Specificity: individual responses and their
adaptive pattern varies on the base of
specific genetic structure
Redundancy: safe and fail options available
to the individual to ensure continued
adaptation
4 types of adaptation
Fight or flight: an instantaneous response to
real or imagined threat, most primitive
response.
Inflammatory: response intended to provide
for structural integrity and promotion of
healing
Stress: response developed over time and
influence by each stressful experience
encountered by person
Sensory-perceptual: involves gathering
information from the environment and
converting it into a meaningful experience
Conservational principle
Conservation of energy – all of life‟s
processes are fundamentally dependent
upon the production and expenditure of
energy
Conservation of structural integrity –
structure and function are strongly
interrelated complementary aspects of
human organism
Conservation of personal integrity – the
body does not exist separately from the
mind, emotions and soul
Conservation of social integrity – family is a
critical social unit and the life of each
individual is woven in the fabric of family
and with the constitution of social group the
family is defined by each individual patient.
Metaparadigm
Person
A holistic being who constantly strives to
preserve wholeness and integrity
Health
Health is a wholeness and successful
adaptation
Environment
 Operational – consist of those
undetected natural forces that
impinge on an individual
 Perceptual – consists information
that is recorded by the sensory
organs
 Conceptual – is influenced by
language, culture, ideas and
cognition.
Nursing
The human interaction relying on
communication, rooted in the organic
dependency of the individual human being
in his relationship with other human beings.
Martha Rogers
Science of Unitary Human Beings
Nursing is both a science and art.
Humans are viewed as integral with the
universe: The unitary human being and the
environment are one, not dichotomous
The manifestations of the field patterning
that emerge are observable events
The energy field
- Is the fundamental unit of all, both
living and unloving
 Seeks to promote symphonic interaction
between human and environmental fields.

Strengthen integrity of human field.

Openness
Dorothy Johnson
- Refers to the fact that the human
and environmental fields are Behavioral system
constantly exchanging their
energies. This model for nursing presents the client as
a living open system, which is in turn a
Pattern
collection of behavioral system.
- The distinguishing characteristic of
7 subsytems of behavior
an energy field that is seen as a
single wave 1. Attachment or affiliative: social
inclusion intimacy and the formation
Pan dimensionality
and attachment of a strong social
- A domain that has no spatial or bond
temporal attributes. 2. Dependency: approval, attention or
recognition and physical assistance
Non-invasive modalities for nursing 3. Ingestive: the emphasis is on the
meaning and structure of the social
- Therapeutic touch
events surrounding the occasion
- Humor
when food is eaten
- Music
4. Eliminative: human cultures have
- Meditation
defined different socially
- Guided imagery
acceptable behaviors for excretion
- Use of color
of waste, but the existence of such
Metaparadigm pattern remains different from
culture to culture
Person 5. Sexual: both biological and social
A unitary human being is an “irreducible, factor affect the behavior in the
indivisible, pan dimensional (four- sexual subsystem
dimensional) energy field identified by 6. Aggressive: it relates to the
pattern and manifesting characteristics that behaviors concerned with
are specific to the whole and which cannot protection and self-preservation
be predicted from knowledge of the parts. Johnson views aggressive subsystem
as one that generates defensive
Environment response from the individual when
life or territory is being threatened.
The field coexist and are integral.
7. Achievement: provokes behavior
Manifestation emerge from this field and are
that attempt to control the
perceived.
environment intellectual, physical,
Health creative, mechanical and social skills
achievement are some of the areas
Views the concepts of health and illness as that she recognizes
manifestations of pattern
Functional requirements to be met for
Nursing continued growth, development and
viability
 1. Protection from noxious influences
with which the system cannot cope
2. Nurturance through input of supplies
from the environment
3. Stimulation by experiences, events
and behavior that would enhance
growth and prevent stagnation
Nursing diagnostic and treatment problems
1. Determine existence of the problem
2. Diagnostic classification of problems
3. Management of nursing problems
4. Evaluation of behavioral system
balance and stability
Metaparadigm
Person
Human being is having two major systems,
the biological system and the behavioral
system with 7 subsystems of behavior.
Environment
Society relates to the environment on which
the individual exists; includes both internal
and external that are not a part of the
individual‟s behavioral system but influence
the system
The cure
Represents the disease that affects the
patients physical system
Nursing‟s function by applying medical
knowledge to treatment of the person
The core
Represents the inner feelings and
management of the person
Nursing functions by addressing the social
and emotional need of the patient
Metaparadigm
Person
Client is composed of body, pathology, and
person. People set their own goals and are
capable of learning and growing.
Environment
Should facilitate achievement of the clients
personal goals
Establish environment conducive to self-
development
Health

Health Development of a mature self-identity that

assists in the conscious selection of actions
Refers to both physical and social health in
that facilitates growth.
defining this metaparadigm
Nursing
Nursing
Consisting of participation in the care, core
An external regulatory force that acts to
aspects of patient care
preserve the organization and integrity of
patient‟s behavior at an optimal level Professional nursing is most important during
the recuperative period
Lydia Hall
Core, care, cure model
The care

Represents the clients body

Nurse function by giving hands on bodily

care to the patient in relation to
performance of ADLs

Rosemarie rizzo Parse
Human Becoming Theory
The theory focuses on the human-universe-
health process and is based on the premise
that the human being pursues and creates
his own process of being with the world.
Assumptions about the human & the
becoming
I. The human is coexisting while
reconstituting rhythmical patterns
with the universe. – Individuals take
active party in creating their own
patterns and reality.
II. The human is open, freely choosing
meaning in situation, bearing
responsibility for decisions – human
beings make choices on how to act
and react. They are responsible for
the outcome of their choices.
III. The human is unitary, continuously
reconstituting patterns of relating. –
People are more than a sum of their
parts. One can be distinguished from
another by patterns of appearance,
mannerisms, voice and other
characteristics
IV. The human is transcending
multidimensional with the possible –
The human is capable of changing
and growing beyond their limitations.
V. Becoming is an open process,
experienced by the human. –
Becoming is continuous growth
towards more diversity & complexity.
Growing includes choosing who one
will be in a given situation.
VI. Becoming is a rhythmically
reconstituting human universe
process – Health & becoming are
intertwined. The elements of our
environment in which we connect
and separate from, change us. With
these elements we reconstitute our
health.
VII. Becoming is the human‟s patterns of
relating value priorities. – Health is
living the ideals chosen by the
individual.
VIII. Becoming is an inter subjective
process of transcending with the
possible– Health is reaching beyond
the actual to the possible through
subject to subject interchange. This
interchange can occur through two
persons or with another element of
the environment.
IX. Becoming is human unfolding – We
are continuously changing, never to
return to our previous state
Metaparadigms
Person
An open being in mutual process with the
universe co creating patterns of relating with
others.
Environment
Assumed under the larger view of human
beings – universe; inseparable,
complementary and evolving together
Health
A process of changing life‟s meanings a
personal power emerging from individual‟s
collective relationship with others and the
universe
Nursing
A basic science the practice of which is
performing art
Nola Pender
Health promotion model
Purpose: assist nurses in understanding the
major determinants of health as a basis for
behavioral counseling to promote healthy
lifestyle.
HPM assumptions is based on the following
assumptions, which reflect both nursing and
behavioral science perspectives:
 Persons seek to create conditions of
living through which they can express
their unique human health potential.
 Persons have the capacity for
reflective self-awareness, including
assessment of their own
competencies.
  Person‟s value growth in directions
viewed as positive and attempt to
achieve a personally acceptable
balance between change and
stability.
 Individuals seek to actively regulate
their own behavior.
 Individuals in all their biopsychosocial
complexity interact with the
environment, progressively
transforming the environment and
being transformed over time.
 Health professionals constitute a part
of the interpersonal environment,
which exerts influence on persons
throughout their lifespan.
 Self-initiated reconfiguration of
person-environment interactive
patterns is essential to behavior
change.
Metaparadigm
Person
Person is a biophysical organism that is
partially shaped by the environment but
also seeks to create an environment in
which inherent and acquired human
potential can be fully expressed.
Environment
Is the social, cultural and physical context in
which life course unfolds the environment
can be manipulated by the individual to
create positive context of cues and
facilitators for health enhancing behaviors.
Health
In reference to the individual is defined as
the actualization of inherent and acquired
human potential through goal directed,
behavior, competent self-care and
satisfying relationships with others, while
adjustments are made as needed to
maintain structural integrity and harmony
relevant environments.
Nursing
Is collaboration with individuals, families and
communities to create the most favorable
conditions for expression of optimal health
and high level well-being.
Sister callista roy
Adaptation theory
Defines adaptation as the process and
outcome whereby the thinking and feeling
a person uses conscious awareness and
choice to create human and environmental
integration.
Four adaptive modes
1. Physiologic-physical mode: physical
and chemical processes involved in
the function and activities of living
organisms; the underlying need is
physiologic integrity as seen in the
degree of wholeness achieved
through adaptation to changes in
needs.
2. Self-concept-group identity mode:
focuses on psychological and
spiritual integrity and a sense of unity,
meaning, purposefulness in the
universe.
3. Role function mode: refers to the
roles that individuals occupy in
society fulfilling the need for social
integrity; it is knowing who one is, in
relation to others.
4. Interdependence mode: the close
relationships of people and their
purpose, structure and development
individually and in groups and the
adaptation potential of these
relationships.
Sub concepts
Adaptive responses are those that promote
the integrity of the person.
The person‟s integrity, or wholeness, is
behaviorally demonstrated when the person
is able to meet the goals in terms of survival,
growth, reproduction and mastery.
Ineffective responses do not support these
goals.
Coping mechanisms describe the control
processes of the person as an adaptive
system. Some coping mechanisms are
inherited or genetic, such as white blood
cell defense mechanism against bacteria
that seek to invade the body.
Other mechanisms are learned, such as the
use of antiseptics to cleanse a wound.
Two coping subsystems
 A. Cognator subsystem “A major
coping process involving four
cognitive-emotive channels:
perceptual and information
processing, learning, judgment, and
emotion.”
B. Regulator subsystem: a basic type of
adaptive process that responds
automatically through neural,
chemical, and endocrine coping
channels.
Focal stimuli – those stimuli that are the
proximate causes of the situation.
Contextual stimuli – all other stimuli in the
internal or external environment, which may
or may not affect the situation.
Residual stimuli – those immeasurable and
unknowable stimuli that also exist and may
affect the situation.
Metaparadigm
Person
The human adaptive system and defined as
a whole with parts that function as a unity
for some purpose
Environment
Conditions, circumstances and influences
that affect the development and behavior
of humans as adaptive systems
Health
A state and process being and becoming
integrated and whole.
Nursing
“The promotion of adaptation in each of
the four modes”
Adaptation
The process and outcome whereby thinking
and feeling persons as individuals or in
groups use conscious awareness and
choice to create human and environmental
integration.
Hildegard E. Peplau
Theory of interpersonal relations
Psychodynamic nursing
 Understanding of one‟s own
behavior
 To help others identify felt difficulties
 To apply principles of human
relations to the problems that arise at
all levels of experience
 In her book she discussed the phases
of interpersonal process, roles in
nursing situations and methods for
studying nursing as an interpersonal
process.
 According to Peplau, nursing is
therapeutic in that it is a healing art,
assisting an individual who is sick or in
need of health care.
 Nursing is an interpersonal process
because it involves interaction
between two or more individuals
with a common goal.
 The attainment of goal is achieved
through the use of a series of steps
following a series of pattern.
 The nurse and patient work together
so both become mature and
knowledgeable in the process.
Roles of nurse
 Stranger: receives the client in the
same way one meets a stranger in
other life situations provides an
accepting climate that builds trust.
 Teacher: who imparts knowledge in
reference to a need or interest
 Resource Person : one who provides
a specific needed information that
aids in the understanding of a
problem or new situation
 Counselors : helps to understand
and integrate the meaning of
 current life circumstances ,provides 3.
guidance and encouragement to
4.
make changes
Orientation phase
 Surrogate: helps to clarify domains of
dependence interdependence and
independence and acts on clients
behalf as an advocate.
 Leader : helps client assume
maximum responsibility for meeting
treatment goals in a mutually
satisfying way
Additional Roles include:
1. Technical expert
2. Consultant
3. Health teacher
4. Tutor
Exploitation
Resolution
 Problem defining phase
 Starts when client meets nurse as
stranger
 Defining problem and deciding type
of service needed
 Client seeks assistance ,conveys
needs ,asks questions, shares
preconceptions and expectations of
past experiences
 Nurse responds, explains roles to
client, helps to identify problems and
to use available resources and
services

5. Socializing agent Identification phase

6. Safety agent  Selection of appropriate professional

assistance
7. Manager of environment
 Patient begins to have a feeling of
8. Mediator
belonging and a capability of
9. Administrator dealing with the problem which
decreases the feeling of helplessness
10. Recorder observer and hopelessness
11. Researcher Exploitation phase
Theory of interpersonal relations  Use of professional assistance for
problem solving alternatives
 Middle range descriptive
classification theory  Advantages of services are used is
based on the needs and interests of
 Influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan's
the patients
theory of inter personal relations
(1953)  Individual feels as an integral part of
the helping environment
 Also influenced by Percival Symonds
, Abraham Maslow's and Neal Elger  They may make minor requests or
Miller attention getting techniques
Identified four sequential phases in the  The principles of interview
interpersonal relationship: techniques must be used in order to
explore ,understand and adequately
1. Orientation
deal with the underlying problem
2. Identification
  Patient may fluctuates on
independence
 Nurse must be aware about the
various phases of communication
 Nurse aids the patient in exploiting all
avenues of help and progress is
made towards the final step
Resolution phase
 Termination of professional
relationship
 The patients‟ needs have already
been met by the collaborative
effect of patient and nurse
 Now they need to terminate their
therapeutic relationship and dissolve
the links between them.
 Sometimes may be difficult for both
as psychological dependence
persists
 Patient drifts away and breaks bond
with nurse and healthier emotional
balance is demonstrated and both
becomes mature individuals
Interpersonal theory and nursing process
 Both are sequential and focus on
therapeutic relationship
 Both use problem solving techniques
for the nurse and patient to
collaborate on, with the end
purpose of meeting the patients‟
needs
 Both use observation
communication and recording as
basic tools utilized by nursing
Metaparadigm
 Person :A developing organism that
tries to reduce anxiety caused by
needs
 Environment : Existing forces outside
the organism and in the context of
culture
 Health : A word symbol that
implies forward movement of
personality and other ongoing
human processes in the direction
of creative, constructive, productive,
personal andcommunity living.
 Nursing: A significant therapeutic
interpersonal process. It functions
cooperatively with other human
process that make health possible
for individuals in communities
 Peplau explains 4 phases such as:
 Orientation: Nurse and
patient come together as
strangers; meeting initiated
by patient who expresses a
“felt need”; work together to
recognize, clarify and define
facts related to need.
 Identification: Patient
participates in goal setting;
has feeling of belonging and
selectively responds to those
who can meet his or her
needs.
 Exploitation: Patient actively
seeks and draws knowledge
and expertise of those who
can help.
 Resolution: Occurs after other
phases are completed
successfully. This leads to
termination of the
relationship.
Jean Watson
Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Watson believes that the main focus in
nursing is on carative factors. She believes
that for nurses to develop humanistic
philosophies and value system, a strong
liberal arts background is necessary.
The seven assumptions
Watson proposes Seven assumptions about
the science of caring. The basic assumptions
are:
 Caring can be effectively
demonstrated and practiced only
interpersonally.
 Caring consists of carative factors
that result in the satisfaction of
certain human needs.
 Effective caring promotes health
and individual or family growth.
 Caring responses accept person not
only as he or she is now but as what
he or she may become.
 A caring environment is one that
offers the development of potential
while allowing the person to choose
the best action for himself or herself
at a given point in time.
 Caring is more “healthogenic” than
is curing. A science of caring is
complementary to the science of
curing.
 The practice of caring is central to
nursing.
The ten primary carative factors
1. The formation of a humanistic-
altruistic system of values.
2. The installation of faith-hope.
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one‟s
self and to others.
4. The development of a helping-trust
relationship
5. The promotion and acceptance of
the expression of positive and
negative feelings.
6. The systematic use of the scientific
problem-solving method for decision
making
7. The promotion of interpersonal
teaching-learning.
8. The provision for a supportive,
protective and /or corrective
mental, physical, socio-cultural and
spiritual environment.
9. Assistance with the gratification of
human needs.
10. The allowance for existential-
phenomenological forces.
The first three carative factors form the
“philosophical foundation” for the science
of caring. The remaining seven carative
factors spring from the foundation laid by
these first three.
Metaparadigm
Person
 She adopts a view of the human
being as: “….. a valued person in
and of him or herself to be cared for,
respected, nurtured, understood
and assisted; in general a
philosophical view of a person as a
fully functional integrated self. He,
human is viewed as greater than
and different from, the sum of his or
her parts”.
Health
Watson believes that there are other factors
that are needed to be included in the WHO
definition of health. She adds the following
three elements:
 A high level of overall
physical, mental and social
functioning
 A general adaptive-
maintenance level of daily
functioning
  The absence of illness (or the design for problem solving. It
presence of efforts that leads determines what data would be
its absence) collected and how on whom.

Environment Intervention

 According to Watson caring (and  It is the direct action and

nursing) has existed in every society. implementation of the plan.
A caring attitude is not transmitted
 It includes the collection of the data.
from generation to generation. It is
transmitted by the culture of the Evaluation
profession as a unique way of
coping with its environment.  Analysis of the data as well as the
examination of the effects of
Nursing interventions based on the data.
Includes the interpretation of the
 According to Watson “nursing is
results, the degree to which positive
concerned with promoting health,
outcome has occurred and whether
preventing illness, caring for the sick
the result can be generalized.
and restoring health”.
 It may also generate additional
 It focuses on health promotion and
hypothesis or may even lead to the
treatment of disease. She believes
generation of a nursing theory.
that holistic health care is central to
the practice of caring in nursing.

 She defines nursing as…..

“A human science of persons and
human health-illness experiences
that are mediated by professional,
personal, scientific, esthetic and
ethical human transactions”.

Assessment

 Involves observation, identification

and review of the problem; use of
applicable knowledge in literature.

 Also includes conceptual knowledge

for the formulation and
conceptualization of framework.

 Includes the formulation of

hypothesis; defining variables that
will be examined in solving the
problem.

Planning

 It helps to determine how variables

would be examined or measured;
includes a conceptual approach or