Writing arguments:

Oration has a sequence of 6 parts in the past.

- Exordium: The speaker/writer tries to win the attention and goodwill of the audience
while introducing a subject or problem
- Narratio: The speaker/writer presents the facts of the case, explaining what happened
when, who is involved, and so on, puts the argument in context
- Partitio: Speaker/writer divides up the subject, explaining what the claim is, what the key
issues are, and in what order the subject will be treated.
- Confirmatio: The speaker/writer offers detailed support for the claim, using both logical
reasoning and factual evidence.
- Refutatio: The speaker/writer acknowledges and then refutes opposing claims or
evidence.
- Peroration: The speaker/writer summarizes the case and pushes the audience to do a
thing

The structure of the argument covers all the important points. Know what subject is, how you
intend to cover it, and what evidence you have to offer.

Key parts:
Introduction:
- Gain readers’ interest and willingness to listen
- Establish your qualifications to write about topic
- Establish common ground
- Demonstrate fairness
- State claim

Background:
- Present any necessary information, including personal narratives that are important to
the argument

Lines of Argument:
- Present qualified reasons, to support your claim (with logical and emotional appeals)

Alternative arguments:
- Examine other points of view
- Note the advantages and disadvantages of the others
- Say why yours is better

Conclusion:
- Summarize the argument
- Elaborate on what your claim means (implicaitons)
- Make clear what you want the audience to do
- Reinforce your credibility,
 - Emotional appeal

Declaration:
- Explains to readers why the document is necessary
- Explains assumptions of the argument
- Establishes truth and then refutes the British point of view towards Americans
- Invalid because of structure established -
- IF BRITISH P.O.V. WENT FIRST, then this argument would be less valid