BAGUIO CENTRAL UNIVERSITY

BREAST
CANCER
REPORT BY ;SHEHADA BONDAD
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DESCRIPTION:
Is the leading type of cancer in
women.Most breast cancer begins in
the lining of the milk ducts, sometimes
the lobule.
The cancer grows through the wall of
the duct and into the fatty tissue.
Breast cancer metastasizes most
commonly to auxiliary nodes, lung,
bone, liver, and the brain.
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DESCRIPTION:
The most significant risk factors for
breast cancer are gender (being a
woman) and age (growing older).
Other probable factors include
nulliparity, first child after age 30,
late menopause, early menarche, long
term estrogen replacement therapy,
and benign breast disease.
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DESCRIPTION:
Controversial risk factors :
include oral contraceptive use, alcohol use,
obesity, and increased dietary fat intake.
About 90% of breast cancers are due not to
heredity, but to genetic abnormalities that happen
as a result of the aging process and life in general.
A woman’s risk of breast cancer approximately
doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother,
sister, daughter) who has been diagnosed with
breast cancer. About 20-30% of women diagnosed
with breast cancer have a family history of breast
cancer.
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CAUSES:
•Hormonal factors like when the cells come in contact

with estrogen

•Genetic factors like gene mutation

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RISK FACTORS:
•Starting menopause at a later age

•Having no children or having a first child after age 30

•Women with previous history of breast cancer

•Notbreastfeeding

•Using birth control pills

•Being overweight after menopause

•Having first menstruation before age 12 or entering menopause after

age 55.

•Drinking

alcohol (more than one drink a day)

•lack of exercise
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Stages of Breast Cancer
STAGE DEFINITION

Stage 0 Cancer cells remain inside the breast duct, without invasion into
normal adjacent breast tissue.

Stage I Cancer is 2 centimeters or less and is confined to the breast (lymph

nodes are clear).

Stage II A No tumor can be found in the breast, but cancer cells are found in
the axillary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm)OR the tumor

measures 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes

OR the tumor is larger than 2 but no larger than 5 centimeters and has not

spread to the axillary lymph nodes.

Stage IIB The tumor is larger than 2 but no larger than 5 centimeters and has
spread to the axillary lymph nodesORthe tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but

has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.

 Stages of Breast Cancer
Stage IIIA-No tumor is found in the breast. Cancer is found in axillary lymph nodes
that are sticking together or to other structures, or cancer may be found in lymph

nodes near the breastboneORthe tumor is any size. Cancer has spread to the axillary

lymph nodes, which are sticking together or to other structures, or cancer may be

found in lymph nodes near the breastbone.

Stage IIIB-The tumor may be any size and has spread to the chest wall and/or skin of
the breastANDmay have spread to axillary lymph nodes that are clumped together or

sticking to other structures, or cancer may have spread to lymph nodes near the

breastbone.Inflammatory breast cancer is considered at least stage IIIB.

Stage IIIC-There may either be no sign of cancer in the breast or a tumor may be
any size and may have spread to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breastANDthe

cancer has spread to lymph nodes either above or below the collarboneANDthe

cancer may have spread to axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the

breastbone.

Stage IV- The cancer has spread — or metastasized — to other parts of the body.
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New lump in the breast or underarm

Thickening or swelling of part of the breast

Mass which is hard with irregular borders

•Irritation or dimpling of breast skin

•Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or breast

•Pulling in of the nipple or

pain in the nipple area

Nipple discharge other than breast milk

Any change in the size or the shape of the breast

 TSET
CITSONGAID
MAMMOGRAM
ULTRASOUND
PET scan (Positron
emission
tomography
MRI (Magnetic
resonance
imaging)
BREAST SELF-
EXAMINATION
BREAST SELF-
EXAMINATION
MEDICAL
Chemotherapy
MANAGEMENT Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy

cancer cells. Chemotherapy is

sometimes given before surgery in

women with larger breast tumors.

Chemotherapy is also used in women

whose cancer has already spread to

other parts of the body.

STANDARD CHEMOTHERAPHY REGIMEN
INCLUDE:
•AT: Adriamycin

and Taxotere

•AC ± T: Adriamycin and Cytoxan, with or

without Taxol or Taxotere

•CMF: Cytoxan, methotrexate, and

fluorouracil
•CEF:Cytoxan, Ellence, and fluorouracil

•FAC:fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and

Cytoxan

•CAF:Cytoxan, Adriamycin, and

fluorouracil

(The FAC and CAF regimens use the

same

medicines but use different doses and

frequencies)

•TAC:Taxotere, Adriamycin, and Cytoxan

•GET: Gemzar, Ellence, and Taxol

HORMONAL THERAPHY
-Hormonal theraphy is prescribed to
women with ER-positive breast cancer

to block certain hormones that fuel

cancer growth. An example of hormonal

theraphy is the drug

TAMOIFEN;
This drug blocks the

effects of estrogen, which can help

breast cancer cells survive and

grow. Most women

with estrogen-sensitive breast cancer

benefit from

this drug.
•Another class of hormonal therapy
medicine called AROMATASE
INHIBITOR; such as exemestane
(Aromasin) have been shown to work
just as well or even better than tamoxifen

in postmenopausal women with breast

cancer .

AROMATASE INHIBITOR block

estrogen rom being male.

RADIO THERAPHY
-radiation theraphy is an adjuvant treatment for most
women who have undergone lumpectomy and for me

women who have mastectomy surgery.

In these cases the purpose of radiation is to reduce

the chance that the cancer will recur.

•This radiation is very

effective in killing cancer cells that may remain after

surgery or recur where the tumour

was removed.

•Radiation therapy can be delivered by either external

beam

radiotherapy or brachytherapy (internal radiotherapy).

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Lumpectomy: •This is also referred to as
breast- conserving therapy. The surgeon

removes the cancerous area and a

surrounding margin of normal tissue. A

second incision may be made in

order to remove the lymph nodes.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Lumpectomy: •This is also referred to as
breast- conserving therapy. The surgeon

removes the cancerous area and a

surrounding margin of normal tissue. A

second incision may be made in

order to remove the lymph nodes.

PARTIAL OR SEGMENTAL
MASTECTOMY
SIMPLE OR TOTAL MASTECTOMYI
MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER:
•Get screened for
breast cancer regularly
•Control your weight and Do regular
exercise
•Know your family history of breast cancer
•Limit the amount of alcohol
•Avoid
induced abortions
•Avoid unnecessary Medical radiation
exposure
•Preventive mastectomy
DIETARY
MANAGEMENT
Eat Omega-3 fatty
acids
Eat soy product
Eat Cruciferous
vegetables
Calcium d Vit D
Nursing Interventions
Monitor for adverse effects of radiation therapy such as

fatigue, sore throat, dry cough, nausea, anorexia.

Monitor for adverse effects of chemotherapy; bone

marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting, alopecia,

weight gain or loss, fatigue, stomatitis, anxiety, and

depression.

Realize that a diagnosis of breast cancer is a devastating

emotional shock to the woman. Provide psychological

support to the patient throughout the diagnostic and

treatment process.

Involve the patient in planning and treatment.

Describe surgical procedures to alleviate fear.

Prepare the patient for the effects of chemotherapy, and

plan ahead for alopecia, fatigue.

Nursing Interventions
Administer antiemetics prophylactically, as directed, for

patients receiving chemotherapy.

Administer I.V. fluids and hyperalimentation as indicated

.Help patient identify and use support persons or family or

community.

Suggest to the patient the psychological interventions may

be necessary for anxiety, depression, or sexual problems.

Teach all women the recommended cancer-screening

procedures.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING