 Cultural Mapping Orientation and Workshop

 Center for Pangasinan Studies

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 OUTLINE

Part I.

 Culture and Cultural Heritage

 Cultural Mapping: Project Overview

 Cultural Heritage Conservation: Laws and Legislations

 Cultural Heritage/Cultural Property: Categories

 Cultural Mapping as Research

Part II.

 Cultural Mapping: Theory and Practice

 Workshop Proper

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 What is Culture?

 Edward Tylor (1871):

 “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (p. 1).

 What is Culture?

 UNESCO Bangkok definition states that:

“Culture is a complex, multifaceted concept. It is a term used to cover the social structure, languages, belief systems, institutions, technology,
art, food, and traditions of particular groups of people. The term is used to define a group’s way of life and its own view of itself and of other
groups, as well as to define the material goods it creates and uses, the skills it has developed, and the behaviors it transmits to each successive
generation.”

 The Cultural Complex

 What is Heritage?

 “A social and political construct encompassing all those places, artefacts and cultural expressions inherited from the past which,
because they are seen to reflect and validate our identity as nations, communities, families and even individuals, are worthy of some
form of respect and protection.”

 Heritage and the Locale

“Heritage is no longer a matter of focusing on the buildings, archaeological remains, literature and so on of the rich and famous in history.”

“Our everyday (vernacular) places, objects and ways of living are just as vital as the famous.”

 What is Cultural Heritage (CH)?

 It refers to the totality of cultural property preserved and developed through time and passed on to posterity (Rule III, Sec. 6(I),
National Cultural Heritage Act 2009).

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  Cultural Mapping: Project Overview

 What is Cultural Mapping?

 “Cultural Mapping is an approach (or the process) used to identify, record and use cultural resources and activities for building
communities. Communities map what is important to them” (Cook and Taylor, 2013).

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 Cultural Heritage Conservation:

Laws and Legislation

The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate
social progress, and promote total human liberation and development (Art. II, Sec. 17).

 The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national culture based on the principle of
unity and diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression (Art. XIV, Sec. 14).

 Arts and Letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The State shall conserve, promote and popularize the nation’s historical and
cultural heritage resources, as well as artistic creations (Art. XIV, Sec. 15).

 All the country’s artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural treasure of the nation and shall be under the protection of the
State which may regulate its disposition (Art. XIV, Sec. 16)

 National Cultural Heritage Act

 Republic Act No. 10066

 Signed into law on March 26, 2010.

 Objectives of the National Cultural Heritage Act

 Protect, preserve, conserve, and promote the nation’s cultural heritage, its property and histories, and the ethnicity of local
communities;

 Establish and strengthen cultural institutions;

 Protect cultural workers and ensure their professional development and well-being.

 Other Related Legislations Protecting Cultural Heritage

 R.A. 4846 (Cultural Properties Protection and Preservation Act)

 Presidential Decree No. 260

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 Categories of Cultural Heritage/Property

 Cultural Heritage

 It refers to the totality of cultural property preserved and developed through time and passed on to posterity

-Sec. 3(I), National Cultural Heritage Act.

 What is Cultural Property?

 Cultural Property shall refer to:

 All products of human creativity by which a people and a nation reveal their identity and;

 Natural history specimens and sites

 Cultural Property can be:

  Public or privately-owned

 Movable or immovable

 Tangible or Intangible

 Tangible Cultural Property

 It refers to cultural property with historical, archival, anthropological, archaeological, artistic and architectural value and with
exceptional or traditional production whether of Philippine origin or not, including antiques and natural history specimens with
significant value.

 Natural Heritage

 Natural heritage, according to UNESCO (1972), refers to “natural features, geological and physiographical formations and delineated
areas that constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants and natural sites of value from the point of view of
science, conservation or natural beauty.

 Examples

 Mountains, volcanoes, valleys

 Forests, caves

 Lakes, rivers/falls, beaches

 Rice fields, underwater

 Plants, animals

 Rocks, minerals

 Built Heritage (Immovable)

 Church, mosque

 Government buildings

 Schools

 Marketplace

 Plazas/parks, monuments

 Cemeteries, forts, bridges

 Houses

 Streets/roads

 Movable Heritage

 Costumes

 Weaponry

 Religious Items

 Furniture/Equipment

 Jewelry

 Crafts

 Musical Instruments
  Work Implements

 Personalities

 Painting/Artworks

 Documents/Books

 Memorabilia

 Photographs

 Categories of Cultural Property

1. National Cultural Treasure

2. Important Cultural Property

3. World Heritage Site

4. National Historical Shrine

5. National Historical Monument

6. National Historical Landmark

 National Cultural Treasure

 A unique cultural property found locally, possessing outstanding historical, cultural, artistic and/or scientific value which is highly
significant and important to the country and nation and officially declared as such by the pertinent cultural agency [Sec. 3 (bb)].

 Important Cultural Property

 Cultural property having exceptional cultural, artistic, and historical significance to the Philippines as may be determined by the
National Museum or the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

 World Heritage Site

 A place listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having outstanding universal
value.

 In the Philippines, these are:

• Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park

• Tubbataha Reefs National Park

• Mt. Hamiguitan

• Rice Terraces of the Cordillera- a living cultural landscape

• Historic Town of Vigan – cultural site

• 4 Baroque Churches in the Philippines:

 Paoay in Ilocos Norte, Santa Maria in Ilocos Sur, Miag-ao in Iloilo, San Agustin in Manila

 Historical Site

 Any place, province, city, town and/or any location and structure which has played a significant and important role in the history of
our country and nation.

 Such significance and importance may be cultural, political, sociological or historical.

 Presumed Important Cultural Property

  For purposes of protecting a cultural property against exportation, modification or demolition, the following works shall be
considered important cultural property, unless declared otherwise by the pertinent cultural agency:

 Unless declared by the NCCA,

(a) Works by a Manlilikha ng Bayan;

(b) Works by a National Artist;

 Unless declared by the National Museum,

(c) Archaeological and traditional ethnographic materials;

 Unless declared by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines,

(d) Works of national heroes;

(e) Marked structure

(f) Structures dating at least fifty (50) years old; and

 Unless declared by the National Archives,

(g) Archival material/document dating at least fifty (50) years old.

 Establishment of a Philippine Registry of Cultural Property

 All cultural properties of the country deemed important to cultural heritage shall be registered in the Philippine Registry of Cultural
Property.

 The NCCA, through the appropriate cultural agencies and local government units (LGUs), shall establish and maintain this registry
within three (3) years from the effectivity of this Act (Sec. 14).

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 CULTURAL MAPPING AS A RESEARCH ENDEAVOR

 Cultural Mapping as Research

A. Ethnography

B. Historiography

C. Participatory Action Research

 A. Ethnography

 It documents routine daily lives of people (Fetterman, 1998).

 Explores a cultural group.

 Lives with people, or spend a lot of time with them.

 Has a guiding question that evolves during the study (Hall, 2003).

 Doing Interviews

 Can be individual or group

 Can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured

 The importance of informed consent

 Recording interviews
 B. What is Historiography?

 The writing of history based on the critical examination of sources (Merriam-Sebster, 2007).

 Cultural mapping banks on the importance of doing local history.

 C. Participatory Action Research

 A form of research actively involving the community

 Participation (life in society and democracy), action (engagement with experience and history), and research (soundness in thought
and the growth of knowledge).

 Ethics in Research

 Get the informed consent of your participants.

 Consultation and negotiation should always be maintained.

 Culture must be respected.

 Recognize the diversity and uniqueness of the people as well as individuals.

 Respect intellectual and cultural property rights of your participants.

 The use of and access to research results should be negotiated and mutually agreed.

 A research community should benefit from and not be disadvantaged by the research project.

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 Cultural Mapping: Theory and Practice

 Heritage Mapping

 Is the term used to describe the set of activities and processes for exploring, discovering, documenting, examining, analyzing,
interpreting, presenting, and sharing information related to people, communities, societies, places and the material products
associated with those people and places.

 A heritage map may be created as an end in itself or to provide an input into another endeavor.

 Who maps?

 Community members of all age groups and professions (male and female) including traditional knowledge holders and future
stakeholders:

 Involvement of the whole community

 Conceptual Framework of Heritage and Development

 Why mapping?

 Advantages of Doing Cultural Mapping

1. Documentation of cultural resources

2. Community empowerment

3. Effective cultural resource management

4. Community economic development

5. Transmission of local knowledge systems

6. Promotion of intercultural dialogue

 ASEAN Charter

 Cultural mapping is a tool of mutuality – a tool that creates togetherness.

 Cultural mapping contributes to harmonisation through establishing environments for acknowledging diversity and complexity.

 Cultural mapping is a valuable mechanism for sharing histories and rethinking history.

 Cultural mapping has potential to provide inputs into the new economies based on creativity and information technology. It is thus a
catalyst for economic development.

 The Essence of Cultural Mapping

 Cultural sustainability

 connecting people with their environment and heritage – their cultural landscape – and to be part of looking after it,
conserving, planning and developing it sustainably in ways that add social and economic value for the community.

 WORKSHOP

 Main Data Fields

 Name of Heritage:

 Photo of Heritage:

 I. Background Information

 II. Description

 III. Stories Associated

 IV. Significance

 V. Conservation/Safeguarding Measures

 A. Status

 B. Threats

 C. Measures

 VI. References

 Cultural significance-setting is fundamental in the conservation process.

 The significance of the place should be established before any intervention is actualized and conservation procedures are done.
Moreover, significance is established through physical, oral, and archival investigations.

 Significance Indicators

 1. Historical Significance –is the process used to evaluate what was significant about selected events, people, and developments in
the past. You may want to use some of the indicators to determine historical significance:

 a. Relevance to people living at the time

 b. Resonance to people’s experience, beliefs, or situations at the same time

 c. Relevance to an increased understanding of the present-day

 d. Remarked on by people at the time and since

 e. Remembered within the collective memory of a group

 f. Revealing of some other aspect of the past

 g. Results that have consequences for the future

 h. Durability –for how long people’s lives were affected

 i. Quantity –how many lives were affected

 j. Profundity –how deeply people’s lives were affected

 k. Relevance as symbolic

 2. Economic Significance –refers to how much the heritage icon or practice had contributed or is still contributing to the livelihood,
wealth, flow of goods and services to people or community. Economic significance may even be assessed quantitatively such as
providing an estimate of the number of households engaged in the practice e.g. heritage cuisine. The worth or value of particular
object such as an ivory statue may also be included in this category.

 3. Aesthetic or artistic significance –includes aspects of sensory perception for which criteria can and should be stated. Such criteria
may include consideration of the form, scale, color, texture, and material of the fabric; the smells and sounds associated with the
place and its use (Burra Chapter).

 4. Scientific or Research Significance –the scientific or research value of a place will depend upon the importance of the data
involved, on its rarity, quality, or representativeness, and on the degree to which the place may contribute further substantial
information (Burra Charter).

 5. Socio-political and Spiritual Significance –embraces the qualities for which a place has become a focus of spiritual, political,
national, or other cultural sentiment to a majority or minority group.

 Levels of Significance

 List of Threats

 A. Buildings and Development

 Commercial development

 Housing Industrial areas

 Interpretative and visitation facilities

 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure

 B. Transportation Infrastructure

 Air transport infrastructure

 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure

 Ground transport infrastructure

 Marine transport infrastructure

 Underground transport infrastructure

 C. Services Infrastructures

 Localised utilities

 Major linear utilities

 Non-renewable energy facilities

 Renewable energy facilities

 Water infrastructure

 D. Pollution
  Air pollution

 Ground water pollution

 Input of excess energy

 Pollution of marine waters

 Solid waste

 Surface water pollution

 E. Biological resource use/modification

 Aquaculture

 Commercial hunting

 Commercial wild plant collection

 Crop production

 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources

 Forestry /wood production

 Land conversion

 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals

 Subsistence hunting

 Subsistence wild plant collection

 F. Physical resource extraction

 Mining Oil and gas

 Quarrying

 Water (extraction)

 G. Local conditions affecting physical fabric

 Dust

 Micro-organisms

 Pests

 Radiation/light

 Relative humidity

 Temperature

 Water (rain/water table)

 Wind

 H. Social/cultural uses of heritage

 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system

 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community

  Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation

 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting

 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses

 Society's valuing of heritage

 I. Other human activities

 Civil unrest

 Deliberate destruction of heritage

 Illegal activities

 Military training

 Terrorism War

 J. Climate change and severe weather events

 Changes to oceanic waters

 Desertification

 Drought

 Flooding

 Other climate change impacts

 Storms (Typhoons)

 Temperature change

 K. Sudden ecological or geological events

 Avalanche/ landslide

 Earthquake

 Erosion and siltation/ deposition

 Fire (widlfires)

 Tsunami/tidal wave

 Volcanic eruption

 L. Invasive/alien species or hyper-abundant species

 Hyper-abundant species

 Invasive / alien freshwater species

 Invasive / alien marine species

 Invasive/alien terrestrial species

 Modified genetic material

 Translocated species

 M. Management and Institutional Factors

  Financial resources

 Governance

 High impact research / monitoring activities

 Human resources

 Legal framework

 Low impact research / monitoring activities

 Management activities

 Management systems/ management plan

 Flora and Fauna

 http://stuartxchange.org/