WEEK 1 - LESSON 1 IMPLEMENTING NSTP RULES AND REGULATIONS

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163  - establishes the National Service Training Program or NSTP (for tertiary level
students) amending for the purpose as stated on the  Republic Act No. 7077 and PD No. 1706.

 NSTP – defined under RA 9163, section 3, as a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense
preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its
three program components.

          Since NSTP requires training, civic consciousness can be enhanced by doing community immersion which is an
integral part of Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) and Literacy Training Service (LTS) while defense
preparedness is enhanced through the Reserve Officer Training Corps. (ROTC).

 CWTS and LTS deal with civic enhancement while ROTC focuses on defense or military preparedness. To
understand further, section 3 of RA 9163, the program components of NSTP are defined as:

1.   (ROTC) Reserve Officer Training Corps – refers to the program component institutionalized under
Sections 38 and 39 of RA 7077, designed to provide military training to tertiary level students in order to
motivate, train, organize, and mobilize them for national defense preparedness.

2.   (LTS) Literacy Training Service – is the program component designed to train students to teach literacy
and numeracy skills to school children, out of school youths, and other segments of the society in need of their
services.

3.   Civic Welfare Training Service – pertains to the program component or activities contributory to the
general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities,
especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation, and
moral of the citizenry and other welfare services.

-> These 3 components differ in specialization. ROTC focuses on military science training wherein students are
trained in preparation for war, while CWTS and LTS deal with civic enhancement through community immersion
programs.

-> The difference between LTS and CWTS lies on the program implementation. LTS is designed to train future
teachers of the nation for eradicating illiteracy of children and out of school youths while civic welfare training
service is designed to promote general welfare to the community. It is a program that enhances the way of living of
every person in the community.

There are other relevant questions that may arise In the following implementation of the program, as
follows:

1.   Is every first year student covered by the NSTP Law?

Every student, male or female, enrolled in any baccalaureate degree and in at least two years Technical-Vocational
or associate course is required to complete at least one of the three components of the NSTP as a graduation
requirement and as stipulated in RA 9163, section 4a.

2.   What if a student is a second degree taker? Or, a transferee who took the NSTP from another
University?

Based on RA 9163, rule 3, students who finished or graduated before School Year are exempted to take NSTP.
Also, exempted are those students who completed any of the three components but considered freshmen to the
course where they transferred or shifted.

3.   What is the time duration of the NSTP Program?

The course duration wherein every student shall take NSTP for an academic period of two semesters which consist
of 3 units per semester with a minimum of 54 hours and a maximum of 90 training hours per semester.

4.   Do students need to pay an NSTP fee?

This question is best answered by referring to rule 4, section 9 of the NSTP law which states that: “no fees shall
be collected for any of the NSTP components except basic tuition, which should not be more than fifty (50%)
percent of the charges of the school per academic unit”.

5.   What will the students receive after completing the NSTP Program?

Every student will be given a certificate of completion with corresponding serial number issued by CHED, TESDA,
and DND as reflected in rule 6, section 12 of RA 9163. All graduates of the CWTS and LTS components of the
NSTP shall belong to the National Service Reserve Corps (NCRC) an could be tapped by the state for literacy and
civic welfare activities especially in times of calamities, while those graduates of ROTC shall form part of the
Citizen Armed Forces pursuant to Republic Act No. 7077 as stipulated in rule 5, section 11.

GOOD DAY STUDENTS!!!  WELCOME TO OUR WEEK 2

LESSON 2: The Filipino Way: Blood and Heart of Today

NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM – are often marred by lack of clarity due to the failure to distinguish the
two. Many authors use the two terms interchangeably. Among those who do not, quite a few have made the
distinction in ways that are not very helpful

 Lord Acton

 – contrasted “nationality” and patriotism as affection and instinct vs. moral relation. Nationality is “our connection
with the race” that is “merely natural or physical”, while patriotism is the awareness of our moral duties to the
political community.

Ellie Kedouire 

– presenting nationalism as a full-fledged philosophical and political doctrine about nations as basic units of
fulfillment, and patriotism as mere sentiment of affection for one’s country.

George Orwell 

– contrasted the two in terms of aggressive vs. defensive attitudes.

WAYS TO EXPRESS FILIPINO NATIONALISM

NATIONALISM – is a devotion of love for one’s country. A country’s identity or togetherness of the people in it.
The history of the Philippines reflects the kind of nationalism the Filipinos have. Their heroes stood and fought to
preserve the Filipino identity and attain freedom and independence.

 An online article from “Our Happy School” listed some of the following ways to express Filipino nationalism:

1.   Respect the Philippine flag and value the Filipino Identity. – Being Filipinos, we should respect our
Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the freedom we have today.
Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem and even our different symbols. They
provide our identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.
2.   Be a productive citizen. – Be industrious and make ourselves productive, not only ourselves but for our
country as well. Serve the people, serve our nation.
3.   Be aware of the issues in our country – We must be aware and updated on the significant issues
happening in the country. Extend help to the needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters like typhoons,
flooding, and the like.
4.   Stand proud for every Filipinos achievement. Filipinos are globally competitive in many aspects. They are
proud to be a Filipino and for the honors they bring to our country. They unite every Filipino for their
achievements. We can be proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Azkals Football Team, the Gilas Pilipinas
Basketball Team, and many more. 
5. Patronize and support our own product. The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and
products. The manpower services we provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we
ourselves patronize our own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness, and industry. 
6. Preserve the Filipino culture. The Philippines is rich in various colorful elements. They are our identity. Be
proud and preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep them for the future
generation. 
7. Respect everyone and value our traditions. Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. Even in modern times,
many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. So we Filipinos must continue to exercise these
good traditions like respecting our elders and others, by using “po at opo”, being hospitable, and being religious. 
8. Speak out our own language. Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It
is our unique means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an important tool to
achieve further unity and national development. 
9. Remember and commemorate our heroes’ sacrifices for our country. There were many Filipinos who died
for our democracy, freedom, and independence. 
10. Love our family, our neighbors, and our compatriots. Love and help one another. That way, we are
showing the world that we are proud to be Filipinos. 

 WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO PATRIOTISM 

PATRIOTISM - a devotion to one’s country for no other reason than being a citizen of that country. 

An article from “Anthology WordPress” enumerated some of the following ways to show Filipino Patriotism:

a. Know that Lupang Hinirang is the title of our national anthem not Bayang Magiliw. 
b. Know our history and our national symbols
c. Do not litter and do not smoke in public places
d. Stay alive! Use overpassses, underpasses, footbridges etc. 
e. Obey road rules so you wont need to bribe MMDA traffic enforcers.
f. Guys, before you go out, pee! So you wont need to do it in the streets.
g. Buy local products. Look at your shirt’s tag, it says ‘Made in the Philippines” anyway.
h. Support local tourism. Let’s go to Palawan Guys!
i. Mountaineers, when you go up there, bring your garbage down with you. 
j. Report police officers riding motorcycles with no helmet.
k. Be a responsible neighbor. 
l. Be a responsible FW passenger.
m. Watch at least one or two Filipino movies in a year
n. Do some volunteering works or at least donate
o. Magsalita sa Filipino!

VOTERS EDUCATION: YOUR VOTE, OUR FUTURE! 

“Stressing that efforts voters’ education must come from all stakeholders concerned-political parties,
grassroots-based organizations, civil society, media, the private sector, citizens, religious groups and the
academe.” - 2003 Voter Education Summit

DECLARATION 

2003 - the year wherein they represented a window of opportunity for voter education. It is a time when people
are greatly concerned about their economic plight due to the ongoing global economic crisis, about the apparent
malaise or drift in the policies and programs of government. 

Voter registration in the Philippines – is the process of filing an application to have a voter’s record at the
Commission on Election in a specific date and designated places set by the COMELEC.

Any Filipino citizen who is at least 18 years of age, a resident of the Philippines for at least one year, and in the
place where he or she intends to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election can file an
application for registration. 

TWO TYPES OF VOTER REGISTRATION:

1.   Computerized Voter’s List (CVL) – electronic process

2.   Registration Record (VRR) – manual one

REGISTRATION PROCESS – to become a registered voter, you must personally submit all the required documents.
You must yield to your election officer a fully accomplished Registration form. (CEF-1A) which you can get either
from the Office of Election Officer (OEO) or downloaded from the commission website. 
DOUBLE REGISTRATION – there are cases when an individual transfers residence then fails to file an application
for cancellation or transfer. This is an electoral case called double/multiple registration, which also calls as flying
voter. Whether it is deliberate or not, the individual who is found guilty shall be punishable with imprisonment of
one to six years.

 WHAT IS RIGHT TO SUFFRAGE?

This right is exercised during elections, and as a citizen voter, you are entitled to free and informed choice on
whom to vote. Every political choice and decisions you make will determine the kind of government that will serve
the country.

SUFFRAGE is the human right to vote and, for the Philippines, is indicated in three documents;

a.   Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

b.   International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
c.   1987 Philippine Constitution

HOW IS SUFFRAGE A MECHANISM FOR POLITICAL PARTICIPATION?

The constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government authority comes from.
Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly through suffrage and indirectly through public officials
elected by the people. The will of the people, then, is best expressed in clean, orderly and honest elections.

WHO ARE QUALIFIED TO VOTE IN PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS?

 Citizens of the Philippines

 18 years old and above on the day of the elections
 A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he or she proposes to
vote for at least 6 months before the election.
 Those not disqualified by law
 Under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law: Filipino citizens abroad and immigrants
 Permanent residents with an affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines.

WHO ARE DISQUALIFIED TO VOTE IN ELECTIONS?

The following are disqualified (by law) from voting:

 Person sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year
 Person found to have committed rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms law, or any
crime against national security or involving disloyalty to the government.
 Insane or incompetent persons

For better understanding about voters’ education, let's take a look at the history of elections in our country.
Elections in the Philippines
Pre-Martial Rule (1960) - The Philippines was under a two-party system, with Nacionalista and Liberal as the two
major political parties.
Martial Law Period (1972) - Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law. The 1935 Constitution was scrapped, an
Interim Batasang Pambansa was created and a new (1973) Constitution was adopted.
1978 - The election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa. Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) became the administration
party. The election was claimed to be towards restoration of old political order but Marcos’ purpose was to gain
legitimacy for his unpopular administration and to create a rubber stamp legislature. 
1983 - The assassination of Ninoy
1986 - Snap elections characterized by election manipulations and irregularities. These and the worsening social
and political order resulted in the EDSA revolution which led to the collapse of KBL, ouster of Marcos and
installation of Cory Aquino as President. 
1987-1988 - Aquino’s program of bringing back democracy and political stability are 3 major electoral exercises:
national plebiscite for the approval of the 1987 Constitution.
1992 - First presidential elections under the 1987 Constitution. Main campaign issue was anti trapo or traditional
politics. Fidel Ramos won as President and Joseph “Erap” as Vice.
1995 - Congressional and local elections; Dagdag-bawas (subtract and add votes from one candidate to another) as
a form of fraud was widely practiced. 
1998 - Erap, won the presidency with popular support of 38%. The first party-list election was held.
2000 - An impeachment case against Erap was filed. 
2001 - EDSA Dos or a repeat of the 1986 People Power ousted Erap, and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo became the new
president.
2010 - The first automated national election was held, claiming Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III as the new president
of the republic. 
What are the Powers and Functions of the National and Local Officials whom we vote for?

Level Executive Legislative

 National Level  President (Vice-  12 senators

President)  1 District Representative or
0.
 Congressman/woman
           (1 Party-list group)

 Provincial Level   Governor    Vice Governor Sangguniang

Panlalawigan Member

 Municipal/City  City/Municipal Mayor  City/Municipal Vice Mayor

Level  Members of the Sangguniang
Panlungsod (City
Councilors) /Sangguniang
Bayan (Municipal Councilors)

 Barangay Level   Punong Barangay (PB)  PB

 Members of Sangguniang
Barangay  (Barangay Kagawad
and Sangguniang Kabataan
Chair)

 Powers and  Control of all  Statute making, constitution

Functions  executive making, and amending of
departments and all constitution 
implementing agencies  Appropriations/financial
of the government  function
 Appointment of high  Oversight function
officials in the  Informational or the power to
government (heads of conduct inquiries in aid of
executive legislation.  
departments/cabinet
members,
ambassadors, public
ministers, consults,
officers of the armed
forces)
Seeing to the execution and
implementation of laws and
policies. 

HOW DO THE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE INTERACT IN THE LAW-MAKING PROCESS?

In the legislative process, the president can either approve or veto a law passed by Congress. It would
require 2/3s vote by the legislative body to finally pass the vetoed version into law. 

HOW DO FILIPINO VOTERS VOTE?

A 2003 update study on voting behavior looks at how Filipino voters choose their candidates:
a. Public servant image or the candidate’s characteristics such as madaling lapitan, malinis na pagkatao,
matulungin sa nangangailangan, nagtataguyod ng programang pangkaunlaran.
b. Political machinery which includes the political party, being in the opposition, and good campaign strategies. 
c. Popularity for being a celebrity
d. Endorsement of networks and organizations such as the family, the church, the groups and group leaders. 
WHAT ELECTION PRACTICES AND IRREGULARITIES SHOULD THE CITIZENS WATCH OUT FOR?
Bribery, intimidation , and various forms of cheating, particularly
 a. Registering in several names and/or several precincts
b. Vote -buying/vote-selling/paid not to vote
c. Flying voters
d. Voting in the name of other person/s dead persons or relatives
e. Threat to supporters, voters, and members of election inspectors
f. lanzadera/ballot-switching and ballot box snatching
g. Marking ballots and other election documents to make it invalid
h. Dagdag-bawas during counting  and canvassing

ELECTION PROCESS
1. Registration day 
2. Revision day
3. List of voters
4. Casting of votes
5. Counting of votes
6. Preparation of election returns and other reports
7. Distribution of election returns
8. A. Board of Canvassers (For President and Vice-President)
B. Board of Canvassers (For Senators)
C. Board of Canvassers (Provincial I/City/District/Municipality)
9. Proclamation of Winning Candidates
RA 8346 - The Election Modernization  Act of 1997 calls for the use of an automated election system in the
country as early as the May 1998 Elections. This system will make use of appropriate technology for voting and
electronic devices to count and canvass votes. 

The implementation of RA 8346 through COMELEC resolution 02-0170 (Phase of Modernization) went several
phases before it was fully realized. 
 Phase I (Voter Registration and Validation System)
 Phase II (automated counting and canvassing system)
 Phase III (electronic transmission of election results)

ASIDE FROM VOTING IN ELECTIONS, HOW CAN I, AS A CITIZEN-VOTER, PARTICIPATE IN POLITICAL

AFFAIRS?
 Initiative and Referendum
The people can directly propose, enact, and reject laws at the local level.
 Plebiscite
The people approved or rejected the call for a constitutional convention to propose  changes to the Constitution.
 Sectoral Representation
The party-list system of representation gives sectors the chances to be represented in Congress together with our
Congressmen/women.
 Local Special Bodies
Ordinary citizens are called to sit in local special bodies such as the local health boards, school boards, peace in
order and councils and development councils for consultation. 
 Absentee Voting System
RA 9189 the overseas absentee voting law provides for a system, which allows qualified Filipinos abroad to vote in
national elections in the Philippines.

UNDERSTANDING THE FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM 

“Many Filipinos are what I call Sunday-religious, that is they go to church every Sunday, take in confession and
communion, but the rest of the week they tribe and do corrupt deeds” 
-Dr. Pura Santillan-Castrence

VALUES - are the basis of judging what attitudes and behavior are correct and desirable and what are not. It is
therefore of crucial importance that there be an appropriate framework as well as a system among Filipino values.  
FILIPINO CULTURAL VALUES - are widely held beliefs which make some activities, relationships, goals and
feelings important to the Filipino people’s identity 
Fr. Vitaliano Gorospe - in his essay on “Understanding the Filipino Value System” discussed the value philosophy,
Filipino values, its nature, constellation, and context; and Filipino values, its ambivalence and split - level
Christianity. 

VALUE PHILOSOPHY - A brief introduction to the philosophy of human values is necessary for an understanding of
Filipino values and values education. 
FILIPINO VALUES: NATURE, CONSTELLATION AND CONTEXT

What are filipino values? What is distinctly Filipino in our value system? The Filipino value system arises from our
culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in his particular place and time. We speak of Filipino
values in a fourfold sense. 

First, although mankind shares universal human values. It is obvious that certain values take on a distinctively
Filipino flavor. 
Secondly, when we speak of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino values are absent In the
value systems of other peoples and culture.

Thirdly, universal human values in a Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-economic, political, moral and
religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivation.

Fourthly, we can speak of Filipino values in the sense that the historical consciousness of values has evolved among
our people.

FILIPINO VALUES: AMBIVALENCE AND SPLIT-LEVEL CHRISTIANITY

Are Filipino values good or bad? The truth is that Filipino values are ambivalent in the sense that they are a
potential for good or evil, a help or hindrance to personal and national development, depending on how they are
understood, practiced or lived. 

PHILIPPINES VALUES: STRENGTHS TO FILIPINO CHARACTERS

 Closed Family-ties to a Filipino, a family comes first & family is everything. He lives with it and depends on
it. His dreams, aspirations and life are always centered on his family. 
 “Utang na loob” Or Debt of Gratitude - Filipino always recognize one’s indebtedness. 
 “Hiya” - it is a Filipino value that is difficult to translate. Literally it has several meanings such as chy,
timid, sensitive rather than ashamed. Filipinos believe they must live up to the accepted standards of
behavior and make it a point not to cause another person’s embarrassment. 
 “Pakikisama” - there is no exact English translation for this word. It means getting along with others to
preserve a harmonious relationship. 
 Respect to others - Filipinos regard others with dignity and respect. 

 LESSON 4 : BASIC LEADERSHIP

 DEFINING LEADER AND LEADERSHIP
 An adage states that leaders are not born but they are developed. Basically, this topic covers the basic
theories and principles of leadership that you need to learn to prepare you as good leaders in the future.
The success of every group's endeavor in whatever nature of work (in the field of business, social, political,
spiritual, and others will always reflect from the good qualities of a leader and the type of leadership. 
 Who actually Is a leader? Microsoft Encarta 2006 has defined leader in three key roles:
 1.   As a Guide – where the leader assumes the role as the director, organizer, mentor, guru, and
adviser.
 2.   As a Frontrunner – where the leader can be a spearhead, leading light, trailblazer, and
groundbreaker.
 3.   As a Head – where he or she can be called chief, manager, superior, principal, boss, and supervisor.

 LEADERSHIP – is defined as a process of giving control, guidance, headship, direction, and governance. It is
synonymous with the basic principles of management. In fact, leading is one of the action words and
components of the management field, though, it has different perspectives. 
 SERVANT LEADERSHIP
 “The law of service: He who wishes to live long must serve, but he who wishes to rule does not live long”
 The new trend now in leadership is termed as “Servant Leadership”. Different views on this emanated from
pious doctrines where Jesus Christ depicted as the best model of servant Leader. A leader who humbled
himself to serve his disciples especially when he performed the “washing of the feet” symbolizes humility
and humbleness of Christ.
 TEN PRINCIPLES OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP
 1.     Listening - seeks the identity of the will of a group and helps clarify that will. The servant leader
seeks to listen receptively to what is being said.
 2.    Empathy - strives to understand and empathize with others. People need to be accepted and
recognized for their special and unique spirits.  
 3.    Healing - becomes one of the greatest strengths of servant leadership, the potential for healing one’s
self and others whereby many people have broken spirits and have suffered from a variety of emotional
hurts. 
 4.    Awareness - aids the servant leader in understanding issues that involve ethics and values and view
most situations from a more integrated and holistic position. 
 5.    Persuasion - reminds servant leaders to give primary reliance on persuasion rather than positional
authority in making decisions within an organization. 
 6.   Conceptualization - seeks to nurture the servant leader’s abilities to “dream great dreams”.
 7.   Foresight - enables the servant leader to understand the lesson and events from the past, the realities
and phenomena of the present, and likely impact of a decision for the future. 
 8.    Stewardship - prioritizes t5he needs of others and emphasizes the use of openness and persuasion
rather than control.
 9.   Commitment to the Growth of People - makes servant leaders believe that people have an essential
value beyond their concrete contributions as workers thereby the servant leader is deeply committed to
the growth of individuals. 
 10. Building community - suggests that true community can be created among those who work in business
and other institutions. 

 GREENLEAF as cited by FRICK (2004) - “ all that is needed to rebuild community as a viable life form
for large numbers of people is for enough servant leaders to shoe the way, not by mass movements, but by
each servant leader demonstrating his/her own unlimited liability for a quite specific community related
group”. 
 LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS
  There is no specific leadership behavior that would guarantee efficiency and effectiveness of the
operation/mission of a certain group of organization.
 Examine each type carefully and find out which one applies to you as a leader:
 1.    AUTHORITARIAN LEADERSHIP – leads men by means of the rank position. A self centered type of
leadership where the leader believes he or she is the only one capable of directing the subordinates. 
 2.   PATERNALISTIC LEADERSHIP – leads men by always setting an example. This type of a leader
manifests an example of a father, who seems to be always after the welfare of his children.
 3.   PARTICIPATE LEADERSHIP – makes the men participate actively in the activity or task in the
organization but reserves the right to make final decisions on critical matters.
 4.    LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP – leaves decision making to the subordinates. The leader will give
assignment, and then it Is up to the subordinates to accomplish the task in whatever manner they can.

 As a leader your primary relationship to the team is indicated by the highest total score. In descending
order, the other number indicates the relative strength of your other relationships to the team. Interpret
your scores according to the following category descriptions:

 a.    THE CONTRIBUTING LEADER – is focused on providing reliable information to the team. This leader
sets high standards for personal and team with excellent organizational abilities, including management of
budget and schedules. Members of the team may criticize this kind of leader for narrowness of mental
picture and firmness.
 b.   THE COLLABORATING LEADER – is focused on fulfilling the overall goals and mission of the team.
This works well with others in a “bahala na” spirit of flexibility. Team members credit this kind of leader
with vision and far-ranging intellect. Members may criticize this kind of leader for losing track of detail
and undervaluing small, but necessary tasks. 
 c.   THE COMMUNICATING LEADER – is focused on the processes by which the team attains its goals.
This leader listens well and encourages participation by all team members. 
 d.     THE CHALLENGING LEADER – is focused on enhancing team performance through “gadfly” questions
and comments.  This leader often disagrees (or appears to disagree) with the approaches, processes, and
conclusions of the group team members credit this kind of leader with permitting risk and independent
judgment. 

TOPIC : HEALTH EDUCATION

GOOD HEALTH TRIANGLE

Health is a state of optimal, physical, mental, and social well-being, where an individual (and all his
body parts) is able to perform his or her vital functions normally, and properly.

PHYSICAL HEALTH
“I can take care of my body”

Mental health Social Health

“I think clearly” “i get along with others”

PHYSICAL HEALTH is very important because if you do not take good care of your health, all
other aspects of your body as well as its functions become affected. This starts with personal hygiene
which is fundamental to physical health. Hygiene or personal cleanliness does not confine to your body but
it also includes a sanitary place where you live in as well as an environment that allows you to keep
yourself in proper health.

MENTAL HEALTH is defined as “a state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an

individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society, and meet the
ordinary demands or everyday life.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH as defined by the World Health Organization refers to the “theory and
practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health”

PERSONAL HYGIENE AND PROPER SANITATION

PERSONAL HYGIENE is defined as the practice of an individual to safeguard his/her body and the
health of others in observing precautionary protection. The consistent practice of basic hygiene contributes
to the maintenance of healthy living.

DISEASES
A DISEASE is “any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress
to the person affected”. Diseases may be caused by a variety of organisms, such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi, parasites and protozoans. These are discussed briefly as follows:

1. Bacteria - are prokaryotes and are among the most abundant organisms on earth. Although most
of them are harmless and beneficial, yet many can also cause diseases. These may multiply inside
the human body and lead to diseases.
2. Viruses - are not organisms but are particles of nucleic acids enveloped by a protein shell. They
need a living host to enable them to live and reproduce genetic material into its host, and take
over the host’s function.
3. Fungi - can also cause diseases among humans. These are saprophytic and parasitic organisms
that lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smults, mushrooms and yeasts
4. Parasites - are organisms that rely on living organisms for their nutrition and subsistence. They live
in living hosts.
5. Protozoans - can cause diseases. Such as amebiasis and malaria

TOP TEN LEADING CAUSES of death

1. Diseases of the heart
2. Disease of the Vascular System
3. Malignant Neoplasm
4. Pneumonia
5. Accidents
6. Tuberculosis
7. Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease
8. Diabetes Mellitus
9. Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephrosis
10. Certain conditions originating in the prenatal period
COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND PREVENTIONS
These are the common diseases and their preventive measures.
1. Sore eyes - the surface of the eyeball under sides of the eyelid becomes inflamed from exposure
to dust and germs.
2. Chronic bronchitis - enlarged adenoids and tonsils of children may lead to repeated attack of
bronchitis.
3. Common Cold - it is a viral infection of the upper air passages which causes the inflammation of
the mucous membrane lining of the nose and throat.
4. Chickenpox - it is a mild, highly contagious disease, which is affecting during their early years but
more severe in adults.
5. Cholera - is an infection of the small intestines, characterized by severe diarrhea that causes a
person to lose up to half liter of water an hour.
6. Whooping cough - it is a serious contagious bacterial infection of the bronchial tubes, larynx, and
lungs.
7. Measles - it is a highly contagious viral infection that usually occurs epidermis marked by fever
and a rash similar to German measles.
8. Pneumonia - it is a respiratory disease caused by a certain kind of bacteria and inflammation of
lungs.
9. Tuberculosis - it is a highly contagious bacterial infection affecting the lungs. It is transmitted via
airborne droplets when there is a repeated exposure.
10. Asthma - this is preceded by warning signs such as increased shortness of breath or wheezing,
disturbed sleep caused by shortness of breath or coughing, chest tightness or pain.
11. Dengue - it begins two days to three weeks after you’ve been exposed to the virus. Symptoms
include fever, muscle aches, may cause vomiting and diarrhea.
12. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) - it begins with fever that usually occurs 2 to 7
days after you’ve been infected.
13. AH1N1 - spreads through infected droplets from breathing passages.

PROPER NUTRITION
NUTRITION is the science of food. It is a scientific study of the nutrients and other substances, and the
ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, utilization, and excretion of food substances and wastes.
BASIC NUTRIENTS IN FOOD
A nutritious diet has an adequate amount of essential nutrients and fibers, enough energy from
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and moderate amounts of salt, sodium and sugar and low amount of
fat.

CARBOHYDRATE is the body’s primary fuel source. The body processes carbohydrates into glucose.
Glucose travels through the bloodstream and is stored in the liver and muscles until it is used as an
energy.
PROTEINS are the main structural building blocks of the body for growth, maintenance and repair of
body tissue.
LIPIDS are fats and oils that are insoluble in water but are soluble in other solvents such as ether
and benzene.
WATER is a solvent, lubricant, and medium for the transport of nutrients and wastes and for the
regulation of temperature and chemical processes.
VITAMINS refers to the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
MINERALS however, refer to the major and trace minerals.

FAMILY PLANNING
The connect of family planning is to enhance the quality of life by regulating or spacing the children to
promote the health of the mother and the child. It is anchored on the right of the individual to grow and
be fit mentally and physically, to attain wellness, and to have a sense of dignity as a person.

FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

METHOD ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

1. Rhythm/calendar - Does not violate religious Restricts sexual activity to

requires abstinence bars against artificial control women's cycle; less reliable
during woman’s with women with irregular
fertile period menstruation
 2. Pills - work by Provides constant dosages
preventing ovulation of estrogen and
and thickening of progesterone; may protect
cervical mucus women from rheumatoid
arthritis
May cause weight gain,
tender and swollen breast,
light or absent period,
nausea, headaches and
depression

3. IUD (intrauterine Once inserted, requires no Increased risk of tubal

device) - works by further actions, allows pregnancy, infertility and
preventing spontaneous lovemaking pelvic inflammatory disease,
implantation of increase menstrual flow
fertilized egg in cramps
uterus

4. Diaphragm - works Fully reversible with no side Spermicide must be re-

by preventing effects; may protect against applied for each episode of
passage of the sperm some sexually transmitted intercourse; some women
into female diseases (STD) find it difficult to insert and
reproductive tract unaesthetic

5. Condom - works by Available without Lovemaking is interrupted;

preventing passage prescription at low cost, no reduces sexual pleasure to
of the sperm into side effects, protects against some men
female reproductive aids and other STDs
tract

6. Vaginal Sponge - Widely available without May cause burning

works by preventing prescription, may be sensation; some women
passage of the sperm inserted up to 24 hours in have difficulty removing the
into female advance of lovemaking device
reproductive tract

7. Spermicide - Inexpensive, widely Must be increase 10-30

contains chemicals available without minutes of intercourse;
that immobilize and prescription, fully reversible; some women find them
kill sperms may protect against some unaesthetic
STD

NURSING CARE OF THE MOTHER WHO IS BREASTFEEDING

A. Assessment
1. Desired to be breastfeed
2. Knowledge of breastfeeding and breast care
3. Level of anxiety regarding breastfeeding
B. Implementation
1. Feeding schedule - the length of time is usually 20 minutes with greatest quantity of milk
consume in first 5-10 minutes
2. Feeding techniques - the mother and infant should be in a comfortable position. The entire body
of the infant should be bent towards the mother's breast. The baby should be allowed to burp or
buble after feeding to allow for escape of air.
3. Breast milk intake - this should be done based on ⅙ to 1/7 of the baby's weight per day.
4. Care of breast - the nursing pads should be placed inside the bra cap to absorb any milk leaking
between feedings. The pad should be cleaned with plain water once a day.
C. Outcomes
1. Infant sleeping between feeding
2. Infant receiving enough milk
3. Mother has no sign of breast infection
4.
DRUG ABUSE AND PREVENTION
A drug is a chemical substance that affects the function of living cells and alters, body, or mind processes
when taken into the body or applied through the skin. Drug abuse is the overuse or consumption of drugs
other than for medical reasons. It is characterized by taking more than for medical reasons. Drug
dependence is characterized by a compulsion to use a drug to experience psychological or physical effects
despite any deterioration in health, work, or social activities.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE
1. Sudden shift in attitudes. A person who was once sober and polite suddenly becomes rude and
irrational.
2. Mood swings. Depressed first then becoming highly elated.
 3. Highly excitable and displays fits of rage and aggression.
4. Unusual effort to conceal needle marks on arms; wears dark spectacles to hide constricted or
dilated pupils and blood-shot eyes from public view even indoors and during time.
5. Sudden regression from the usual and normal capabilities such as from school, work and social
habits
6. Engaging in petty crimes and other forms of mischief to support the illegal habits
7. Neglect of personal grooming, hygiene, and appearance.
8. Association with known drug abusers and people with shady character.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS

1. Depressants - known as “downers” , drugs which act on and depress the central nervous system
causing initial relaxation leading to drowsiness and sleep

a. Alcohol - specially ethyl which is the main ingredient of all alcoholic beverages.
b. Sedatives-Hypnotics - include barbiturates and benzodiazepines most commonly referred
to as minor tranquilizers.

2. Narcotics - known as “opiates” include drugs derived from opium and its derivatives.
These drugs are used medically to relieve pain, suppress cough, reduce movement of
the intestine and induce psychological indifference.

a. Opium - coagulated juice of opium poppy formerly used as a pain reliever but has been
replaced by morphine and codeine.
b. Phenanthrene alkaloids - used as an analgesic and cough suppressants
c. Morphine - principal alkaloid of opium exists in a white crystalline base and sold as tablets
and injectable solution
d. Codeine - alkaloid extracted from morphine and used as a mild analgesic
e. Heroine - white crystalline narcotic synthesized from morphine and used as cough
suppressant.
3. Stimulants - drugs used to induce alertness, elevate mood, increase speech, mental and motor
activity, relieve fatigue or boredom, and decrease appetite.

a. Amphetamine - colorless liquid with acrid taste and faint odor which greatly simulates the
central nervous system.
B. Methamphetamine hydrochloride - known as “shabu” is a while odorless crystalline
powder with bitter taste, considered as the most abused stimulant in the philippines. Abusers administer it
through the body by ingestion, inhalation, sniffing, or by injection.
C. Ecstasy - a synthetic amphetamine related substance, white, yellow, or brown in color with a
bitter taste and comes in the form of tablets, capsules, or powders in various designs and shapes.
D. Cocaine - known as “coke” , alkaloids obtained from the leaves of the coca plant, generally
used as local anesthetic in minor surgery, one of the shortest and strongest stimulants.
E. Caffeine - active ingredient of coffee, tea, cola beverages, used to constrict blood vessels
and as remedy for headaches, diuretic, and treatment of severe asthma.
f. Nicotine - poisonous alkaloid which is an active ingredient in cigarette and tobacco.
4. Hallucinogens - known as “psychedelics”, a group of natural or synthetic psychoactive drugs that
produce reactions such as perceptual alterations and changes in violations in the form of shape and color
shifts in appearance of the outside world which progresses to the replacement of external reality with
imaginary beings and landscapes in extreme cases.
a. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) - a crystalline substance derived from fungus which infects
wheat or rye.
b. Mescaline - known as “STP”, a drug derived from dried tops of peyote cactus.
c. Psilocybin - a hallucinogenic compound in mushrooms ingested to achieve its effect similar to LSD
and STP.
d. Phencyclidine (PCP) - considered as menace and highly dangerous drugs because it can easily
be synthesized with no medical purpose for humans but used by veterinarians as anesthetic and
sedative for animals.
e. Marijuana - known as cannabis which is a mild hallucinogenic drug derived from crushed leaves,
flowering tops and stems of hemp plant “cannabis sativa”.
5. Inhalants - substances that are not usually considered drugs but have great potential for abuse.

Welcome back students! This is our Midterm Lesson for this week.
Lesson: Environment
 I. State of the Philippine Environment

The Philippine is a tropical archipelago of 7,000 islands located off the southeast It has a land area of 299, 400 square
kilometers and territorial waters covering around 2, 200 square kilometers. The World Bank ranked the country as the world’s 12th
most populous country with a population of 88.6 million people.

Francis Morales of the Balsa Minadanao, Help Mindanao Group, in his paper “Poverty and Philippine environment” enumerated the
Philippines forests’ according to him, is among the most diverse forests in the world with about
● 8, 120 species of flowering plants,
● 640 species of mosses
● and about 2, 400 species of ferns. Of these abundant species,
● about 3, 000 species are considered endemic or can be found only in the country.
We have vast land suitable for agriculture,
● about 43% of our country’s total land area.
● 10.3 million hectares of the 13 million hectares suitable for agriculture are considered as prime agricultural lands.
● We have about 1, 210 species of agricultural plants (477 have food value, 363 have feed value or used in raising/feeding
livestock)
● 627 species of medicinal or herbal value ( 201 are ornamental value and about 35 valued as fiber crops)
We are ranked 5th mineralized country in the world. The country’s mineral resource consists of
● 13 metallic ore valued at about 4.7 billion metric tons and
● 29 non-metallic ores valued at about 15 billion metric tons.

The state of the Philippine environment is tackled in the paper of

Dr. Antonia Corinthianaz in the paper “ State of the Philippine Environment: An update on chapter 4 of the 1994 Philippine Human
Development Report (PHDR) issue 2012/2013. The current status of the Philippine ecosystems is discussed in the paper. Excerpts of
the report are discussed in the following topics.

LAND - is considered as one factor for economic growth anchored on social equality. The right and equal access to land encourages
agricultural productivity which in turn results in a higher income for rural areas. The acceleration of rural development that can lead to
overall economic growth and well-being of a greater number of people also depends on the increase of income for rural areas.

The Philippines has a total land area of 30 million hectares,

● 47% or 14.19 million hectares are classified as certified alienable and disposable lands while
● 53% or 15.81 million hectares are categorized as forest lands
● 15.05 million hectares are considered as classified forest lands (these classified forestlands are further divided into forests
reserves

The Philippine currently has the lowest per capita forest cover in the tropics. At least 90% of its watersheds are degraded,
and 45% of its land area is affected by severe soil erosion. In addition to depleting the resource base, the degradation has contributed
to high water runoff, lowland flooding, and water scarcity in key commercial and economic centers (improving Sustainability of
Natural Resources).

Habitat destruction and unsustainable extraction of resources are the 2 most important reasons for the rapid and
continued depletion of the country’s biodiversity according to the Biodiversity Planning in Asia (2001). Factors such as logging, coral
mining, encroachment of people in the forest and other natural systems such as forest fires, natural disasters and the conversion of
areas of agriculture and urban centers affect and contribute to the destruction of the organisms’ habitat. Introduction of alien or exotic
species has a negative impact on the country’s biodiversity.

Water resources in the Philippines include inland freshwater (rivers, lakes and groundwater) and marine (bay, coastal and
oceanic waters). The country is rich in freshwater with 421 rivers, 69 natural lakes, 100,000 hectares of freshwater swamp and 4 major
groundwater reservoirs.

Groundwater is abundant in some areas however there is the threat of water scarcity in the near future. NEDA (2011), stated
that lack of urban planning, indiscriminate urban development, lack of investment, and the impact of climate change threaten water
security and stability.