LESSON 1 - Matter

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. This is what we hear most of the time when we hear about
matter. But matter is not only limited to having a mass and having a space to occupy. It also has properties. These
properties may be a physical property or a chemical property. In this lesson, you will know the difference of each
property of matter and some examples for each property of matter.

Lesson 1.1 – Properties of Matter

- Physical properties of matter refer to everything that can be perceived by the senses and these properties can be
measured. These properties are texture, color, odor, boiling and melting points, density, solubility, viscosity and
attraction to magnets. Moreover, the physical properties of matter can be divided into two types. These are the
intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive physical property of matter pertains to any property that does
not change when the amount of matter changes. Change in the amount of matter means that there is a change in its
mass. Whereas the extensive physical property of matter is anything that changes together with any change in the
amount of matter. Examples of these types of physical properties are as follows in the table below:

INTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTY EXTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTY

texture mass
color weight
odor volume
hardness surface are
brittleness density

- The Question: What can you infer from the given examples of intensive and extensive physical properties?

In order to answer The Question, refer to this example:

Nicole bought 1 kg of salt from the sari-sari store because her mother asked her to do so. We all know that the color
of salt is white. Color (white) and mass (1 kg) are both physical properties. Upon arriving from the store, her mother
asked her to buy another kilogram of salt. She went back to the store and bought another 1 kg. Finally, when he
arrived home, she transferred all the salt she bought into 1 container. The amount of salt that she had at first is 1 kg
and the color of the salt is white. When she bought another kilogram of salt, the amount of salt changed from 1 kg to
2 kg but still the color of the salt is still white. Since the color did not change even there is a change in the amount of
matter or mass of the substance, color is an intensive physical property. Meanwhile, the mass of the salt did change
from 1 kg to 2 kg. This means that mass is an extensive physical property.

In the table above, it shows the examples of intensive and extensive physical properties.

- Chemical properties of matter on the other hand is a potential of matter to react when combined with other
substances. It is a tendency or a behavior of matter that may be observed during chemical change or reaction. In
other words, whenever chemical change or reaction is involved, it is a chemical property of matter. Examples of
chemical properties are toxicity, oxidation, flammability, heat of combustion, enthalpy of formation
chemical stability under specific conditions and radioactivity.

The Question: Since chemical property of matter involves chemical reaction and chemical change, what common
bodily function does exhibit this property of matter?

In order to answer The Question, refer to this example:

Explain and describe the properties of matter. Read the following written lecture on the properties of matter below:
- Physical properties of matter refer to everything that can be perceived by the senses and these properties can be
measured. These properties are texture, color, odor, boiling and melting points, density, solubility, viscosity and
attraction to magnets. Moreover, the physical properties of matter can be divided into two types. These are the
intensive and extensive physical properties. Intensive physical property of matter pertains to any property that does
not change when the amount of matter changes. Change in the amount of matter means that there is a change in its
mass. Whereas the extensive physical property of matter is anything that changes together with any change in the
amount of matter. Examples of these types of physical properties are as follows in the table below:
INTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTY EXTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTY
texture
color
odor
hardness
brittleness mass
weight
volume
surface area
density

- The Question: What can you infer from the given examples of intensive and extensive physical properties?

In order to answer The Question, refer to this example:

Nicole bought 1 kg of salt from the sari-sari store because her mother asked her to do so. We all know that the color
of salt is white. Color (white) and mass (1 kg) are both physical properties. Upon arriving from the store, her mother
asked her to buy another kilogram of salt. She went back to the store and bought another 1 kg. Finally, when he
arrived home, she transferred all the salt she bought into 1 container. The amount of salt that she had at first is 1 kg
and the color of the salt is white. When she bought another kilogram of salt, the amount of salt changed from 1 kg to
2 kg but still the color of the salt is still white. Since the color did not change even there is a change in the amount of
matter or mass of the substance, color is an intensive physical property. Meanwhile, the mass of the salt did change
from 1 kg to 2 kg. This means that mass is an extensive physical property.

In the table above, it shows the examples of intensive and extensive physical properties.

- Chemical properties of matter on the other hand is a potential of matter to react when combined with other
substances. It is a tendency or a behavior of matter that may be observed during chemical change or reaction. In
other words, whenever chemical change or reaction is involved, it is a chemical property of matter. Examples of
chemical properties are toxicity, oxidation, flammability, heat of combustion, enthalpy of formation
chemical stability under specific conditions and radioactivity.

The Question: Since chemical property of matter involves chemical reaction and chemical change, what common
bodily function does exhibit this property of matter?

In order to answer The Question, refer to this example:

Whenever we eat, the food that enters our body is digested. The process of digestion involves many series of actions
to completely digest the food that we eat. Among the many process, one common example of this is the chemical
change that happens to the food that we eat. As it is being digested, the food undergoes chemical change and
chemical reaction. Therefore, digestion is an example of a chemical property of matter.
Lesson 1.2 – Classifications of Matter

Matter can be classified according to its composition or the substances that make up matter.

Matter

Pure
Substances
Mixtures

Elements Compounds Homogenous Heterogenous

Non-
Metals Metalloids Organic Inorganic Solutions Suspensions Colloids
metals

- Matter is commonly defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. The two main categories of the
classifications of matter are the pure substances and the mixtures. Pure substances ae said to be the building block
of matter. From the term itself pure, which means there are no impurities. Mixtures on the other hand are those
substances made from different types of pure substances.

- The first classification of matter is the pure substances can be classified into two the elements and compounds.
- Elements are said to be the building blocks of compounds, and compounds are made from two or more elements.
Elements have three classifications, the metals, non-metals and metalloids. Metals are mostly solid, has metallic
properties, classified as alkali, alkaline earth, lanthanides, actinides, transition and late transition metals. Non-metals
are elements in other states of matter other than solid, has no metallic properties, they ae mostly the gases found in
the periodic table of elements and of course in nature in real life. These are, H, B, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br and the noble
gases such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og. Metalloids are elements that has the property of both being a metal and a
non-metal. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te and Po. Compounds on the other hand has two types, the organic and inorganic
compounds.
- Organic compounds contain carbon that is paired with hydrogen. Also, these compounds are biological in origin.
Inorganic compounds on the other hand generally does not contain organic carbon. Most ionic compounds are
inorganic. However, there can be a covalent compound that can contain an elemental carbon that paired or bonded
with a non-hydrogen element. Examples of these are CO, CO2 and CO3.

- The second classification of matter is the mixtures. Mixtures are said to be the combination of pure substances.
There are two types of mixtures, the homogenous mixture and the heterogenous mixture.
- Homogenous mixtures have only one type and that is solutions. A solution is a type of mixture wherein the solute
(particles to be dissolved) and solvent (dissolving agent) are combined completely thus forming a single part or
phase. You can no longer distinguish the solute in a solution. The solute and solvent are not limited to being liquid
only. Solute particle can also be solid or gas. Solvents can also be in a form of solids and gases. The state of matter
of the solvent will be the state of matter of the whole solution. Types of solutions can be liquid-liquid, solid-liquid,
solid-gas, gas-gas, gas-liquid and solid-solid.
- Heterogenous mixtures on the other hand is a type of mixture wherein the components can still be distinguished.
There are two types of this kind of mixture, the suspensions and the colloids. Suspension are solutions in which
smaller particles are visible to the naked eye that are suspended, meaning they did not dissolve properly or they are
insoluble. For example, sand in water, soil in water, oil in water. Some examples of a
suspension also include liquid medicine (syrup), and powdered drinks that are not dissolved properly in a solution.
Colloids are heterogenous mixtures wherein thee particles that are combined together is not dissolved but rather
dispersed. For example, a soda (or softdrink) is a mixture that is a gas dispersed in a liquid. That is the reason why
you hear a fizz sound whenever you open a bottle of your favorite softdrink. Another example would be a
marshmallow wherein gas is dispersed in solid. That what makes a marshmallow fluffy. Other examples of colloids
include, shampoo, toothpaste, paint, jelly, mayonnaise and other jams.

Lesson 1.3 – Ways of Separating Mixtures

a. winnowing g. evaporation/crystallization
b. sieving h. flocculation
c. magnetism i. coagulation
d. sedimentation j. distillation
e. decantation k. chromatography
f. filtration

a. Winnowing - solid mixtures are shaken to remove unwanted solid particles

ex. separate palay seeds from rice grains
b. Sieving - filtering of solid mixtures
larger solid particles are removed from the mixture
ex. separation of gravel and sand
c. Magnetism - use of magnets to remove metallic particles
ex. removal/extraction of iron fillings
d. Sedimentation - liquid mixtures allow suspended particles to settle at the bottom of the container
once the particles settle, the liquid can be removed from the mixture leaving behind the solid insoluble
particles

e. Decantation - insoluble liquids are settled forming a layer of liquids

once the liquids settle, the top layer of liquid can be removed

f. Filtration - insoluble solid particles are removed by using a filter

residue – unwanted particles
filtrate – filtered
 g. Evaporation/Crystallization - solid particles that were dissolved can be recovered by evaporating the liquid in
the solution
ex. separation of a salt solution
h. Flocculation - it refers to the process by which fine particles in a liquid solution are caused to clump together
into a floc by the use of a flocculating agent
the floc may float or settle at the bottom for easy removal

i. Coagulation - unwanted solid and liquid particles in a solution are mixed with a coagulating agent
coagulated particles combine to become bigger for easy removal

j. Distillation - a process in which impurities in an unclean water is being removed

simple distillation includes the ff. process:
a. evaporation
b. condensation

k. Chromatography – it is a way of separating mixtures which include two phases, the first one is by dissolving the
mixture into a liquid form and the second one is by making the component mobile in which it moves a through a
certain material. One common example is paper chromatography in which different colors of dye in ink are
separated.
Lesson 1.4 – Composition of Consumer Products

- In order to know the components of the household and consumer products that you are going to consume,
always check the label. Written on the label of products are the nutrition facts about it. In this way, you can
decide which is safe to buy. Knowing the contents of the products will help identify which products are quality
ones.
- In reading the label of products, it is important for you to know the meaning of “calories”.

- Notice that this food label indicates 180 calories. The container has 6 servings. The calories indicate there is not the
total calories but calories per serving. If this container has 6 servings and each serving has 180 calories, how much
calories are there for the whole container of this food product?

6 servings x 180 cal = 1,080 cal

- If only one person will consume all contents of this food, he or she will be eating the whole 1,080 cal content.