Chapter review

1 a i (1 − 4x)3 Use binomial expansion with n = 3 and x = − 4x

(3)(2)( 4 x ) 2 (3)(2)(1)( 4 x ) 3
(1 − 4x)3  1  (3)( 4 x )  
2! 3!

As n = 3, expansion is finite and exact

(1 − 4x)3  1  12 x  48 x 2  64 x 3

ii Valid for all x

b i 16  x Write in index form

1
 (16  x) 2 Take out a factor of 16
1

  x 2
  16  1   
  16  
1

1 x 2 1 x
 16 1  
2
Use binomial expansion with n  and x 
 16  2 16
 1  x   12   12   x  2  21   12    23   x 3 
 4 1           K
 2  16  2!  16  3!  16  
 
 x x2 x3 
 4 1     … Multiply by 4
 32 2048 65 536 
2 3
x x x
 4   …
8 512 16 384

x
ii Valid for  1  | x |  16
16

1
c i Write in index form
1  2x

 (1  2 x) 1 Use binomial expansion with n  1 and x  2 x

(1)(2)(2 x) 2 (1)(2)(3)(2 x)3
 1  (1)(2 x)   K
2! 3!
 1  2 x  4 x 2  8x3  K

ii Valid for | 2 x | 1 | x |  12

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 4
1 d i Write in index form
2  3x

 4(2  3 x) 1 Take out a factor of 2

1
  3x  
 4  2 1   
  2 
1
 3x  3x
 4  2 1   1   Use binomial expansion with n  1 and x 
 2  2
 2
 3x  (1)(2)  3 x  (1)(2)(3)  3x 
3

 2 1  (1)          …
  2  2!  2  3!  2  
 
 3x 9 x 2 27 x 3 
 2 1     … Multiply by 2
 2 4 8 
9 x 2 27 x 3
 2  3x   …
2 4
3x 2
ii Valid for  1 | x | 
2 3

4
e i  4( 4  x ) 1 Write in index form
4 x

1

 4(4  x) 2
Take out a factor of 4
1

  x  2
 4  4 1   
  4 
1
1 
 x 2
 1 x
 4  4 1   2
Use binomial expansion with n   and x  
 4 2 4
 1  x       2   x    2    2   2   x 
1  1 3 2 1 3 5 3

 4 2 1        2         …
  2  4  2!  4 3!  4 
 
 x 3 2 5 3 
 2 1   x  x  … Multiply by 2
 8 128 1024 
x 3 2 5 3
 2  x  x …
4 64 512
x
ii Valid   1 | x |  4
4

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 1 x 1
1 f i  (1  x)(1  3 x)1 Write in index form then expand
1  3x 1  3x
 (1)(2)(3x) 2 (1)(2)(3)(3 x)3 
 (1  x) 1  (1)(3 x)    …
 2! 3! 
 (1  x)(1  3x  9 x  27 x  …) Multiply out
2 3

 1  3x  9 x 2  27 x3  x  3 x 2  9 x 3  … Collect like terms

 1  2 x  6 x 2  18 x3  …
ii Valid for | 3x |  1 | x | 13

2
 1  x  (1  x)
2
g i    Write in index form
 1  x  (1  x )
2

 (1  x )2 (1  x )2 Expand (1  x) 2 using binomial expansion

 (2)(3)( x )2 (2)(3)(4)( x )3 
 (1  2 x  x 2 )  1  (2)( x)    …
 2! 3! 
 (1  2 x  x )(1  2 x  3x  4 x  …) Multiply out brackets
2 2 3

 1  2 x  3x 2  4 x3  2 x  4 x 2  6 x 3  x 2  2 x 3  … Collect like terms

 1  4 x  8 x 2  12 x 3  …

ii Valid for |x| < 1

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 x 3 A B
1 h i Let   Put in partial fraction form
(1  x)(1  2 x) (1  x) (1  2 x )
A(1  2 x)  B (1  x )
 Add fractions.
(1  x )(1  2 x)

Set the numerators equal:

x − 3 = A(1 − 2x) + B (1 − x)

Substitute x = 1:
1−3=A×−1+B×0
⇒ −2 = −1A
⇒A=2

Substitute x  12 : 1
2  3  A  0  B  12
  52  12 B
 B  5

x3 2 5
Hence  
(1  x )(1  2 x) (1  x ) (1  2 x )
2
 2(1  x) 1
(1  x )
 (1)(2)( x )2 (1)(2)(3)( x)3 
 2 1  (1)( x )    …
 2! 3! 
 2(1  x  x  x  …)
2 3

 2  2 x  2 x 2  2 x 3 
5
 5(1  2 x )1
(1  2 x )
 (1)(2)(2 x) 2 (1)(2)(3)(2 x )3 
 5  1  (1)(2 x )    …
 2! 3! 
 5(1  2 x  4 x  8 x  …)
2 3

 5  10 x  20 x 2  40 x3  

x3 2 5
Hence  
(1  x )(1  2 x) (1  x ) (1  2 x )
= (2 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 +…) − (5 + 10x + 20x2 + 40x3 +…)
= −3 − 8x − 18x2 − 38x3 +…

2
ii is valid for |x| < 1
1 x

5
is valid for | 2 x | 1  | x |  12
1  2x

Both are valid when | x |  12

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  2  2  1
1 1
 2  2  1 2  2 
1 1 1
1  x   1    x   x   12 x 
1 2 3
2 1
2
2 1
2
1
2  1
2  
2! 3!
 1   12   12 x 
   2  1 x 2   2   2   2  1 x3 
 2
1 1 1 1 1

2 4 6 8
 1 x  1
4
1
32
x  2 1
128
x 3

3 a Using binomial expansion

 1   12  ( x )2   12   12    32   x 
3

(1  x )  1   
1
2 1
2 x 2 …
2! 3!
 1  12 x  18 x  161 x 3 
2

Expansion is valid if |x| < 1.

b Substituting x  1
4 in both sides of the expansion gives
1 2 3
 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1    1          
 4 2 4 8  4  16  4 
1

 5 2 1 1 1
   1  
4 8 128 1024

5 1145

4 1024

5 1145
 Multiply both sides by 2
2 1024
1145
5
512

 1   23  (9 x ) 
 23  23  1 (9 x)2   23  23  1 23  2  (9 x)3 
1  9 x 
2
4 a 3

2! 3!

 1   23  (9 x ) 
 2
3   13  81x 2 
 2
3     34 
1
3
729 x3  
2 6
 1  6 x  9 x  36 x 3  2

Equating coefficients:
c = −9 and d = 36

b 1 + 9x = 1.45
x = 0.05
1.45   1  6  0.05   9  0.05   36  0.05 
2 2 3
3

 1.282

1.45 
2
c 3
 1.28108713
The approximation is correct to 2 decimal places.

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  12  12  1
5 a The x term of 1  ax  =  ax 
1 2
2 2

2!
 a  2
1
8
2

a 2  16
a  4

 12  12  1 12  2 
b The x3 term of 1  ax  2 =  ax 
1 3

3!
When a = 4:
 12  12  1 12  2  ax 3   12   12    32  4 x 3
   
3! 6
 4 x3
When a = −4:
 21  12  1 12  2  ax 3   12   12    23  4 x 3
   
3! 6
 4 x 3
The coefficient of the x3 term is 4 or −4

6 a (1 + 3x)–1 Use binomial expansion with n = −1 and x = 3x

(1)(2)(3 x)2 (1)(2)(3)(3 x)3
 1  (1)(3 x)   …
2! 3!
 1  3 x  9 x 2  27 x 3  …

1 x
b  (1  x)(1  3x)1 Use expansion from part a
1  3x
 (1  x )(1  3 x  9 x 2  27 x 3  …) Multiply out
 1  3x  9 x 2  27 x 3  x  3x 2  9 x 3  … Collect like terms
 1  2 x  6 x 2  18 x 3  … Ignore terms greater than x 3

1 x
Hence  1  2 x  6 x 2  18 x3
1  3x

c Substitute x = 0.01 into both sides of the above

1  0.01
 1  2  0.01  6  0.012  18  0.013
1  3  0.01
1.01  1.01 101 
 1  0.02  0.0006  0.000018,   
1.03  1.03 103 
101
 0.980582 Round to 5d.p.
103
101
 0.98058 (5d.p.)
103

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7 a Using binomial expansion
n( n  1)( ax ) 2 n ( n  1)( n  2)( ax) 3
(1  ax) n  1  n ( ax)   …
2! 3!
If coefficient of x is −6 then na = −6 ( 1)
n ( n  1) a 2
If coefficient of x2 is 27 then  27 ( 2)
2
6
From (1), a  . Substitute in (2):
n
2
n(n  1)  6 
 27
2  n 
n(n  1) 36
 2  27
2 n
( n  1)18
 27
n
(n − 1)18 = 27n
18n − 18 = 27n
−18 = 9n
n = −2

Substitute n = −2 back in (1): −2a = −6 ⇒ a = 3

b Coefficient of x3 is

n( n  1)( n  2) a 3 ( 2)  ( 3)  ( 4)  33

  108
3! 3  2 1

c (1 + 3x)−2 is valid if | 3 x | 1  | x |  13

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8
3
 3( 4  x )1 Write in index form
4 x
 12
 3(4  x) Take out a factor of 4
 12
  x 
 3  4 1   
  4 
1
 x 2
 12 1 1 1
 3  4  1   4 2 1 
 4 42 2
3   1  x    12    32  4x    21    23   25  4x  
2 3

  1         …
2   2  4  2! 3! 

3 x 3 2  3
 1   x  … Multiply by
2  8 128  2
3 3 9 2
  x x …
2 16 256
3 3 9 2
  x x if terms higher than x 2 are ignored.
2 16 256
1
  4  x  2   4 1  14 x   2  12 1  14 x  2
1 1 1
9 a
4 x
   1   12  1  1 x 2 
 12 1    12   14 x   2
2!
 4  
 
   1    23  1 x 2 
 12  1    12   12 x   2
2 16  
 
 12 1  18 x  1283
x 2  
 12  161 x  3
256 x2  

1 2x
b
4 x
 (1  2 x)  1
2
 161 x  3
256 
x2  

 12  161 x  256
3
x 2  x  81 x 2  
 12  16
17
x  256
35
x 2 

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10 a (2  3x)1 Take out factor of 2

1
  3x  
  2 1   
  2 
1
 3x  3x
 21  1   Use binomial expansion with n  1 and x 
 2 2
1 
2 3
 3x  (1)(2)  3x  (1)(2)(3)  3x 
  1  (1)          …
2   2  2!  2  3!  2  

1 3 9 27 3  1
 1  x  x 2  x  … Multiply by
2 2 4 8  2
1 3 9 27 3
  x  x2  x …
2 4 8 16

3x 2
Valid for  1 | x | 
2 3

1 x
b Put in index form
2  3x
 (1  x )(2  3 x)1 Use expansion from part a
1 3 9 27 3 
 (1  x )   x  x 2  x  … Multiply out
2 4 8 16 
1 3 9 27 3 1 3 9
  x  x2  x  x  x 2  x 3  … Collect like terms
2 4 8 16 2 4 8
1 1 3 9
  x  x2  x3  …
2 4 8 16

3x 2
Valid for  1  | x |
2 3

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  12
 12   x 
11 a (4  x )   4 1    Take out factor of 4
  4 
 12
 x
 12  12 1 1
 4 1   4  1 
 4 4 2 2

 12
1 x 1 x
 1   Use binomial expansion with n   and x 
2 4 2 4

1   1  x    12    23  4x    12    23   25  4x  
2 3

  1        L
2   2  4  2! 3! 
 

1 1 3 2 5 3 
 1  x  x  x L
2 8 128 1024 

1 1 3 2 5 3
  x x  x 
2 16 256 2048

x
Valid for  1 x  4
4

1 x 3x 2 5 x 3
 12
b (4  x)    
2 16 256 2048
1 2 1
For   ,
4 x 2 2
x = −2
2 1 (2) 3(2)2 5(2)3
   
2 2 16 256 2048
 0.6914

12  3  4 x    3 1  43 x   
3
1  34 x 
3 3
1
27

  3 4  4 x 2  
  1   3   3 x   3  
1 4
27
 2! 
 1
27 1  4 x  32
3 x2   
 1
27
 274 x  81 x 
32 2

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 39 x  12 A B C
13 a   
( x  1)( x  4)( x  8) x  1 x  4 x  8
A( x  4)( x  8)  B( x  1)( x  8)  C ( x  1)( x  4)

( x  1)( x  4)( x  8)
39 x  12  A( x  4)( x  8)  B( x  1)( x  8)  C ( x  1)( x  4)

Let x  1 :
39  12  A  3  (9)  0  0
27  27 A
A 1

Let x  4 :
156  12  0  B  ( 3)  (12)  0
144  36 B
B  4

Let x  8 :
312  12  0  0  C  9  12
324  108C
C 3
A = 1, B = −4 and C = 3

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 39 x  12 1 4 3
13 b   
( x  1)( x  4)( x  8) x  1 x  4 x  8
1 4 3
   (1  x )1  4(4  x)1  3(8  x) 1
x 1 x  4 x 8
 (1  x )1  4  4 1  14 x    3  8 1  18 x  
1 1

 (1  x )1  1  14 x   82 1  18 x 
1 1

(1)(2) 2
(1  x )1  1  (1) x  x 
2!
 1  x  x 2 
(1)(2)
1  14 x   1  (1)  14 x   2!  14 x   
1 2

 1  14 x  161 x 2 
 (1)(2) 1 2
1  81 x  83  1  (1)   18 x     8 x   
3 1
8
 2! 
 8  64 x  512 x 
3 3 3 2

39 x  12
( x  1)( x  4)( x  8)

 1  x  x 2    1  14 x  161 x 2     38  643 x  512
3
x 2   
  38  64
51
x  477
512 x 
2

12 x  5 A B
14 a  
(1  4 x ) 1  4 x (1  4 x )2
2

A(1  4 x)  B

(1  4 x) 2
12 x  5  A(1  4 x )  B

Let x   14 :
3  5  0  B
B2

Let x  0 :
5  A 1  B
5  A2
A3
A = 3, B = 2

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 12 x  5 3 2
14 b  
(1  4 x ) 1  4 x (1  4 x )2
2

 3(1  4 x)1  2(1  4 x) 2

 (1)(2) 
3(1  4 x )1  3 1  (1)(4 x)  (4 x )2  
 2! 

 3 1  4 x  16 x 2   
 3  12 x  48 x 2 
 (2)(3) 
2(1  4 x) 2  2 1  (2)(4 x)  (4 x) 2  
 2! 

 2 1  8 x  48 x 2   
 2  16 x  96 x 2 

12 x  5
 3  12 x  48 x 2  2  16 x  96 x 2  
(1  4 x ) 2

 5  28 x  144 x 2 

9 x 2  26 x  20 B C
15 a  A 
(1  x)(2  x ) 1 x 2  x
9
x 2  3x  2 9 x 2  26 x  20
9 x 2  27 x  18
x  2
A=9
9 x 2  26 x  20 x  2
 9
(1  x )(2  x) (1  x )(2  x)
x  2 B C
 
(1  x)(2  x ) 1  x 2  x
B(2  x )  C (1  x )

(1  x)(2  x )
 x  2  B(2  x)  C (1  x)

Let x  1:
1  2  B 1  0 :
B3

Let x  2 :
2  2  0  C  (1) :
C  4

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15 a (continued)

9 x 2  26 x  20 3 4
9 
(1  x)(2  x) 1 x 2  x
 9  3(1  x )1  4(2  x )1
 9  3 1  x   4  2 1  12 x  
1 1

 9  3 1  x   2 1  12 x 
1 1

 (1)(2) 2 (1)(2)(3) 3 
3 1  x   3  1  (1) x 
1
x  x  
 2! 3! 
 3 1  x  x 2  x 3  
 3  3x  3x 2  3 x 3 

 (1)(2) 1 2 (1)(2)(3) 1 3
2 1  12 x   2  1  (1)  21 x    2 x   2 x   
1

 2! 3! 

 2 1  12 x  14 x 2  81 x 3   
 2  x  12 x  14 x 
2 3

 9  3  3x  3x 2  3 x 3     2  x  12 x 2  14 x 3  
3 4
9 
1 x 2  x
 10  2 x  52 x 2  114 x 3 

Equating coefficients gives:

B  52 , C   114

9(0.1) 2  26(0.1)  20
b q(0.1)   9.822510823
(1  0.1)(2  0.1)

Using the expansion:

q(0.1) ≈ 10  2(0.1)  52 (0.1) 2  114 (0.1)3  9.82225

9.822510823  9.82225
Percentage error =  100  0.0027%
9.822510823

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Challenge

1 1
f ( x)   ( 1  3x 2 )
1  3x 2
 12
 (1  3x 2 ) Use binomial expansion with n   12 and x  3x 2

  12    32  (3 x 2 ) 2   12    23   25  (3 x 2 )3
 1  1
2  (3x 2
)   L
2! 3!

3x 2 27 x 4 135 x 6
 1   
2 8 16

Valid for | 3 x 2 |  1

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