Chapter review 7

  

1 a R = −3i + 7j + i − j 3 b BD
= BC + CD
= −2i + 6j = b − 4a
2 2
|R| = 2 + 6   
= 40 c MB
= MC + CB
= 85 a − b
= 2 10
The magnitude of R is 2 10 N    
d DA = DC + CB + BA
= 4a − b − a
b tan θ = 1
3
1 = 3a − b
θ = tan−1 3
= 18° (nearest degree) 4 As the vectors are parallel
5a + kb = 85 (8a + 2b)
2 a ( Path of S )= ( 4i − 6 j) − ( −2i − 4 j) k= 5
8 ×2
= 6i − 2 j = 5
4

 7  10   −5 
5 a a + b + c =  + + 
 4   −2   −3 
 12 
= 
 −1

 7   10   −5 
b a − 2b + c =   − 2   +  
tan θ = 13 ⇒ θ =18.43 °  4   −2   −3 
Bearing= 90° + θ= 108°  −18 
= 
 5 
b Expressing velocity, v, in km h−1:
v = ( 6i − 2 j) × 60
40  7   10   −5 
c 2a + 2b − 3c = 2   + 2   − 3  
v = 9i − 3 j  4   −2   −3 
Then the speed is:  49 
= 
92 + ( −3=
)
2
90
= 3 10  13 
= 9.49 km h −1 ( 3 s.f.)

   

a AM = AB + BC + CM
= a + b − 85 a
= b − 53 a

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      
6 a 4i − 3j + 2pi − pj = λ(2i − 3j) 9 a ON= OA + AN or ON
= OM + MN
(4 + 2p)i − (3 + p)j = 2λi − 3λj   
AB
= AO + OB
Equating coefficients:
4 + 2p = 2λ and 3 + p = 3λ =−a + b
Solving simultaneously: MN = λb
Rearranging the 3 + p = 3λ
p = 3λ − 3 Using similar triangles:

Using substitution: AN = λ ( −a + b )
4 + 2(3λ − 3) = 2λ   
4 + 6λ − 6 = 2λ Using ON= OA + AN

4λ = 2 ON = a + λ ( −a + b ) = (1 − λ ) a + λb
λ = 12
  
p = − 32 Using ON
= OM + MN

ON= 5 a + λb
3

b a + b = 4i − 3j − 3i + 3
2 j (1 − λ ) a + λb = 53 a + λb
=i− 3
2 j Equating coefficients:
1 − λ = 53
p
7 cos 55° = λ= 2
5
15 
p = 15 cos 55° ON= 3
5 a + 52 b
p = 8.6 
Using Pythagoras' theorem: b MN = λb
=q 152 − 8.62 = 52 b
= 12.3 
p = 8.6 and q = 12.3 c AN = 52 ( −a + b )

AB =−a + b
8 |3i − kj| = 32 + k 2 Therefore, AN : NB = 2 : 3
= 9 + k2
=3 5 10 Coordinates of M are ( 3,5, 4 )

9 + k2 = 45
2 Distance from M to C
k + 9 = 45
( 5 − 3) + ( 8 − 5 ) + ( 7 − 4 )
2 2 2
k2 = 36 =
k = ±6
= 4 + 9 + 9= 22

11 Distance from P to Q
( ( a − 2 ) − 2 ) + ( 6 − 3) + ( 7 − a )
2 2 2
=

= a 2 − 8a + 16 + 9 + 49 − 14a + a 2
= 2a 2 − 22a + 74= 14

2a 2 − 22a + 74 =
14
a 2 − 11a + 30 =
0
( a − 5)( a − 6 ) =
0
=a 5=
or a 6

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    
12 AB = 32 + t 2 + 52 = t 2 + 34 15 a PQ =OQ − OP =9i − 4 j
  
PR = OR − OP = 7i + j − 3k
t 2 + 34 =
5 2   
QR = OR − OQ = −2i + 5 j − 3k
t 2 + 34 =
50
t 2 = 16 
b PQ = 81 + 16 = 97
= t 4 (since t > 0) 
PR= 49 + 1 + =
9 59
 
So AB =−3i + 4 j + 5k QR = 4 + 25 + 9 = 38

6i − 8 j − 52 t k = 6i − 8 j − 10k c ∠QRP = 90° so PQ is the hypotenuse.

 
 = −2 AB PR 59
So AB is parallel to 6i − 8 j − 52 t k sin ∠PQR =  = = 0.7799...
PQ 97
13 a Let O be the fixed origin. ∠PQR =51.3°
     
PQ = OQ − OP =−3i − 8 j + 3k 16 AC =AB + BC = −2 j + k
  
PR = OR − OP =−3i − 9 j + 8k
   
QR =OR − OQ =− j + 5k AB = 1+1 = 2

 BC = 1+ 9 +1 = 11
b PQ = 9 + 64 + 9 = 82 
 AC = 4 + 1= 5
PR = 9 + 81 + 64 = 154

QR = 1 + 25 = 26 2 + 11 − 5
cos ∠
=ABC = 0.8528...
2 × 2 × 11
82 + 154 − 26 ∠ABC =31.5°
cos
= ∠QPR = 0.9343...
2 × 82 × 154
∠QPR= 20.87...°

Area of triangle
= 2 × 82 × 154 sin 20.87...°
1

= 20.0 (1 d.p.)
  
14 a DE = OE − OD = 4i + 3 j + 4k
  
EF = OF − OE =−3i − 4 j + 4k
  
FD =OD − OF =−i + j − 8k

b DE= 16 + 9 + 16= 41

EF = 9 + 16 + 16 = 41

FD = 1 + 1 + 64 = 66

c Two sides are equal in length so the

triangle is isosceles.

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       
17 AC = AB + BC ⇒ BC = AC − AB c BC = 16 + 36 = 52
9
  
So BC =  10  38 + 38 − 52
 −6  cos=
∠BAC = 0.3157...
  2 × 38 × 38
∠BAC= 71.59...°

AB= 36 + 4 + 121= 161
Area of triangle ABC

AC= 225 + 64 + 25= 314 = 2 × 38 × 38 × sin ∠ABC
1


BC = 81 + 100 + 36 = 217 Area of parallelogram ABCD
= 38 × 38 × sin ∠ABC
161 + 217 − 314
cos
= ∠ABC = 0.1712... = 38 × 38 × sin 71.59...°
2 × 161 × 217
∠ABC= 80.14...° = 36.1 (3 s.f.)

Area of triangle ABC

=12 × 161 × 217 × sin ∠ABC

Area of parallelogram ABCD

= 161 × 217 × sin ∠ABC
= 161 × 217 × sin 80.14...°
= 184 (3 s.f.)

18 a AB = 4 + 25 + 9 = 38

AC = 4 + 25 + 9 = 38
So ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Therefore DBC is an isosceles triangle.
 
So AB is parallel to CD and
 
AC is parallel to BD .

Let O be the fixed origin.

  
OD
= OC + CD
 
= OC + AB
  
= OC + OB − OA
 4  0  2  2
       
= −2  +  −2  −  3  = −7 
 −5   1   −2   −2 
       
Coordinates of D are (2, −7, −2)

b ABCD is a parallelogram with four sides

of equal length. It is a rhombus.

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  
19=
OP 12= OC 12 c So the point X is the midpoint of all three line
 segments PQ, RS and TU. Therefore the line
AB= b − a segments meet at a point and bisect each
  
OQ = OA + 12 AB =+a 12 ( b − a ) other.
  
PQ= OQ − OP= 12 ( a + b − c ) 20 Total force on particle
  = F = F1 + F2 + F3
OR 12=
= OA 12 a = ( ( b + 1) i + ( 4 − b ) j + ( 7 − b ) k ) N

BC= c − b
  
OS = OB + 12 BC = b + 12 ( c − b ) F= ( b + 1) + ( 4 − b ) + ( 7 − b )
2 2 2

  

RS = OS − OR = 12 ( −a + b + c ) = b 2 + 2b + 1 + 16 − 8b + b 2 + 49 − 14b + b 2
  = 3b 2 − 20b + 66
OT 12=
= OB 12 b

AC= c − a F =ma
  
OU = OA + 12 AC =+a 12 ( c − a ) ⇒ 3b 2 − 20b + 66 =2 × 3.5 =7
  
TU= OU − OT= 12 ( a − b + c ) 3b 2 − 20b + 66 = 49
2
3b − 20b + 17 = 0
Suppose there is a point of intersection, X, of ( b − 1)( 3b − 17 ) =
0
PQ, RS and TU .
  r =b 1=
or b 17
3
PX= r PQ= (a + b − c)
2 21 a Air resistance acts in opposition to the
  s
RX = sRS = ( −a + b + c ) motion of the BASE jumper. The motion
2 downwards will be greater than the
  t motion in the other directions.
TX= tTU= (a − b + c)
2
for scalars r , s and t b Gravitational force downwards
=50 × 9.8 =490 N
   
But RX = RO + OP + PX Total force on BASE jumper
1 1 r = W + F − 490k
=− a + c + ( a + b − c )
2 2 2 = (16i + 13 j − 40k ) N
s 1 1 r
so ( −a + b + c ) =− a + c + ( a + b − c )
2 2 2 2
c 16i + 13 j − 40k= 256 + 169 + 1600
s ( −a + b + c ) = ( r − 1) a + rb + (1 − r ) c
= =2025 45 N
Comparing coefficients of b and c: 45 9
Acceleration
= = m s −2
s = r and s = 1 − r 50 10

Hence r= s= 1
2
Using =
s ut + 12 at 2 :

    180 = 0 + 12 × 109 t 2

Also TX = TO + OP + PX t 2 = 400
=− 12 b + 12 c + 14 ( a + b − c ) t = 20
so 1
2 t ( a − b + c ) =− 12 b + 12 c + 14 ( a + b − c ) The descent took 20 seconds.
t ( a − b + c )= 1
2 (a − b + c)
Hence t = 1
2

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22 a l passes through i − j + 3k and i + 2j + 2k  4
1  1   0  25 a L has position vector  7  , M has position
     
 2  −  −1 = 3  7
 
 2   3   −1
      1  2
Therefore an equation for l is: vector  3  and N has position vector  4 
 
1 0  2 6
       
r = −1 + λ  3    
3  −1 ML= OL − OM
   
or  4 1
   
r = i − j + 3k + λ(3j – k) = 7 −  3
   
7  2
2
b When AC = 2CB, λ =  3
3  
=  4
 
1 0  1   
  2     5
  
 −1 + 3  3  =

1
 MN
= ON − OM
3  −1
    7 
 3  2 1
So    
=  4 −  3
7    
i + j+ k 6  2
3
Or B is the midpoint of AC 1
    
OC= OB + AB = 1
 4
1  0   
   
=  2 +  3 
 2   −1 b Let ∠LMN be θ
     
ML ⋅ MN
1 cos θ =  
  ML MN
= 5
1  3 1
       
ML ⋅ MN =  4  ⋅  1 
 5  4
 2 0    
23     = 3 (1) + 4 (1) + 5 ( 4 )
= r  3  + λ  2
 −4   3 = 27
    
or ML = 32 + 42 + 52
r = 2i + 3j − 4k + λ(2j + 3k)
= 50

24 When λ = 2 MN = 12 + 12 + 42
r = i + 2j − k + 2(3i + j − 2k)
r = 7i + 4j − 5k = 18
and Therefore:
9i + 3j − 6k = 3(3i + j − 2k) 27
So parallel cos θ =
50 18
27
=
900
27
= as required
30

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  9 3  −3 
     
26 a A has position vector  −2  , 26 c OC =  6  and AB =  4 
 1 11 5
     
 
6 OC ⋅ AB
cos θ =  
B has position vector  2  OC AB
6
   3   −3 
3    
=  6 ⋅ 4 
and C has position vector  p  11  5 
q    
  = 3 ( −3) + 6 ( 4 ) + 11( 5 )
l passes through A and B, therefore:
= 70
 9  6  3   
      OC ⋅ AB
 −2  −  2  = −4  
 1   6   −5  OC = 32 + 62 + 112
     
So a vector equation for l is: = 166
9  3 
AB = ( −3) + 42 + 52
2
   
r = −2  + λ  −4 
1  −5  = 50
   
70
cos θ =
b C lies on l, therefore: 166 50
 9  3  3 θ = 39.794...
      = 39.8° (1 d.p.)
 −2  + λ  −4  = p
 1  −5   q 
      d Let D be the point (x, y, z)
9 + 3λ = 3
 9  3
⇒λ = −2 
AB has equation r = −2  + λ  −4 
 
−2 − 4λ =p  1  −5 
Substituting λ = −2 gives:    
 
p =−2 − 4 ( −2 ) OD is perpendicular to AB , therefore:
=6  3   x
   
1 − 5λ = q  −4  ⋅  y  =
0
Substituting λ = −2 gives:    
 −5   z 
q =1 − 5 ( −2 ) 3x − 4 y − 5 z = 0 (1)
= 11 Since D lies on AB:
So p = 6 and q = 11  9  3   x
     
 −2  + λ  −4  =
 y
 1  −5   z 
     
 9 + 3λ   x 
   
 −2 − 4λ  = y 
   
 1 − 5λ   z 
x= 9 + 3λ
y =−2 − 4λ
z = 1 − 5λ

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 Substituting into (1) gives:  4 1
3 ( 9 + 3λ ) − 4 ( −2 − 4λ ) − 5 (1 − 5λ ) =0 27 c  −2  ⋅  −2=
 4 (1) − 2 ( −2 ) + 0 ( 2=
) 8
27 + 9λ + 8 + 16λ − 5 + 25λ =0  0  2
   
50λ = −30 l ⋅l
cos θ = 1 2
3 l1 l2
λ=
5
42 + ( −2 )
2
Therefore: l=
1

 3  36 = 20
x= 9 + 3  =
5 5 l2= 12 + ( −2 ) + 22
2

3 2
y =−2 − 4   = = 9
5 5
=3
3
z= 1− 5  = 4 8
5 cos θ =
3 20
 36 2  θ = 53.395...
Hence D has coordinates  , , 4  and
 5 5 
= 53.4° (1 d.p.)
36 2
position vector i + j + 4k
5 5
 0
d C has position vector  4 
1
 −5 
27 a A has position vector  2  and B has  
 −3  1  4
 
l1 has equation r=  2  + λ  −2 
 
5
 −3   0
position vector  0     
 −3  Let the closest point be D(x, y, z).
 
 x  0   x 
l1 passes through A and B       
5 1  4
CD =  y− 4  =  y − 4
       z   −5   z + 5 
     
 0 − 2  =  −2  
 −3   −3   0  CD is perpendicular to l1, therefore:
     
So an equation for l1 is:  4  x 
   
1  4  −2  ⋅  y − 4  =
0
     0   z +5
r=  2  + λ  −2     
 −3   0 4x − 2 ( y − 4) =
0
   
 4 1 4x − 2 y = −8 (1)
b l2 has the equation r = −4  + µ  −2 
  D lies on l1 therefore:
 3  2 1  4   x
         
A is the point (1, 2, −3)  2  + λ  −2  = y
If A lies on l2 then:  −3   0  z
     
 4 1 1  x  1 + 4λ 
         
 −4  + µ  −2  =2  y=
  2 − 2λ 
 3  2   −3  z  −3 
         
4 + µ = 1 ⇒ µ = −3
−4 − 2µ = 2 ⇒ µ = −3
3 + 2µ = −3 ⇒ µ = −3
Therefore A lies on l2
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Substituting x = 1 + 4λ and y = 2 − 2λ into  3  1
(1) gives: 28 a l1 has equation r=  4  + λ  −2  and l2
 
4 (1 + 4λ ) − 2 ( 2 − 2λ ) =
−8  −5   2
   
4 + 16λ − 4 + 4λ =−8
9 4
20λ = −8    
has equation
= r  1 +µ 1 
2  −2   −1
λ= −    
5
2 1 4
When λ = −    
5  −2  ⋅  1 = 1( 4 ) − 2 (1) + 2 ( −1)
 2  3  2   −1
x= 1+ 4 −  = −    
 5 5 =0
 2  14 Therefore the submarines are moving
y =2 − 2  −  = perpendicularly to each other.
 5 5
z = −3
b At A:
The distance, d, between (0, 4, −5) and
 3 1 9 4
 3 14         
 − , , −3  is found using:  4  + λ  −2 =
  1 +µ 1 
 5 5   −5   2    
2 2      −2   −1
 3   14 
 0 −  +  4 −  + ( −5 − ( −3) )
2
d
= 3 + λ = 9 + 4 µ ⇒ λ − 4 µ = 6 (1)
 5  5
4 − 2λ =1 + µ ⇒ 2λ + µ =3 (2)
2 2
 3 6 −5 + 2λ =−2 − µ ⇒ 2λ + µ =3 (3)
 −  +   + ( −2 )
2
=
 5 5 Adding 4 × (2) and (1) gives:
8λ + 4 µ + λ − 4 µ = 12 + 6
29
= 9λ = 18
5
λ=2
145
=  3 1
5
Alternatively, you can use trigonometry as Substituting λ = 2 into  4  + λ  −2 
 

the shortest distance from C to the line l1  −5   2

   
forms a right-angled triangle, so gives:

=d CA × sin θ  3 1 5
      
CA= (1 − 0) 2 + (2 − 4) 2 + (−3 − −5) 2  4  + 2  −2  =
0
 −5   2   −1
     
=3
Using part c So a position vector for A is 5i – k
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ =
1
2
 8 
 + sin θ =
2
 1
 3 20 
16
sin θ= 1−
45
145
=
15
145
d = 3×
15
145
=
5
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28 c B has position vector 10j – 11k 1  2
If l1 passes through B then: 29 a l1 has equation=    
r  1  + λ  1  and l2
 3 1  0  0  −2 
         
 4  + λ  −2  = 10  1  −3 
 −5   2   −11
         
has equation = r  4 +µ 0 
3+ λ = 0⇒λ = −3
 −4  1
4 − 2λ = 10 ⇒ λ = −3    
−5 + 2λ =−11 ⇒ λ =−3 If the lines intersect then:
Therefore l1 passes through B 1  2 1  −3 
If l2 passes through B then:        
9 4  0  1 + λ  1  =  4 +µ 0 
0  −2   −4  1
             
 1 +µ 1  =  10  1 + 2λ =− 1 3µ ⇒ 2λ + 3µ = 0 (1)
 −2   −1  −11
      1+ λ = 4 ⇒ λ = 3
9 −2λ =−4 + µ ⇒ 2λ + µ =4 (2)
9 + 4 µ =⇒
0 µ=−
4 Substituting λ = 3 into (1) gives:
1 + µ = 10 ⇒ µ = 9 2 ( 3 ) + 3µ =0
Therefore l2 does not pass through B
µ = −2
d A is the point (5, 0, −1) and B is the point Substituting λ = 3 and µ = −2 into (2)
(0, 10, −11) gives:
Let d be the distance between A and B LHS= 2 ( 3) + ( −2 )
( 5 − 0 ) + ( 0 − 10 ) + ( −1 − ( −11) ) =4
2 2 2
d=
= RHS
52 + ( −10 ) + 102
2
= Therefore the lines intersect.

1  2
= 225
b Substituting into λ = 3 into  1  + λ  1 
  
= 15    
Since 1 unit = 100 m 0  −2 
AB has length 1500 m=1.5km gives:
1  2   7 
     
 1  + 3 1  = 4
 0   −2   −6 
     
Therefore the position vector of the point
of intersection is 7i + 4j − 6k

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 l1 ⋅ l2 30 b Let P be the point (x, y, z)
29 c cos θ =
l1 l2 6 1
 2   −3  l1 has equation r =  8  + λ  −1
 
    5 1
   
l1 ⋅ l=
2  1 ⋅ 0 
 −2   1  
   
OP is perpendicular to l1, therefore:
= 2 ( −3) + 1( 0 ) − 2 (1)
= −8  1   x
   
22 + 12 + ( −2 )  −1 ⋅  y  = 0
2
l=
1
 1  z
= 9    
x− y+z = 0 (1)
=3
Since P lies on l1:
( −3)
2
l2 = + 12 6  1   x
     
= 10  8  + λ  −1 =  y
8 5  1  z
cos θ = −      
3 10 x= 6 + λ
4 10 y= 8 − λ
= − z= 5 + λ
15
Therefore for the acute angle between l1 Substituting for x, y and z in (1) gives:
and l2 : ( 6 + λ ) − (8 − λ ) + ( 5 + λ ) =
0
3λ = −3
4 10
cos θ = λ = −1
15
When λ = −1
6 1
x = 6 + ( −1) = 5
30 a l1 has equation r =  8  + λ  −1
 
5 1 y = 8 −  ( −1) = 9
   
A is the point (3, a, 2) and B is the point z = 5 +  ( −1) = 4
(8, 6, b) and A and B lie on l1 So P has coordinates (5, 9, 4)
If A lies on l1 then:

6  1   3 c OP = 52 + 9 2 + 4 2
     
 8  + λ  −1 = a = 122
5  1   2
     
6 + λ = 3 ⇒ λ = −3 6
8 – λ = a ⇒ 8 – (−3) = a ⇒ a = 11 31 a A has position vector  3  and B has
If B lies on l1 then:  4
6  1  8  
      5
 8  + λ  −1 = 6
5  1  b position vector  2 
      6
6+λ=8⇒λ=2  
5+λ=b⇒b=5+2⇒b=7 5 6
So a = 11 and b = 7     
=  2 −  3
AB
6  4
   
 −1
 
=  −1
2
 
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 6  −1  3 2
31 b r =  3  + λ  −1
  32 a l1 has equation r = −2  + λ  1  and l2
 
 4 2  4  −1
       
1  1
4 has equation r= 12  + µ  −2 
 
c C has position vector 10  8  −1 
   
2
  If l1 and l2 meet then:
Let P be the point (x, y, z)  3 2 1 1
 x  4   x−4         
        −2  + λ  1 = 12  + µ  −2 
CP =  y  − 10  =  y − 10   4
 
 −1  8 
   
 −1 
 
 z  2   z−2 
      3 + 2λ =+ 1 µ ⇒ 2λ − µ = −2 (1)

CP is perpendicular to l, therefore: −2 + λ = 12 − 2 µ ⇒ λ + 2 µ = 14 (2)
 −1  x − 4  4 − λ = 8 − µ ⇒ −λ + µ = 4 (3)
    Adding (2) and (3) gives:
 −1 ⋅  y − 10  = 0
 2   z−2  λ + 2µ − λ + µ = 14 + 4
   
3µ = 18
− ( x − 4 ) − ( y − 10 ) + 2 ( z − 2 ) =
0
µ =6
x + y − 2z = 10 (1)
Substituting µ = 6 into (3) gives:
Since P lies on l1:
−λ + ( 6 ) =4
6  −1  x 
      λ=2
 3  + λ  −1 =  y Check by substituting µ = 6 and λ = 2
 4  2  z
      into (1):
x= 6 − λ
= 2 ( 2) − ( 6)
LHS
y= 3 − λ
z= 4 + 2λ = −2
Substituting for x, y and z in (1) gives: = RHS
( 6 − λ ) + ( 3 − λ ) − 2 ( 4 + 2λ ) =
10 Therefore l1 and l2 intersect.
6λ = −9  3 2
3 Substituting λ = 2 into  −2  + λ  1 
 
λ= −  4  −1
2    
3 gives:
When λ = −
2  3  2  7
 3  15      
x = 6−−  =  −2  + 2  1  =
0
 2 2  4  −1  2 
     
 3 9 Therefore A has coordinates (7, 0, 2)
y = 3−−  =
 2 2
 3
z =4 + 2  −  =1
 2
So P has coordinates (7.5, 4.5, 1)

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 l1 ⋅ l2 5
32 b cos θ =
l1 l2 32 d B has position vector  −1
2 1 3
 
   
l2  1  ⋅  −2 
l1 ⋅= Using trigonometry, shortest distance
 −1  −1  from B line l2 is
    
=d BA × sin θ
= 2 (1) + 1( −2 ) − 1( −1)

=1 = (7 − 5) 2 + (0 − −1) 2 + (2 − 3) 2
BA
22 + 12 + ( −1)
2
l=
1 = 6
= 6 sin θ + cos 2 θ =
2
1
2
12 + ( −2 ) + ( −1)
2 2
l2= 1
sin θ +   =
2
1
= 6 6
2
1 1
cos θ = sin θ= 1−  
6 6 6
1 35
= =
6 6
θ = 80.405... So shortest distance is
= 80.4° (1 d.p.) 35
=d 6×
5 6
c B has position vector  −1 = 2.42 (3 s.f.)
3 Alternatively:
 
Let the closest point on l2 be P(x, y, z)
 3 2
 x   5   x − 5
l1 has equation r = −2  + λ  1 
        
 4  −1 BP=  y  −  −1=  y + 1 
     z   3   z − 3
     
If B lies on l1 then: 
 3 2 5 BP is perpendicular to l2, therefore:
       1   x − 5
 −2  + λ  1  = −1    
 4
 
 −1  3 
     −2  ⋅  y + 1  =
0
   
3 + 2λ =5 ⇒ λ =1  −1   z − 3 
−2 + λ =−1 ⇒ λ =1 ( x − 5) − 2 ( y + 1) − ( z − 3) =
0
4 − λ = 3 ⇒ λ =1 x − 2y − z = 4 (1)
Therefore B lies on l1.
Since P lies on l2:
1  1   x
     
12  + µ  −2  =  y
8  −1   z 
     
x= 1+ µ
y 12 − 2 µ
=
z= 8 − µ
Substituting for x, y and z in (1) gives:
(1 + µ ) − 2 (12 − 2µ ) − (8 − µ ) =4
−31 + 6 µ = 4
35
µ=
6
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 35 If the paths of the aeroplanes intersect
When µ = then:
6
  41
35  120   −80   −20   10 
1+   =
x=        
 6  6  −80  + λ  −100=  35  + µ  −2 
 13   8   5   0.1
 35  1        
12 − 2   =
y=
 6  3 120 − 80λ = −20 + 10 µ
 35  13 ⇒ 80λ + 10 µ = 140 (1)
8−  =
z=
 6  6 −80 − 100λ = 35 − 2 µ
 41 1 13  ⇒ 100λ − 2 µ = −115 (2)
So P has coordinates  , , 
 6 3 6 13 + 8λ =5 + 0.1µ
B has position coordinates (5, −1, 3) ⇒ 8λ − 0.1µ =
−8 (3)
 2
 41   1
2
  13 
2

=  − 5  +  − ( −1)  +  − 3 
BP Adding 5 × (2) and (1) gives:
 6  3  6 
500λ − 10 µ + 80λ + 10 µ =−575 + 140
2 2 2
 11   4   5  580λ = −435
=   +  +− 
 6  3  6 3
λ= −
35 4
= 3
6 Substituting λ = − into (1) gives:
= 2.415... 4
= 2.42 (3 s.f.)  3
80  −  + 10 µ =
140
 4
10 µ = 200
 120   200  µ = 20
 
33 a A starts at  −80  and travels to  20  3
Substituting λ = − and µ = 20 into (1)
 13   5  4
   
gives:
 −20 
 3
B starts at  35  and travels in the LHS = 80  −  + 10 ( 20 )
 5   4
  = −60 + 200
 10  = 140
direction  −2  = RHS
 0.1 Therefore the paths of the aeroplanes
 
For A: intersect.
 120   200   −80   −20   10 
      Substituting µ = 20 into  35  + µ  −2 
 
 −80  −  20  =  −100   5   0.1
 13   5   8     
     
Therefore an equation for A is: gives:
 120   −80   −20   10  180 
         
r =− 80  + λ  −100   35  + 20  −2  = −5 
 13   8   5   0.1  7 
         
An equation for B is: So the paths intersect at the point
 −20   10  (180, −5, 7).
   
r  35  + µ  −2 
= b The aeroplanes don’t necessarily pass
 5   0.1 through (180, −5, 7) at the same time.
   

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