Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Memory Retention Among Students Final Manuscript

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DURATION AND MEMORY
RETENTION AMONG STUDENTS
A Research Proposal
Presented To
Faculty of Senior High School
Our Lady of Fatima University
In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Practical Research 2
Tacla, Angela Pauline Y.
Cuenca, Stacy Mae C.
Dequilla, Ruth Caye C.
Espelita, Kimberly Anne M.
Sibayan, Jamie Aliyah Mianji G.
Tabadero, Kaye F.
Zacarias, Christine Joy O.
Ms. Jolena R. Centeno
Reseach Adviser
October, 2019
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DURATION AND…
Endorsement
This thesis entitled: “The Relationship Between the Impact of Sleep Duration and Memory
Retention” prepared by Angela Pauline Y. Tacla et al. of HUMSS 12P-CRIM1, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research 2 has been examined and now
recommended for Oral Examination.
This is to certify that Angela Pauline Y. Tacla et al. are ready for the Oral Examination.
Adviser
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Certificate of Originality
We hereby declare that this thesis is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material
to which to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of
a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made
in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even
though we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation and language
expression.
Angela Pauline Y. Tacla
Principal Investigator
Members:
Stacy Mae C. Cuenca
Ruth Caye C. Dequilla
Kimberly Anne M. Espelita
Jamie Aliyah Mianji G. Sibayan
Kaye Dimples F. Tabadero
Christine Joy O. Zacarias
Adviser
October 2019
Date

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endorsement.............................................................................................................................3
Certificate of Originality...........................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................8
Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................9
Chapter I.................................................................................................................................10
The Problem and Its Background............................................................................................10
Introduction.........................................................................................................................10
Foreign Issues.....................................................................................................................11
Local Issues........................................................................................................................14
Statement of the Problem....................................................................................................16
Hypothesis..........................................................................................................................17
Significance of the Study....................................................................................................17
Scope and Limitation..........................................................................................................17
Definition of Terms.............................................................................................................18
CHAPTER II..........................................................................................................................20
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE......................................................................20
Foreign Literature...............................................................................................................20
Local Literature...................................................................................................................25
Theoretical Framework.......................................................................................................29
Conceptual framework........................................................................................................31
Research Paradigm..............................................................................................................32
CHAPTER III.........................................................................................................................33
Research Methods...................................................................................................................33
Research Design.................................................................................................................33
Research Locale..................................................................................................................33
Description of Respondents................................................................................................33

Research Instrument............................................................................................................34
Research Ethics...................................................................................................................34
Data Analysis......................................................................................................................35
Data Collection...................................................................................................................35
Statistical Treatment...........................................................................................................36
CHAPTER IV.........................................................................................................................38
Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data...................................................................38
Table 1.1.............................................................................................................................38
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Demographic profile of the participants

According to Age................................................................................................................38
TABLE 1.2.........................................................................................................................39

According to Strand............................................................................................................39
TABLE 2............................................................................................................................40
Frequency Distribution of Sleep Duration of the Respondents...........................................40
TABLE 3............................................................................................................................40
Frequency distribution of Memory retention scores of the respondents..............................40
TABLE 4............................................................................................................................41
Correlation between Sleep Duration and Demographic Profile...........................................41
TABLE 5............................................................................................................................41
Correlation between Memory Retention and Demographic Profile.....................................41
TABLE 6................................................................................................................................42
Correlation between Sleep Duration and Memory Retention..................................................42
CHAPTER V..........................................................................................................................43
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, and RECOMMENDATIONS....................43
FINDINGS:.........................................................................................................................43
CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................44
RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................44
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................45

APPENDIX A.........................................................................................................................47
(Informed Consent).................................................................................................................47
APPENDIX B.........................................................................................................................50
(Research Instrument).............................................................................................................50
APPENDIX C.........................................................................................................................52
(Time Table)...........................................................................................................................52
APPENDIX D.........................................................................................................................53
(Profile of the Researchers).....................................................................................................53

ABSTRACT
This study aims to identify the relationship between the memory retention and sleep
duration of the students. Whether the two has something to do with each other. For
this purpose, the researchers conducted their study in Our Lady of Fatima University
by showing the respondents a short clip that is sought carefully by the researchers.
From there, the respondents are given a survey questionnaire that consist of questions
about the mentioned clip and questions that helped the researchers know the sleep
duration of the respondents. The data gathered helped the researchers formulate their
conclusion about the topic. Pearson was used in analyzing the data that has been
gathered by the researchers. It is a statistical method in which the variation in a set of
observations is divided into distinct components. This study employed a Descriptive
Correlational Method wherein it is used to determine whether or not there is a
relationship that exists between two or more quantified variables, and if there is, what
extent or degree the relationship did the two variables have. This study is conducted
in Our Lady of Fatima University and is consisting of fifty (50) respondents from the
age bracketing from 15-19 years old. The researchers used a non-probability
sampling technique which is purposive sampling technique or judgmental sampling
that is used to review an event or experience of the people who are knowledgeable
about the said topic about memory retention and sleep duration. The information
gathered by the researches came from the Senior High School students (both grade 11
and 12) of Our Lady of Fatima University that belongs in all academic strands.
Hence, GAS, ABM, STEM and HUMSS. The study showed no significant
relationship between the given variables which are Sleep duration and Memory
retention. In other words, sleep duration does not necessarily affect the memory
retention of the students in Our Lady of Fatima University. Implications of the study
may help educators and the students in helping themselves attain a good night sleep.
Since, sleep still has a vital role in the human brain.

Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to acknowledge the following:
First and foremost, they are ineffably thankful to God for the wisdom, strength and
patience that He provided. They believe that they will not be able to patiently finish
this study without God’ given wisdom and everything.
They would also like to extend a sincere gratitude to Ms. Jolena Centeno, their
Research Adviser, and Mr. Astrid Anabo, their statistician, for imparting their
knowledge and guiding them throughout this endeavor. They also like to
acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence the school and the respondents for
letting them conduct the study. Last but not the least gratitude goes to their families
and beloved parents for all the support and understanding and for the direct and even
indirect help to accomplish the study.
Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude. Thank
you!

Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
A person’s quality of life can be disrupted due to many different reasons. One
of the most common reasons yet underestimated reason is sleep deprivation. Sleep
deprivation affects not only whether a student can stay awake in class but how they
perform as well (Epstein, 2017). Sleep is a complex phenomenon that is entirely
understood. Human studies suggest that the quantity and quality of sleep have a
profound impact on memory. Either you are lack of sleep or have an adequate sleep,
it greatly affects memory retention. Knowledge is a collection of experiences, which
expands daily as new things are being experienced. Sleep itself has a role in the
consolidation of memory, which is very important for learning new information.
Today, prolonged wakefulness has been a trend especially among teens and
young adults. Sleep optimally impacts mental functioning and therefore impact
students’ memory retention that is evident on their performance on examinations.
There are lots of benefits when an individual gets just the right amount of sleep.
According to SCL Health (2018), being well rested can boost one’s immune system,
can strengthen your heart, can improve your memory and can help prevent gain
weight. Sleep deprivation causes a lot of imbalance in the body. The saying “your
body regenerates itself when you sleep” is not just actually a childhood quote that
most of the people already heard. Not getting enough sleep can make an individual
moody and cranky. According to Leech Joe (2018), having not enough sleep can also
lead to depression. It is surprising that people often neglect one of the most important
things in their everyday lives.
Sleep has a lot of goodies when it comes to cosmetic related matter and here
are some of them. Skin makes a new collagen when you sleep, which prevent
sagging. That is part of the repair process (Wexler, 2015); Sleep is important for
protein synthesis of your hair, as well as proper release of growth hormone and other

hormones (Fausco, 2015); According to WebMD (2015), human body boosts blood
flow while you snooze, which means you wake to a healthier glow. Nowadays,
teenagers are the ones who frequently turns their backs on sleep due to various
reasons, especially those who attend school. Oftentimes, exams, homework and
school works in general are the reasons why these teenagers (students) are being
denied of sleep. The purpose of this research is to know whether sleeping hour causes
memory retention to the students of Our Lady of Fatima University in the Senior
High school department. This research was mainly developed through the studies of
doctors (medical searches) and survey questionnaires. This topic was chosen due to
the fact that majority of the people today do not obtain the recommended amount of
sleep in accordance with their age.
In this study, the researchers ought to know the relationship of sleeping hours
to the memory of the senior high school students of Our Lady of Fatima University.
One of the main goals of the study is to tackle the effects of sleep deprivation and
adequate sleep. This study would help any people in understanding how sleep plays a
vital role in every human life.
Foreign Issues
Sleeping pattern may change if a person migrated from one country to another
that has indifference in time. When you fly across several time zones in a matter of
hours, you’re moving faster than your body’s internal clock can adjust. You will
happen to get out of sync with the new time at your destination. Factor like, having
trouble falling asleep when you need to and feeling rested is only one of the things
that can happen. In short, you are jet lagged. According to WebMD (2017), sleep
problems tend to be more common when people travel eastward because it’s harder
to advance your sleep time than to delay it. However, there are always room for
adjustments. Memory recall and ability to maintain concentration are much improved
when an individual is rested (Alapat, 2012).
The next few things that will be discussed are things that you can do to avoid
sleep problems when you travel as mentioned by the WebMD (2017). First, several
days before your trip, gradually adjust your sleeping habits to the time zone of your
destination. As soon as you board your flight, reset your watch for the new time zone.
While on board, try not to sleep too much. Drink plenty of fluids. If you feel the need

to nap right after you arrive, limit it two hours. Daylight can help reset your internal
clock. Try getting some exercise outdoors, like a brisk walk, as soon as you get up in
the morning. Don’t drink too much caffeine or alcohol, and avoid tobacco. Try to
keep yourself busy and engaged with other people. Practice good sleep habits while
you’re away. These are just some of the things you can do to adjust your body from
time indifference.
Having all of those said, what does it comply with memory retention? Sleep
plays an important role in the consolidation of memory. Lack of sleep is associated
with poor recall of visual location. Mentioned by Tuck (2017) Neuroscientists think
that sleep enables “both quantitative and qualitative changes of memory
representations.” This means that psychologists can test how people remember events
and facts (qualitative) and that these memories change after sleep, and that scientific
analysis of brains show changes in synaptic connections (quantitative) after sleep. As
scientists attempt to uncover the electrophysiological mechanisms of how memory is
stored and retrieved, a term seen in the literature is “cherry-picking”. This is how
scientists describe the brain’s process of selecting memories and making them long-
lasting during sleep. Scholars Ken A. Paller and Joel L. Voss wrote an article in 2004
laying out their hypothesis that pruning of available memory happens at night as the
brain shuffles and adopts what it will put into declarative memory. Declarative
memory is defined here as the ability to recall specific facts and events, as opposed to
background knowledge and emotions. And that when it comes to an individual’s
understanding of the world “sleep is essentially a nightly session of psychotherapy”
For millennia, researchers have been fascinated by the human mind's

complexities. Although Hergenhahn (2009) documented that in the early 1900s
psychology established itself as a unique field of research, many scientists referred to
the origin of psychology long before this moment. Inquiries into mind-body
phenomena are evidenced in works by many early Greek philosophers, who not only
affected subsequent contributions to many distinct fields of psychology, but also
formed a basis for this field of research. Human mind phenomena that continue to
intrigue scientists are learning, memory, and vigilance, as well as how the biological
function of sleep is related to cognitive procedures (Crowley, 2011). In many areas,
the mind and cognitive processes were examined in an attempt to obtain higher
understanding through distinct views. Sleep study has been one such field in which

scientists are interested in uncovering the connection between sleep and cognitive
processes. Researchers have tried to investigate the essential role of sleep in human
functioning by examining the implications of sleep deprivation and making
inferences as to how sleep impacts mental state and cognitive functions (Clinkinbeard
et al., 2011; Mograss, Guillem, Brazzini-Poisson, & Godbout, 2009). While
complicated phenomena such as sleep, learning, memory, and attention remain
poorly understood, scientists over the centuries have stated vital roles they play in
human functioning. As a consequence, there has been broad recognition in the
science community of the connection between such events.
Sleep deprivation (full/partial) has been extensively evidenced to impact

learning, memory, and attention. Studies have shown that both sleep amount and
quality have a deep impact on learning, memory, and attention (Astill, Van der
Heijden, Van IJzendoorn, & Van Someren, 2012). For example, an individual
deprived of sleep may have trouble concentrating his or her attention on submitted
data and may not learn it well because it may not be processed into memory in a
stable manner. Any prolonged sleep deprivation will affect your mood, energy level
and ability to focus, concentrate and learn, which directly affects your academic
performance (Alapat, 2012). Many studies have suggested consolidating memory
while sleeping, a process in which memory becomes stable (Fenn& Hambrick, 2012;
Hol et al., 2012; Wiedemann, 2009). Sleep study has meant that learning and
memory are reinforced through distinct phases of sleep. In addition, the capacity to
focus and focus during the learning and memory process is impaired by non-
restorative sleep.

Local Issues
Filipinos are known for their warmth and hospitality as their nationalistic
pride. They are known around the world to have remarkable qualities as people.
However, when it comes to characteristics with regards to sleeping habits, Filipinos
don’t hold the same good reputation. In 2014, According to the Inquirer via research
from Sun Life Financial Asia, Filipinos have the worst health habits among eight
major countries in the Asia Pacific.
Filipinos, from children to adults, have been practicing sleep deprivation as

can be noticed around. Sleep deprivation is undeniably growing higher among the
Filipinos. According to the 2016 Healthy Living Index Survey, the Philippines has
one of the highest rates of sleep deprivation in Asia—46 percent of Filipinos do not
get enough sleep, while 32 percent said they sleep for less than six hours. This
mirrors a lifestyle challenge that urbanites worldwide are grappling with. In the 2017
Philips’ “Unfiltered Sleep: A Global Prioritization Puzzle,” an international survey
which looked at how people across the globe perceive, prioritize and prepare for
sleep, more than eight in 10 adults (84 percent) say that a variety of activities take
precedence over a good night’s sleep (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2017). The
importance of sleep can’t be stressed enough. Sleep deprivation can wreak havoc on
different areas of your health. Health line highlights that consistent lack of sleep can
hijack your immune system, dampen your disposition, cause mood swings, mess up
your metabolism, and even increase the chances of cardiovascular disease, just to
name a few. More and more Filipinos have fallen victim to these disadvantages
because having a dependable sleeping routine hasn’t been one of their strongest suits.
One reason for this can be attributed to the weather conditions native to their country.
(JuanderfulPinoy, 2017).
The Philippines is a tropical country; it is highly possible that many Filipinos

find it hard to sleep at night due to the humidity of high temperature. An ideal feature
for a good night’s sleep are cozy while feeling warm, but too much of it causes
discomfort. Not to mention, the advent of global warming, the climate in the
Philippines is now hotter than before. The New York Times (2017) reports that the
link between climate change and sleeplessness is becoming more apparent. To
remedy this situation, Filipinos may have to look to other cultures for a number of
notable better-sleep strategies.

One more factor that deprives the Filipinos in sleeping is the usage of social
media. Philippines is famously regarded as the social media capital of the world.
Many logs in to social media for a considerable amount of time. Whether children,
teenagers, or even adults, access their social media when it is time to sleep.
The next things mentioned are suggestions on how to fall asleep in hot
weather as suggested by Critical Cactus (2016). One unusual tip they recommend is
hanging a wet sheet in front of an open window. This will cool the hot air as it enters
the room. Another useful tip, especially for those who have spent too much time in
the sun, is to moisturize with Aloe Vera Gel before going to bed. Not only will it help
with any sunburn, it also has a cooling effect on the body. Whether you are a native
Filipino or visiting the country it is important to get into good sleeping habits to live
life to the full.
Again, what does it comply to memory retention? It affects how brain

functions. Over 27.7 million students are projected to enroll in public and private
basic education institutions across the country this year, the highest in history,
according to the Department of Education (Philstar, 2019). Having this statistic, it is
very important that students are meeting the hour of sleep that they need in
accordance with their age to avoid memory loss.
There is a significant relationship with students’ sleeping duration and

memory retention. Having an adequate sleep provides opportunity to deal with
greater positive effect which can help students retain their memories.

Statement of the Problem
The possible effect of having adequate or lack of sleep on the memory

retention among students. Many related literatures have attributed that the quantity
and quality of sleep affect a person’s ability to remember. The study has pushed
through to know the direct relationship among the variables. The study needed
careful assessment and in-depth investigation.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Strand
2. What are the sleep duration of the respondents?
3. What are the scores of memory retention of the respondents?
4. Is there significant relationship between the sleep duration and the demographic
profile of the respondents?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the memory retention and the

demographic profile of the respondents?
6. Is there a relationship between memory retention and sleep duration of the

respondents?

Hypothesis
In this study, the researchers hypothesize that:
There is a significant relationship with students’ sleeping duration and memory

retention.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant for it may benefit the following:
1. To fellow Researchers- this contribution is to be added to the available local

studies and for generating subsequent studies on the subjects
2. To future Researchers- this study will perform as their guideline in making their
first research
3. To the students- this study is beneficial to the students because they will have an
in depth understanding about having unhealthy sleeping habits and its consequences
Scope and Limitation
This study was conducted to determine the relationship between Sleeping

duration and memory retention among students in Our Lady of Fatima University,
Lagro branch. The research study was conducted to selected students on the said
university. In total of fifty (50) participants, some tests were given. The age of
participants varies from 14 to 25 years old. The participant’s names remained
confidential. The researchers’ expected days to gather up sufficient and valid
answers.

Definition of Terms
Conceptual Definition
Learning – the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by

being taught (Oxford Dictionary)
Knowledge – Knowledge is understanding gained through learning or experience.
Consolidation – the process by which a new memory is converted into a form that is
stable and long lasting
Memory – the power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned
and retained especially through associative mechanism
Retention – the act of keeping someone or something
Sleep – the natural periodic suspension of consciousness during which the powers of
the body are restored
Deprivation – the state of being kept from possessing, enjoying, or using something
Collagen-the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues,
widely used in purified form for cosmetic surgical treatments.

Operational Definition
AD – adequate sleep; having enough sleep
Moody - some unpredictable changes of mood; person who has good moods and bad
moods all the time
Wakefulness - someone who has lack of sleep
Cranky - a kind of person who is ill tempered or irritable
Sleeplessness - is a sleep disorder in which people have trouble sleeping

Consolidation of Memory is defined as a time-dependent process by which recent
learned experiences are transformed into long-term memory, presumably by
structural and chemical changes in the nervous system Memory Recall refers to the
mental process of retrieval of information from the past. Cramming to force
something into a space that is too small or to study quickly for an exam that is very
soon. Short-term memory is the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small
amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period
of time. long-term memory the phase or type of memory responsible for the storage
of information for an extended period of time

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the compound and synthesis of related relevant literatures and
studies which the researchers had reviewed to formulate the whole concept of this study.
According to one research, the work design and the well-being of the research’s subjects.
Foreign Literature
The research that is about to be studied are studies that are related to the study
conducted titled “The Relationship between the impact of Sleep Duration and
Memory Retention”. The researchers would like to see if what could be the possible
reasons why sleep deprivation is a trend nowadays. According to Healthy Sleep
(2007) Sleep, learning, and memory are complex phenomena that are not entirely
understood. Research suggests that sleep helps learning and memory in two distinct
ways. First, a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore
cannot learn efficiently. Second, sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of
memory, which is essential for learning new information. The need for sleep varies
considerably between individuals (Shneerson 2000). Sleep deprivation can adversely
affect the brain and cognitive function (Fortune Journals, 2018). In cognitive
psychology, learning and memory are 2 closely related concepts, but they are not
unitary processes. An essential part of our daily life is to attain new skills. (Amin &
Malik, 2018). We continue to learn new and different skills that enables us to
perform in every phase of our life.
The quantity and quality of sleep affect a person’s ability to remember, and
sleep is a period where the brain consolidates memories (Tuck, 2017). Causes of
sleep deprivation, in a nutshell, is caused by consistent lack of sleep or reduced
quality of sleep (Healthline, 2019). Sleep deprivation is an overall lack of the
necessary amount of sleep. According to Science Daily, 2019 A person can be
deprived of sleep by their own body and mind, insomnia, or actively deprived by
another individual. Sleep deprivation afflicts 47 million adults in the United State.
As noted in a recent weekly digest, sleep is vital for health. The risks of sleep
deprivation include an increased chance of weight gain, and developing illnesses
such as the common cold, heart disease, and diabetes, as well as the more readily
experienced impairments to attention, problem-solving, and decision making (1).

Importantly, these risks increase with even mild sleep deprivation of 1-2 hours per
night (that’s about 6 hours of sleep). Proved by Harvard Medical School (2017) , it is
just as important to get a good night’s sleep after learning something new in order to
process and retain the information that has been learned. Sleep deprivation is
common among university students, and has been associated with poor academic
performance and physical dysfunction (Patrick, Yusuf & Lee, Alice & Moss, James,
2017). It is no secret that a good night's sleep makes you feel better. Not only does
sleep give your body time to rest and recharge, it may also be crucial to your brain's
ability to learn and remember. During sleep, while your body rests, your brain is busy
processing information from the day and forming memories. If you are sleep
deprived, you are at risk of developing a number of serious health problems, such as
hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, and your ability to learn and retain new
information may be impaired. This may not be news to anyone who has pulled an all-
nighter cramming for a test only to find the facts and figures they knew at 2 a.m.
could not be recalled the next day. Without adequate sleep, your brain becomes
foggy, your judgment poor, and your fine motor skills hindered. (WebMd, 2017).
Both quantity and quality of sleep are important to memory. Getting too little sleep or
waking frequently in the night can lead to fatigue, which interferes with the ability to
consolidate and retrieve information. (WebMd, 2017).
Human memory is an important concept in cognitive psychology and

neuroscience. Our brain is actively engaged in functions of learning and
memorization. (ResearchGate, 2013). According to Melby-Lervåg and Hulme
(2013), short-term memory is also known as the concept of working memory, “one of
the most influential theoretical constructs in cognitive psychology” that measures the
“capacity and a wide variety of real world skills” (p. 270). Short-term memory
provides temporary storage of information necessary for cognitive tasks (Baddeley&
Hitch, 1994). Additionally, short-term memory tasks involve maintaining
information active in memory while simultaneously performing other activities
(Butler &Weywadt, 2011). Therefore, short-term memory is strongly linked to
attention (Dowd &Mitroff, 2013).
Researchers argued that people with high short-term memory capacity

perform better on tasks requiring the inhibition of distracting information (Meier &
Kane, 2013; Melby-Lervåg&Hulme, 2013). Evidence suggested that short-term

memory predicts success in complex intellectual activities, multitasking, solving

novel problems, and learning (Meier & Kane, 2013). Literature in the past suggested
that learning of new information is process and initially stored to the short-term
memory for later recall (Corbin &Marquer, 2013). If the information presented is
effectively processed through sensory mechanisms, the more likely it is to retain the
information for a short period of time until it is processed to long- term memory
storage (Rose &Craik, 2012). Literature consistently showed that sleep is crucial in
strengthening memory and transferring new information from short-term memory to
long term memory (Fenn&Hambrick, 2012; Rose &Craik, 2012). This implied that
when an individual is restricted to sleep, memory of information during the waking
hours may not get consolidated (Fenn&Hambrick, 2012). Good sleep can maximize
problem-solving skills and enhance memory. Poor sleep has been shown to impair
brain function. (Leech, 2018)
An essential function of the brain is to perceive complex external and internal

stimuli and translate them into adequate behavioral responses. Fast and adequate
responding to incoming stimuli is on one hand vital for survival and on the other
hand is highly energy-demanding (Attwell and Laughlin, 2001). Therefore,
continuous modulation of neuronal responsiveness is crucial to achieve a fine balance
between speed, efficiency, selectivity and economy in the interaction of the brain
with the outside world.
Various aspects of behavior, brain state and network activity account for the
trial-to-trial variability in the responses to stimuli (Fontanini and Katz, 2008, Rector
et al., 2005, Vyazovskiy et al., 2009a). Several animal studies reported consistent
differences in the cortical evoked responses to sensory or electrical stimulation
between wake and sleep. For example, cortical evoked potentials were larger in
NREM sleep compared to waking in response to auditory clicks (Hall and Borbely,
1970), visual flashes (Galambos et al., 1994) or electrical pulses applied
intracortically (Vanderwolf et al., 1987, Vyazovskiy et al., 2008). Such differences
can be accounted for by neuronal bistability, manifested in an alternation between
periods of neuronal depolarization (UP) and hyperpolarization (DOWN) states during
sleep (Hill and Tononi, 2005). Indeed, studies in the rodent somatosensory system
showed that postsynaptic potentials to brief whisker stimulation were largest and
most reliable when evoked from DOWN states (Sachdev et al., 2004, Petersen et al.,

2003). Consistently, slow waves, induced by local cortical electrical stimulation in

spontaneously sleeping rats, were virtually absent if the stimulus was delivered
immediately after a large spontaneous slow wave (Vyazovskiy et al., 2009a).
Similarly, in humans the phase of the cortical slow oscillation determined the
response evoked by auditory clicks (Massimini et al., 2003, Schabus et al., 2012).
The differences in the neuronal responsiveness between UP and DOWN states might
arise from the changes in various cellular properties, such as the fluctuations of the
input resistance (Contreras et al., 1996, Leger et al., 2005).
Spontaneous cortical activity does not only reflect the current level of arousal
or ongoing behavior, but is also influenced by preceding sleep-wake history (Borbely
et al., 1984, Vyazovskiy et al., 2009b). For example, during sleep deprivation slower
EEG activity (~2–6Hz), leaks into periods of waking (Franken et al., 1991,
Vyazovskiy and Tobler, 2005), and it does so in a region-specific manner (Leemburg
et al., 2010). We found recently that after sleep deprivation, local populations of
cortical neurons in awake rats start undergoing brief OFF periods similar to those in
NREM sleep, and their occurrence was associated with decreased behavioral
performance (Vyazovskiy et al., 2011b). There are two basic questions that need to
be addressed next. First, what are the factors leading to an occurrence of individual
DOWN states at the individual neuron level in awake, but sleep-deprived animal? It
has been suggested that DOWN states during sleep, as a network event, occur due to
disfacilitation (Timofeev et al., 2001). Indeed, it is possible that a withdrawal of
excitatory inputs impinging on a given cell could shift the balance towards inhibition
(Stepanyants et al., 2009), resulting in a local bistability. However, while
disfacilitation is likely crucial for the maintenance of the cell in a hyperpolarized
state, active inhibition may play a crucial role in the initiation of an individual
DOWN state. Indeed, it was found that in physiological conditions synaptic
inhibition controlled the duration and the synchrony of active state termination (Chen
et al., 2012). The second crucial question relates to the mechanisms underlying the
link between “local sleep” and behavioral deficits after sleep deprivation
(Vyazovskiy et al., 2011b). We hypothesize that the occurrence of local isolated
DOWN states (i.e. periods of neuronal hyperpolarization), regardless of the specific
underlying mechanisms, will likely affect the network activity and ultimately
behaviour, by affecting neuronal responsiveness.

Too little sleep causes the loss of concentration, and can lead to memory
impairment and compromised physical performance. (Hoag.org, 2019) But research
shows that sleep is extremely important, not just during finals week but throughout
the entire semester. College students are known for slapdash sleeping habits, but
these patterns could be detrimentally impacting your performance, and now is the
time to nip them in the bud (Segaren, 2018). Sleep deprivation is common among
university students, and has been associated with poor academic performance and
physical dysfunction. (Patrick, 2017) Studies show that teenagers need 9-10 hours of
sleep. Without proper sleep, memory and the ability to concentrate as well as higher
cognitive functioning is severely affected. This means that when your teen pulls an
all-nighter to study for exams, they are setting themselves up for a poor academic
performance on exam day (tutordoctor.com, 2014). Insufficient sleep among
adolescents may not only contribute to lower grades and a lack of motivation, but
may also increase the odds of serious levels of emotional and behavioral
disturbances, including ADHD, according to a research abstract that will be presented
on Monday at SLEEP 2008, the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional
Sleep Societies (APSS). (AASM, 2018) Sleep is especially important for children,
with their growing bodies and minds. Studies have shown that teens in particular may
require anywhere from 8.5 to 10 hours a night instead of the 7-8 hours of sleep
generally recommended for adults. Prolonged lack of sleep can lead to depression
and attention deficit disorders (DAHL) as well as difficulty retaining information, not
to mention it’s simply tougher to stay awake in class. (Sterling Staff, 2015) The
benefits of sufficient sleep not only include the feeling of being well-rested, but sleep
is also necessary for our nervous system to function properly. Too little sleep causes
the loss of concentration, and can lead to memory impairment and compromised
physical performance. Chronic sleep deprivation can also cause mood swings and
hallucinations, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Stroke. (Daily Titan, 2014) Sleep is one of, if not the most important, part of our day.
This vital biological activity gives individuals the energy needed to perform even the
simplest of tasks, such as walking, concentrating, and conversing. Sleep serves to re-
energize the body’s cells, clear waste from the brain, and support learning and
memory. It even plays vital roles in regulating mood, appetite and libido. (Persky,
2018) Despite the known importance of sleep for brain development, and the sharp
increase in poor sleep during adolescence, we know relatively little about how sleep

impacts the developing brain.” In the first longitudinal study to examine how sleep
during adolescence is associated with white matter integrity. (Telzer,Goldenberg,
Fuligni, Lieberman,& Galván, 2015)
According to Sleepfoundation.org (2014) Healthy sleep puts us in the right

state of mind to take in information as we go about the day. Not only that, we need a
good night's sleep to process and retain that information over the long term. Sleep
actually triggers changes in the brain that solidify memories—strengthening
connections between brain cells and transferring information from one brain region to
another.
It was observed that poor sleep quality, reduced total sleep time and excessive
daytime sleepiness negatively affected academic performance, behavior, and social
competence in adolescents. However, it is not known whether multiple unfavorable
sleep problems are more likely to be associated with poor school performance.
(Ming, 2011)
Early psychological studies indicate that by preventing continuing retroactive

interference triggered by mental activity or external sensory stimuli, sleep promotes
memory retention. On the other side, neuroscience study with animal models
indicates that by improving memory consolidation, sleep promotes retention. The
continuing activity of particular dopamine neurons has recently been shown in
Drosophila (David, 2015) sleep deprivation effects not only whether a student can
stay awake in class but how they perform as well. (Epstein, 2017). According to
Sciencedaily (2016) It's clear that sleep plays an important role in memory -- we
know that taking naps helps us retain important memories
Local Literature
Philippines are known in a lot of things. Culture, characteristics, wealth and

etc. However, it is not only good things that Philippines is known. According to the
2016 Healthy Living Index Survey, Filipinos have one of the highest rates of sleep
deprivation in Asia; 46% of Filipinos do not get enough sleep while 32% said they
sleep for less than six hours. This mirrors a lifestyle challenge that urbanites
worldwide are grappling with. In the 2017 Philips’ Unfiltered Sleep: A Global
Prioritization Puzzle, an international survey which looked at how people across the

globe perceive, prioritize and prepare for sleep, more than 8 in 10 adults (84%) say
that a variety of activities take precedence over a good night’s sleep. Lifestyle habits
aside, the incidence of sleep deprivation in the Philippines is escalating with the
misdiagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. By educating healthcare professionals at
the Sleep Apnea Forum, we aim to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the country,” said UrasineePatasongkram, Country
Manager, Philips Philippines Inc. “With Philips’ Dream Station and Dream Wear
solutions, we are confident of achieving better treatment outcome and enhancing
patient adoption by empowering them to monitor and manage their respiratory
condition independently,” (Philips, 2017).
Studies confirmed a good quality sleep improves learning, problem-solving

skills, creativeness, focus and concentrations and the opposite frequently causes
anxiety, poor concentration, loss of focus, and depression. Through a study in 2013
in mice, researchers found that waste removal systems in the brain are more active
during sleep which allow time to clear away toxic products that they theorized would
otherwise cause problems which could lead to Alzheimer’s disease. It is confirmed
that the things that we learned during the day are also strengthened and reinforced
when we sleep. (Tan, 2018).
It is shown that children have more sleep spindles than adults, which explains
why kids learn quicker than adults. Pre-school age children who get daytime naps
have shown better vocabulary growth, generalization of the meaning of words and
abstraction in language learning. Clearly, for children as well as adults, prolonged
sleep isn’t a sign of laziness. It is critical for our brain’s connections and our body’s
rhythms. In fact, sleep continues to be important for memory and learning throughout
the lifetime. (Ureten, 2016). The more we study the effects of sleep loss, the more we
will find that the purpose of adequate sleep is to maintain better memory and boost
learning. Sleep loss means mind loss. It shackles learning in many ways. It curtails
critical thinking, messes up memory and mood, retards reasoning, and shutters
quantitative skills. (Leonidas, 2014). Proper sleep has been proven to help students
perform better in school the following day, particularly in complicated tasks like
mathematics. Decision-making and emotional stability are also affected by the right
amount of good sleep. (Velasco, 2015). Poor sleep, or having inadequate snoozing
time gives your brain a harder time recalling and retaining information, making your

memory ‘bad’. Not only that, lack of sleep slows down physical reflexes, fine motor
skills, and judgment. (FEU Institute of Technology, 2018)
Getting a quality sleep helps humans in so many ways. It helps their alertness,
gives them energy, and naturally puts them in a better mood. All of these factors
impact academic performance as well. The researchers believe that sleep and
academic performance are strongly related, but most related in children middle
school and below. (Simco, 2016)
Sleep is not merely a time when your body shuts off. While you rest, your
brain stays busy, overseeing biological maintenance that keeps your body running in
top condition, preparing you for the day ahead. Without enough hours of restorative
sleep, you won’t be able to work, learn, create, and communicate at a level even close
to your true potential. Regularly skimp on “service” and you’re headed for a major
mental and physical breakdown. (Ramos, 2016). According to Ballesteros (2015) The
best way to figure out if you are meeting your sleep needs is to evaluate how you feel
as you go about your day. If you are logging enough sleep hours, you’ll feel energetic
and alert all day long, from the moment you wake up until your regular bedtime.
According to Gomez, Garcia and Billena (2019), there is still a lot that we do not
know about the potential benefits of sleep, but one thing is for sure: we can't survive
without it. And the closer we are to getting the optimal amount of sleep (that's eight
hours for adults and more for kids and teens), the healthier we might be. According
to Patosa et. al (2018) As you slumber, the brain is a whir of activity sorting and
storing your memories. There is an old wives’ tale that putting your revision notes
under your pillow the night before an exam will make you remember more. That
might be stretching the truth, but there could be something in it – you really do learn
in your sleep. You don’t need sleep to create a memory. “But sleep plays a critical
role in determining what happens to these newly formed memories.” Sleep
determines what goes into long-term storage. It can also select which parts of a
memory to retain and it links new memories with established networks of
remembrances. It discovers patterns and rules, says Stickgold, “and it’s doing every
night, all night long.”
When you sleep well, you’re making a long-term investment in the health of
your memory as you age. Research strongly suggests that high-quality sleep during

youth and middle age may help guard against age-related cognitive decline, including
problems with memory, many years later. There is also a growing body of scientific
evidence that suggests poor quality and insufficient sleep may increase the risks for
Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Sleep is not the only factor in age-
related memory decline, but it appears to be an important one. When you’re tempted
to stay up late for the sake of being productive, keep in mind that you and your
memory ultimately will be better served by getting a good night’s sleep. Well rested,
you’re more likely to feel better, perform better, and to remember more.
(Abalos&Abastas, 2016)
In addition to health problems, lack of sleep is also linked to road accidents,

occupational errors, and other industrial disasters. It also increases the likelihood of
an individual developing depression. The Philippines ranks the highest in Southeast
Asia in terms of people getting the lowest average of sleep. According to a study, half
of Filipinos sleep less than six hours a day. (De Ocampo, 2015) To add up Business
Mirror (2018) Aguilera said an adult should spend seven to eight hours of sleep every
day to properly recharge their body. He added an individual who gets the right
number of sleep will get a number of the right benefits, such as improved memory
function, stronger immune system, better concentration and weight loss. In
connection to that, Castro (2017) Losing sleep for a day or so makes you less alert,
forgetful, moody and irritable, less active (there go the workouts), and accident-
prone. It affects basic brain functions like reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-
making, which you need for everyday tasks. If you process a lot of data at work,
those “sharp wave ripples” during deep sleep is exactly what you need to consolidate
new information and lock it to memory.

Theoretical Framework
Figure 1: This diagram provides the theoretical basis for the relationship or sleeping
duration and memory retention. This was made to assess various effect of sleep
duration with accordance with the age of participants.
According to this model, there are two major participants. They are the teenagers and
young adults. Teenagers are the people who are aged 14 to 17 years old. While the
young adults are aged from 18 to 25 years old. This pattern generates that the

memory retention of teenagers and young adults depend on the sleep duration that
both classified participants had.

Conceptual framework
Figure 2:
A Conceptual Framework represents the researcher’s synthesis of literature on how to
explain a phenomenon. It maps out the actions required in the course of the study
given his previous knowledge of the other researcher’s point of view and his
observations on the subject of research. This study brings conceptual clarity to the
Sleep duration and Memory Retention. Sleep Duration is the researcher’s
independent variable because it is believed that it is the one who affects the Memory
Retention. Thus, the dependent variable is the memory retention of the participants.

Research Paradigm
Figure 3: The figure above showed how the researchers conducted their data
gathering. The researchers sought for the demographic profile of the respondents as
well as the questions that would help the researchers achieve their aim in the input.
The process consists of conducting survey around to the Senior High School students
of Our Lady of Fatima University; the research setting as well as compiling the data
that has been gathered and making conclusion out of it. Finally, the output which is
the objective of the researchers. To know the relationship of sleeping hours to the
memory retention of Senior High School students of Our Lady of Fatima University

CHAPTER III
Research Methods
This chapter presents the methodology and design used by the researchers. It
discusses the information gathered by the researchers in this study. It contains the research
design, research locale, population and sampling. Research ethics, research instrument, data
collection, and data analysis.
Research Design
The researchers utilized the Quantitative Research Design in determining the

Relationship between the impact of Sleeping duration and Memory retention of the
students of Our Lady of Fatima University, Lagro Branch. Johnson, and Christensen,
(2008) said that “Quantitative Research Design refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques.” The researchers specifically employed descriptive Correlational Method
for further explanation of this study. Descriptive Correlational Method is used to
determine whether or not there is a relationship that exists between two or more
quantified variables, and if there is, what extent or degree the relationship is.
Research Locale
The study took place at Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City campus located
at #1 Esperanza St., Hilltop Mansion Heights, Quezon City. This university was the
chosen location of the researchers since its population is capable of providing the
needed number of respondents and it is believed that students can accomplish the
given standards and the needed information by the researchers. Age between14-25
years old students had participated in this study.
Description of Respondents
In this research, the target participants were fifty (50) students, either male or
female, currently enrolled at Our Lady of Fatima University coming from the senior
high school level of basic education. Not to mention, the participants must age from
fourteen (14) to twenty-five (25) years old. The researchers used purposive sampling
in choosing the respondents of the study. Purposive sampling technique is a non-
probability sampling that is most effective when one needs to study a certain cultural

domain. This sampling technique is also known as judgmental or selective sampling,

in which researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of the
population to participate in the study.
Research Instrument
The researcher constructed the framework and concept of research by reading

references such as articles, literatures, researches, and etc. that is relevant enough to
objectify the research study. This study used a researcher made questionnaire based
on pdf of Questionnaire about the Relationship between the impact of Sleep duration
and Memory retention. The questions are made with the guide of the statement of the
problem that drives the study in a clear result that answer the questions of the
researchers through the final interpretation of data.
Research Ethics
Recruiting and using subjects by treating them right and accountable is the
foremost concern of the researchers. In conducting this research, it was guided by
legal and ethical principle that centers the well-being of all participants. For the
accomplishment of this study is hereby sought out for prevention of encountering any
impediment during the entire process has permission. They were informed of the
context of the study and the use that would be made of their data.
An informed consent is required to be given to the co-researchers in this study

denoted the agreement that should be clear the obligations and responsibilities of all
involved in the process. The interview data were anonymized in neither such a way
as to make sure neither the respondents themselves nor other people they are
referring to in the interview cannot be identified. The interview transcripts contain no
information allowing linking back the interview data to the survey responses of the
interviewee.
To further preserve the anonymity of the interviewees, the list with the full
demographic characteristics of our interviewees (name, age, and gender) is not
integrated to the present report. Only a simplified list is added to the report itself. All
the information that has been collected is strictly observed and all of that was only
used for the educational purposes only and all the proper citation were cited and
acknowledged. The researchers do not plagiarize any content of the research study.

Data Analysis
The results of the survey-questionnaire were analyzed to determine the changes, if

any, in perception of the senior high school students of Our Lady of Fatima
University in regard with the Relationship of Sleep duration and Memory retention.
Data were deeply analyzed by formulating and interpreting the natural meaning units
or central themes. Quantitative data analysis makes the research objective. The
researchers used a formula to measure the correlation between the variables.
Correlation between sets of date is a measure of how well they are related. The
Pearson Correlation, most common measure of correlation in stats, was used. The
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (or Pearson correlation coefficient,
for short) is a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables
and is denoted by r. Basically, a Pearson product-moment correlation attempts to
draw a line of best fit through the data of two variables, and the Pearson correlation
coefficient, r, indicates how far away all these data points are to this line of best fit
(how well the data points fit this new model/line of best fit).
Data Collection
The research was carried out inside the premises of the chosen University custody
within the guidance of the research principal. A total of fifty (50) participants were
asked to answer the questionnaire made by the researchers. The researchers sent a
request letter to the advisers of the target sections. After the validation of the
instruments to be used and securing the letter approval for the data gathering of data,
the next step that the researchers did was to inform the chosen participants on what to
be conducted. Once approved and all settled, the researchers then prepared the
questions which the students were asked to answer. The researchers were there to
guide the respondents and handled their queries and concerns. After which, their
answers were interpreted accordingly and properly. Deep analysis of raw data results
was done by the researchers, that includes determining the relationship between the
impact of Sleep durations and Memory retention among students. From all of those
being said, implications and recommendations were formulated by the researchers
that correspond to the problems stated in this research.

Statistical Treatment
Average Weighted Mean represents the average of a given data. Weighted

mean is similar to arithmetic mean or sample mean. Weighted mean is calculated
when data is given in a different way compared to an arithmetic mean or sample
mean.
Where,
X= the weighted mean
F= the frequency
x= the weighted of each item
N= the number of cases
Formula:
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient when applied to a sample is commonly

represented by the letter r and may be referred to as the sample correlation coefficient
or the sample.
Where;
n= number of pairs of score sum of x scores
∑x = sum of x score
∑y = sum of y score
∑x2= sum of y scores
∑y2 = sum of y scores

Formula:
Percentage rates the expressed as certain number of parts of something divided
into 100 parts (Merriam Webster, 2016).
Where;
P= percentage
a= scores on variable
N= total number of scores
Formula:

CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data
This chapter comprises the presentation in tabular form of the statement of the
problem including the demographical profile, the significant relationship of the variables. It
also contains the decision whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis
Table 1.1

According to Age
0AGE FEMALE MALE PERCENTAGE
14-17 18 12 60
18-25 13 7 40
TOTAL 31 19 100
Table 1.1 shows that the participants’ demographic profile according to their
data for age has domineering frequency of 30 and a percentage of 60 in the ages of
14-17 years old followed by the age bracket of 18-25 years old with the frequency of
20 and a percentage 40.
TABLE 1.2

According to Strand

STRAND NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS
HUMSS 32 64
STEM 11 22
ABM 5 10
GAS 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Table 1.2 shows that most of the respondents are from HUMSS with a
frequency of 32 and a percentage of 64 out of 100, while 11 respondents came from
STEM got an average percentage of 22 and from ABM that got 5 respondents that
takes up 10% out of 50 respondents and from the GAS strand with a frequency of 2
and a percentage of 4.
TABLE 2
Frequency Distribution of Sleep Duration of the Respondents
TABLE 2 shows that majority, which is 36% of the students, have slept for 4-6
hours. The frequency of the lowest are 1-2 hours and 8-10 hours, both having 6

percent and a frequency of 3. On the other hand, students who have attained 4-6 and
6-8 hours of sleep have the same frequency of 13 with a percentage of 26.
TABLE 3
Frequency distribution of Memory retention scores of the respondents
The table 3 shows that many students were able to score 5 and 6 out of 8 questions.
Both have obtained 24 percent in a frequency of 12. On the other hand, 16 percent
were able to get a 7 out of 8. Three students were able to get 2 out of 8. In the
frequency of 5, some got a score of 3 in a percent of 10. Lastly, only three students
were able to get a perfect score in the test for memory retention having a percent of 6.
TABLE 4
Correlation between Sleep Duration and Demographic Profile
Table 4 shows that the significant relationship of sleep duration and the
demographic profile of the respondents were rejected by the researchers because the

p-value for the three demographic profile is quite low. Factually saying, the verbal
interpretation for the three is, almost negligible relationship. Therefore, the
researchers accept Ho.
TABLE 5
Correlation between Memory Retention and Demographic Profile
Table 5 shows that the significant relationship between the memory retention
and the demographic profile is rejected, again, by the researchers. Since, the p-value
for all of the demographic profile is low. Therefore, the researchers reject H1.
TABLE 6
Correlation between Sleep Duration and Memory Retention
Table 6 shows that there is no significant relationship between the

participants’ sleep duration and memory retention. The value of p makes the
relationship of the two variables, almost negligible relationship. Meaning to say,
sleep duration does not necessarily affect the memory retention of the students.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, and RECOMMENDATIONS
This includes the summarized findings of the results, the conclusion, and the
recommendation of the researcher for the future researchers and future participants.
(Senior High School Students).
FINDINGS:
1. According to the demographic profile of the participants, the domineering age is

14-17 years old which is classified as the teenagers. Its frequency is 18 with a
percentage of 60. Next demographic profile is the gender. Basing on the result of the
survey, the domineering gender is Female with the frequency of 30 and percentage of
60 followed by Male participants with 20 frequencies and a percentage of 40. The
last demographic profile is the strand; it shows that the domineering strand is
HUMSS with a frequency of 32 and percentage of 64. The strand that has the
smallest number of participants is GAS with a frequency of 2 and a percentage of
4%.
2. Basing on the result, the domineering frequency sleep students’ attaining is 4-6
hours. The least participants’ sleep attainment are 1-2 hours and 8-10 hours.
3. Most of the respondents got 5 and 6 scores out of 8 questions. Both numbers have
domineered with a frequency of 12 and a percentage of 24.
4. The significant relationship of sleep duration and the demographic profile of the
respondents were rejected by the researchers because the p-value for the three
demographic profile is quite low. Factually saying, the verbal interpretation for the
three is, almost negligible relationship. Therefore, the researchers accept Ho.
5. The significant relationship between the memory retention and the demographic
profile is rejected, again, by the researchers. Since, the p-value for all of the
demographic profile is low. Therefore, the researchers reject H1.
6. There is no significant relationship between the participants’ sleep duration and

memory retention. The value of p makes the relationship of the two variables, almost
negligible relationship. Meaning to say, sleep duration does not necessarily affect the
memory retention of the students.

CONCLUSIONS
The study was set out to explore the relationship of sleep duration towards
memory retention. Based on the data gathered, the researchers have come up with the
following conclusion:
1. Based on the findings of the research, the dominant in the study are the
following: the teenagers, mostly coming from the strand of HUMSS and
females, who are 30 in total.
2. Nearly, all students’ in the study do not attain the right sleep that they must
have in accordance with their age.
3. Many of the students, despite of not having enough sleep, were able to
obtain high scores in testing their memory retention.
4. There is no significant relationship between the sleep duration and

demographic profile of the respondents
5. There is no significant relationship between the memory retention and the

demographic profile of the respondents
6. There is no significant relationship between sleep duration and memory

retention
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The researchers recommend the future researchers to be precise with the

participant’s way of answering the demographic profile in a way, there
will be no invalid data to throw away.
2. The participants of this study should understand the demographic profile
status of each individual and help to improve its future purposes.
3. The researchers recommend to the students who are experiencing sleep
deprivation, get as much sleep as possible for better memory retainment.
4. The researchers recommend to the parents, supervise your children if they
are sleep deprived.
5. For the teachers, help your students understand the concept of sleep
deprivation in a more in depth manner and the effects it may do to them.

REFERENCES
https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/tag/sleep-deprivation
https://www.scribd.com/doc/261241740/Epekto-Ng-Kakulangan-Ng-Tulog-Sa-
Academic-Performance
http://www.albertafilipinojournal.com/2018/07/the-importance-of-sleep/
https://cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2017/06/13/college-students-grades-sleep-
schedules.html
https://www.philips.com.ph/a\w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2017/philip
s-raises-awareness-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-the-philippines.html
https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/09/25/1504100/sleep-deprived-nation
http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/learning-
memory
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/27/join-the-world-sleep-day-2018-and-
discover-better-sleep-solutions/
https://www.fwd.com.ph/en/live/all_topics/all_articles/sleep-loss-effect/
schedules.html
schedules.html
https://www.fwd.com.ph/en/live/all_topics/all_articles/sleep-loss-effect/
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/27/join-the-world-sleep-day-2018-and-
discover-better-sleep-solutions/
https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer-
1109/20171121/282166471482591
1109/20171018/281758449521772

http://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?
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holart
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1060333
http://www.albertafilipinojournal.com/2018/07/the-importance-of-sleep/
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Effects-of-Lack-of-Sleep-to-Students-
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1109/20171018/281758449521772
https://www.academia.edu/31897118/Thesis_Effects_of_Sleep_Deprivation_in_the_
Academic_Performance_of_Grade_11_Students.docx
https://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/getting-better-sleep.html
http://www.philamlife.com/en/about-philamlife/media-centre/press-
releases/2016/filipinos-score-low-on-2016-healthy-living-index.html
https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/startup-tips/3-bad-sleep-habits-you-need-to-break
https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/09/25/1504100/sleep-deprived-nation
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/myths-and-facts-about-sleep
https://www.uratex.com.ph/keeping-filipinos-awake-at-night/
schedules.html

APPENDIX A
(Informed Consent)

Our Lady of Fatima University
Greater Lagro Subd., Quezon City
Senior High School Department
Consent Form
Research Title : RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DURATION AND MEMORY RETENTION AMONG
STUDENTS
Purpose of the research : To know the connection of sleep duration to the memory retention of the
students.
Description of the Process : You will answer questions regarding the sleep duration you had and other
questions that are connected to the said topic with the supervision of the
researchers.
Participant Selection : Any Senior High School students of Our Lady of Fatima University.
Voluntary Participation : Your participation in this study is purely voluntary. It is in your decision whether
to participate or not. Whether you choose to participate or not, all the services
that you’ll receive in the researchers continue and nothing will change.
Risks : By participating in this research, you’re not subjected to any risk, except for the
possible slightly personal questions that may require you to be open-minded about
it. In line with this, the researchers assure you that the questionnaire answered will
not be leaked in any way possible and that your identity will be classified. If ever
you feel embarrass about the questions, please inform the researchers.
Benefits : The findings of this research will help students to know the relationship of their
sleep duration to their memory retention they have that is necessary for studying.
Reimbursements : You will receive a token of gratitude that is provided by the researchers.
Confidentiality and Feed Back:
Any collected information shall be used only for academic purposes. Your privacy
and responses shall be protected at all times. After the study is completed, you
shall be provided with a manuscript be provided to the school and can be accessed
at your leisure.
Who to contact : If you have any questions or if you’d like to have a copy of the study, feel free to
ask the lead researcher at angelatacla19@gmail.com
CERTIFICATION
(Participant’s copy)

I agree to participate and involve myself in the thesis research study based on the information I have
read in the consent form. All the procedures, any risks and benefits have been explained to me. I have had the
opportunity to ask any questions and to receive any additional details I wanted about the study. If I have
questions later about the study, I can ask the researcher.
Printed Name of the Participant: __________________________________________________
Signature of the Participant: ______________________________
Date Signed: _______________________
We have explained the study to the above participant and sought his/her understanding of the consent.
Researchers:
Research adviser: Ms. Jolena Centeno
Tacla, Angela Pauline Y. Sibayan, Jamie Aliyah Mianji G.

Cuenca, Stacy Mae C. Tabadero, Kaye Dimples F.
Dequilla, Ruth Caye C. Zacarias, Christine Joy O.
Espelita, Kimberly M.
CERTIFICATION
(Researcher’s copy)
I agree to participate and involve myself in the thesis research subject based on the information I have
read in the consent form. All the procedures, any risks and benefits have been explained to me. I have had the
opportunity to ask any questions and to receive any additional details I wanted about the study. If I have
questions later about the study, I can ask the researcher.
Printed Name of the Participant: __________________________________________________
Signature of the Participant: ______________________________
Date Signed: _______________________
We have explained the study to the above participant and sought his/her understanding of the consent.
Researchers: Research adviser: Ms. Jolena Centeno
Tacla, Angela Pauline Y. Sibayan, Jamie Aliyah Mianji G.

Cuenca, Stacy Mae C. Tabadero, Kaye Dimples F.
Dequilla, Ruth Caye C. Zacarias, Christine Joy O.
Espelita, Kimberly M.

APPENDIX B
(Research Instrument)

Name (optional): ______________________

Age: _______ Gender: __________
Year level and Strand: __________________
1. What is the title of the film? c. 4-6 hours

a. The answer d. 6-8 hours
b. An answer e. 8-10 hours
c. His answer
2. What did he not do inside the

bathroom?
a. He shaved his beard
b. He brushed his teeth
c. He sprayed perfume
3. What is the color of his toothbrush?

a. Brown
b. Yellow
c. Orange
4. What type of pattern is in his shirt?

a. Polkadots
b. Stripes
c. Checkered
5. What is the color of his bathroom’s

tiles?
a. Blue
b. Green
c. Yellow
6. Who is the person that was shown in

the book?
a. Beethoven
b. Van Gogh
c. Mozart
7. What is the color of his hair?

a. Red
b. Orange
c. Yellow
8. What is
his room number?
a. 1101
b. 1001
c. 1100
9. How many hours do you get to sleep?

a. 1-2 hours
b. 2-4 hours

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IMPACT OF…
APPENDIX C
(Time Table)

APPENDIX D
(Profile of the Researchers)

ANGELA PAULINE Y. TACLA
North Olympus Subd. Quezon City

09353266097
e-mail address: angelatacla@yahoo.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
BIRTHDAY: February 19, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Ilocos Sur
AGE: 18
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
RELIGION: Born Again
CIVIL STATUS: Single
FATHER’S NAME: Adrian Tacla
MOTHER’S NAME: Mary Ann Tacla
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
PRIMARY: La Concepcion College, SJDM (2009-2014)
SECONDARY: APEC Schools (2014-2018)
Our Lady of Fatima University (2018-2020)

CHRISTINE JOY O. ZACARIAS
#151 Sanchez St. Commonwealth Quezon City

09353266097
e-mail address: christinezacarias12@gmail.com
BIRTHDAY: September 14, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Caloocan City
AGE: 18
FATHER’S NAME: Dominador Zacarias
MOTHER’S NAME: Esmeralda Zacarias
PRIMARY: Don Fabian School of Quezon City (2009-2014)
SECONDARY: National College of Business and Arts (2014-2018)

KAYE DIMPLES F. TABADERO
Sarmiento Homes, CSJDM, Bulacan

e-mail address: cathyheenim1210@gmail.com
BIRTHDAY: May 26, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Bulacan
AGE: 18
RELIGION: Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Conrado Tabadero
MOTHER’S NAME: Dolly Tabadero
PRIMARY: Christian Ecclesiastical School (2009-2014)
SECONDARY: Our Lady of Fatima University (2014-2020)

JAMIE ALIYAH MIANJI G. SIBAYAN

Lagro Subd., Quezon City
e-mail address: jamiesibayan10@gmail.com
BIRTHDAY: April 27, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Manila
AGE: 18
FATHER’S NAME: Anthony Sibayan
MOTHER’S NAME: Jenifer Gabriel
PRIMARY: Einstein School for kids (2009-2014)
SECONDARY: APEC Schools (2014-2018)

KIMBERLY M. ESPELITA
213 Kaibigan St. Kalayaan B., Batasan Hills Q.C

e-mail address: kimberlyespelita22@gmail.com
BIRTHDAY: July 4, 2002
BIRTHPLACE: Quezon City
AGE: 17
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Edlin Espelita
MOTHER’S NAME: Yolanda Espelita
PRIMARY: Dona Juana Elementary School (2009-2014)
SECONDARY: St. Francis De Assisi School of Quezon City (2014-2018)

RUTH CAYE C. DEQUILLA
Blk 216 Lot 7 Lira St. Phase 8 North Fairview, QC

e-mail address: dequilla.ruth@gmail.com
BIRTHDAY: Novembre 27, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Manila
AGE: 17
FATHER’S NAME: Raul V. Dequilla Sr.
MOTHER’S NAME: Cristina C. Dequilla
PRIMARY: First Mile Christian School
Lagro Elementary School (2009-2014)
SECONDARY: APEC SCHOOLS

STACY MAE C. CUENCA
3 Reynaldo Street Josepina Village Qc

e-mail address: cuenca.stacy@gmail.com
BIRTHDAY: October 2, 2001
BIRTHPLACE: Manila
AGE: 18
FATHER’S NAME: Vermont G. Cuenca
MOTHER’S NAME: Jeanette C. Cuenca
PRIMARY: Grace Montessori School of Novaliches
(2012-2013)
SECONDARY: APEC SCHOOLS (2016-2018)

Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Memory Retention Among Students Final Manuscript

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Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Memory Retention Among Students Final Manuscript

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DURATION AND MEMORY

RETENTION AMONG STUDENTS

Faculty of Senior High School

Our Lady of Fatima University

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Tacla, Angela Pauline Y.

Cuenca, Stacy Mae C.

Dequilla, Ruth Caye C.

Espelita, Kimberly Anne M.

Sibayan, Jamie Aliyah Mianji G.

Zacarias, Christine Joy O.

Ms. Jolena R. Centeno

Ms. Jolena R. Centeno

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Angela Pauline Y. Tacla

Stacy Mae C. Cuenca

Ruth Caye C. Dequilla

Kimberly Anne M. Espelita

Jamie Aliyah Mianji G. Sibayan

Kaye Dimples F. Tabadero

Christine Joy O. Zacarias

Ms. Jolena R. Centeno

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The Problem and Its Background............................................................................................10

Statement of the Problem....................................................................................................16

Significance of the Study....................................................................................................17

Scope and Limitation..........................................................................................................17

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE......................................................................20

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data...................................................................38

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Demographic profile of the participants

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Demographic profile of the participants

Frequency Distribution of Sleep Duration of the Respondents...........................................40

Frequency distribution of Memory retention scores of the respondents..............................40

Correlation between Sleep Duration and Demographic Profile...........................................41

Correlation between Memory Retention and Demographic Profile.....................................41

Correlation between Sleep Duration and Memory Retention..................................................42

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, and RECOMMENDATIONS....................43

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

(Profile of the Researchers).....................................................................................................53

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The researchers would like to acknowledge the following:

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The Problem and Its Background

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

For millennia, researchers have been fascinated by the human mind's

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Sleep deprivation (full/partial) has been extensively evidenced to impact

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Filipinos, from children to adults, have been practicing sleep deprivation as

The Philippines is a tropical country; it is highly possible that many Filipinos

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Again, what does it comply to memory retention? It affects how brain

There is a significant relationship with students’ sleeping duration and

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Statement of the Problem

The possible effect of having adequate or lack of sleep on the memory

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

2. What are the sleep duration of the respondents?

3. What are the scores of memory retention of the respondents?