1. A solution contains 5 g of urea (M2 = 60.05) per 100 g of water.

What will be the vapor pressure of

this solution at 25 οC?
Given:
mass of Urea= 5g
MB= 60.05 g/mol
mass of H2O= 100g
MA=18 g/mol
PοA = 23.756 mmHg
Req’d: P
Solution:

100𝑔 5.5556 𝑚𝑜𝑙

nA= = 5.5556 mol N’A= 5.6389 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.9852
18 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

0.0833 𝑚𝑜𝑙
5𝑔 N’B= 5.6389 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.0148
nB= 60.05 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.0833 𝑚𝑜𝑙

P= N’A PοA
P= 0.9852 (23.756 mmHg)
nT= 5.6389 mol
P= 23.4044 mmHg
2. At 50 ο C the vapor pressure of ethyl alcohol is 219.9 mm Hg. If 6 g of a nonvolatile solute of molecular weight 120
are dissolved in 150 g of water and ethyl alcohol, what will be the relative vapor pressure lowerings in the two
solvents?

Given:
nonvolatile solute: m=6g MW= 120 g/mol
EtOH: mB = 150 g H2O: mA = 150g
ο
P B = 219.9 mmHg PοA at 50 ο C = 92. 2999 mmHg

Req’d: ∆𝑃
Solution:
For EtOH: For H2O:
6𝑔
6𝑔 120 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
120 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 N2= 6𝑔 150 𝑔 = 5.9643 x 10 −3
N2= 6𝑔 150 𝑔 =0.0151 120 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
+
18𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
+
120 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 46 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

∆𝑃= PοB N2 = (219.9 mmHg) (0.0151)

∆𝑃= PοAN2 = (92.5 mmHg) (5.9643 x 10 -3)
∆𝑃= 3.3205 mmHg
∆𝑃= 0.5517 mmHg
 3. A solution composed of 10 g of a nonvolatile organic solute in 100 g of diethyl ether has a vapor pressure of 426.0 mm
at 20 ο C. If the vapor pressure of the pure ether is 442.2 mm at the same temperature, what is the molecular weight of
the solute?

Given:
nonvolatile organic solute: m2 =10g
solvent: m1 =100g
M1 =74g/mol
Pο = 442.2 mmHg
P (sol’n) = 426.0 mmHg
Req’d: M2
Solution:

Pο−P W2M1
=
Pο W1M2
𝑔
442.2 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 −426.0 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 10𝑔 (74𝑚𝑜𝑙)
442.2 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
= 100𝑔M2

M2 = 201. 9926 g/mol

4. At 25 ο C 10.50 liters of pure N2, measured at 760 mm Hg are passed through an aqueous solution of a
nonvolatile solute whereby the solution loses 0.2455 g in weight. If the total pressure above the solution is
also 760 mm, what is the vapor pressure of the solution and the mol fraction of solute?

Given: V= 10.5 L of pure N2

P= 760 mmHg
mass of vapor = 0.2455g
PT=760 mmHg P of H2O =N of H2O (PT)
0.0136𝑚𝑜𝑙
Req’d: = 0.0136 𝑚𝑜𝑙+0.4292 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (760 mmHg)
a. P ο of water = 23.3424 mmHg
b. N1
Solution: a. P ο of H2O at 25 ο C = 23.756 mmHg

Using ideal gas law b. ∆𝑃 =Pο−P

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (10.5 𝐿) ∆𝑃 = 23. 756mmHg – 23.3424mmHg = 0.4136 mmHg
n1 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0.4292 mol
0.08205 𝐿𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾 (25+273.15 𝐾) ∆𝑃 = Pο N1
0.4136 mmHg = 23.756 mmHg N1
0.2455𝑔
n2= 18 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.0136 𝑚𝑜𝑙 N1= 0.0174
5. If 30 g of diphenyl are dissolved in 250 g of benzene, what will be the boiling point of the resulting
solution under atmospheric pressure?

Given:
Kb (Benzene observed) = 2.57 ο C /molal
m of C12H10 = 30g
MW= 154 g/mol
m of C6H6 = 250 g

Req’d : resulting BP Boiling point of Benzene = 80.1 ο C

Solution: Resulting boiling point= 80.1 ο C + 2.0025 ο C

= 82. 1025 ο C
30 𝑔
154 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
m= .25𝑘𝑔
= 0.7792 molal

∆Tb = 2.57 ο C /molal (0.7792 molal)

∆Tb = 2.0025 ο C
6. A solution consisting of 5.00 g of an organic solute per 25.00 g of CCl4 boils at 81.5 ο C under
atmospheric pressure. What is the molecular weight of the solute?

Given:
W 2 = 5g To = 76.8 ο C
W 1 = 25 g of CCl4 Kb of CCl4 = 5 ο C/ molal
T(new Boling point) = 81.5

Req’d: M2

Solution:
1000W2 𝐾𝑏
M2 =
∆Tb = T-To =( 81.5 – 76.8) ο C W1∆Tb
∆Tb = 4.7 ο C 1000 5𝑔 (5 ο C/ molal)
M2 = 25 𝑔 4.7 ο C

M2 = 212. 7660 g/mol

7. Calculate the molar heat of vaporization of ethyl alcohol using the data given in Molal Boiling
Point Elevation Constants.

Given: (from the Molal boiling point elevation Constants)

To = 78.4 ο C
Kb= 1.2 ο C/ molal
MW= 46 g/mol
Req’d: ∆𝐻𝑣

Solution: 𝑐𝑎𝑙 2
1.987𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 78.4+273.15 𝐾
𝑅𝑇2𝑜
∆𝐻𝑣= 1000𝑔
Kb = (1.20( 46𝑔 )
∆𝐻𝑣 𝑛1
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Let n1 = no. of moles of solvent (1000g)

∆𝐻𝑣= 9413. 4465 cal/mol
8. What weight of glycerol would have to be added to 1000 g of water in order to lower it freezing
point 10ο C?

Given:
To= 0 ο C M2 = 92 g/mol
T = 10 ο C ∆𝑇𝑓= To – T
Kf = 1.86 ο C /molal ∆𝑇𝑓 = -10 ο C
W 1 = 1000g
Req’d : W 2

Solution:
92𝑚𝑜𝑙 10ο C ( 1000𝑔)
𝑔

1000W2 𝐾𝑓 W2 =
M2 = 1.86 (1000)
W1∆T𝑓

M2∆T𝑓W1 W 2 = 494. 6237 g

W2 = 𝐾𝑓 (1000)
9. An aqueous solution contains 5% by weight urea and 10% by weight of glucose. What will be its
freezing point?

Given:
Kf= 1.86
mass of urea= 5g
mass of glucose = 10 g
mass of water= 100g -10 g-5g = 85 g
Req’d: T
Solution:
5𝑔 10𝑔
Moles of solute +
60 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 180 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∆𝑇𝑓= To – T
m= kilogram of solvent = = 1.6340 molal
.085 𝑘𝑔 3.0392 ο C = 0 ο C – T

T= - 3.0392 ο C
∆𝑇𝑓 = Kf m
∆𝑇𝑓 = 1.86 ο C /molal (1. 6340 molal) = 3.0392 ο C
10. Compare the weights of methanol and glycerol which would be required to lower the
freezing point of 1000 g of water 1 ο C?

Given:
mass of water = 1000g
To = 0 ο C
T= 1 ο C
∆𝑇𝑓 = -1 ο C
Kf= 1.86
Req’d: Compare weights of MetOH and glycerol
Solution:
For MetOH: W = 1000g For glycerol:
1
M2 = 32 g/mol
M ∆T𝑓W
𝑔
92𝑚𝑜𝑙 1οC (1000𝑔)
W 2 = 𝐾𝑓2 (1000)1 W2 =
(1.86)(1000)

𝑔
32𝑚𝑜𝑙 1οC (1000𝑔) W 2 = 49. 4624 g
W2 = (1.86)(1000)

W 2 = 17.2043 g
11. Calculate the heat fusion per mole of phenol using the data given in Cryoscopic Constants for
Various Solvents.

Given: ℉= 42℃
𝐾𝑓 = 7.27
phenol, 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻

Req’d: ∆𝐻𝐹

Sol’n:

𝑅𝑇𝑜 2
𝐾𝑓 = ∆𝐻
𝐹 𝑛1

𝐽
8.314 42+273.15 2𝐾
𝑚𝑜𝑙∙𝐾
7.27= 𝑔
∆𝐻𝐹 (94𝑚𝑜𝑙)

𝐽
∆𝐻𝐹 = 1208.3212
𝑔
12. A sample of CH3COOH is found to freeze at 16.4 C. Assuming that no solid solution is
formed, what is the concentration of impurities in the sample?

Given: 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 ℉ = 16.7
freeze @ 16.4 ℃ 𝐾𝑓 = 3.9

Req’d: Concentration of Impurity

Sol’n:

𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚

16.7 − 16.4 = 3.9 𝑚

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚 = 0.0769
𝑘𝑔
13. A mixture which contains 0.550 g of camphor and 0.045 g of an organic solute freezes at 157.0 C.
The solute contains 93.46% of C and 6.54% of H by weight. What is the molecular formula of the
compound?

Given: 0.550g Camphor (𝑊1 ) 0.045/𝑀𝑀

21.4 = 37.7
0.045g Solute (𝑊2 ) 0.55/1000
freezes @ 45℃ 𝑔
𝑀𝑀 = 144.1376
𝐾𝑓 = 37.7 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Freezing Point = 178.4℃
3.5048 × 10−3
𝐶: = 1.1909 × 5 = 5.9545
Req’d: Molecular Formula 2.943 × 10−3
=6
Sol’n: 2.943×10−3
𝐻: =1×5=5
2.943×10−3
∆𝑇 = 178.4 − 45
= 21.4 Emperical Molecular Mass
6 × 12 + 5 1 = 77
144.1376
77
= 1.8719 = 2
Molecular Formula
(𝐶6 𝐻5 )2 = 𝐶12 𝐻10
14. When dissolved in 100 g of a solvent whose molecular weight is 94.10 and whose freezing point is 45.0 C,
0.5550 g of a solute of molecular weight 110.1 gave a freezing point depression of 0.382 C. Again, when 0.4372
g of solute of unknown molecular weight was dissolved in 96.50 g of the same solvent, the freezing point
lowering was found to be 0.467 C. From these data find (a) the molecular weight of the unknown solute, (b)
the cryoscopic constant of the solvent, and (c) the heat of fusion of the solvent per mole.

Given: 100 g solvent (𝑊2 ) 0.5550 g solute (𝑊1 ) 0.4372 g solute

𝑔 𝑔
MW = 94.10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑀2 ) MW = 110.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑀1 ) 96.50 g solvent
freezing point = 45.0℃ 𝑇𝐹𝑃𝐷 = 0.322 ℃ 𝑇𝐹𝑃𝐷 = 0.467 ℃

Req’d: a) 𝑀𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
b) 𝐾𝑓
c) ∆𝐻𝐹
Sol’n:

1000(𝑊 ) 𝑅𝑇𝑜 2
𝑎) 𝑀2 = 𝐾𝑓 ∆𝑇(𝑊 )2 𝑐) 𝐾𝑓 =
1 ∆𝐻𝐹 𝑛1
1000(0.5550)
110.1 = 𝐾𝑓 7.5781
(0.322)(100)
(1.987)(318.15)2
𝐾𝑓 = 7.5781 =
1000
∆𝐻𝐹 94.10

0.4372/𝑀𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ∆𝐻𝐹 = 2497.4167 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

b) 0.467 = 7.5781 0.0965𝑘𝑔

𝑀𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= 73.5184 g/mol
15. An aqueous solution contains 20 g of glucose per liter. Assuming the solution to be
ideal, calculate the osmotic pressure at 25 C.

Given: 20 g glucose/L
solution is ideal
T = 25℃

Req’d: Osmotic Pressure

Sol’n:

П = 𝐶𝑅𝑇
20 𝑔
180 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿∙𝑎𝑡𝑚
П= 0.08205 𝑚𝑜𝑙∙𝐾 273.15𝐾
1𝐿

П = 2.7181 𝑎𝑡𝑚
16. The osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution containing 45.0 g of sucrose per liter of solution
is 2.97 atm at 0 C. Find the value of the universal gas constant and compare the result with the
accepted value.

Given: 45 g sucrose/L
П = 2.97 atm
T = 0℃

Req’d: R

Sol’n:

П = 𝐶𝑅𝑇

45 𝑔
343 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
2.97 = 𝑅 273.15𝐾
1𝐿
𝐿 ∙ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑅 = 0.08288
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
17. A solution of 1.00 g of antipyrine (C11H12N2O) in 100 cc of aqueous solution gave an osmotic
pressure of 1.18 atm at 0 C. Calculate the molecular weight of the compound and compare the result
with the expected from the given formula.

Given: 𝐶11 𝐻12 𝑁2 𝑂 − 1 𝑔

aqueous sol’n −100 𝑐𝑐
п = 1.18 atm
T = 0℃

Req’d: M

Sol’n:

П = 𝐶𝑅𝑇

1.18 = 𝐶(0.08205 (𝐿 ∙ 𝑎𝑡𝑚)/(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾))(273.15𝐾)

𝐶 = 0.0527

𝐶 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 0.0527 = (1𝑔/𝑀𝑊)/.1𝐿 𝑀𝑊 = 189.7533𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

18. An aqueous solution freezes at –1.50 C. Calculate (a) the normal boiling
point, (b) the vapor pressure at 25 C, and (c) the osmotic pressure at 25 C of
the given solution.

Given: (aqueous sol’n)

Freezing Point = 4.50 ℃
𝐾𝑓 = 1.86
1730.63
𝐾𝑏 = 0.52 b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑉𝑃 = 8.07131 − 233.426+25℃

Req’d: a) normal boiling point

b) vapor pressure @ 25℃
𝑉𝑃 = 23.6864 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
c) osmotic pressure @25℃

Sol’n: 𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑜
𝑐) п = 𝑜 𝑙𝑛
a) 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇 = 𝐾𝑓 m 𝑉 𝑃
0 + 1.50 = 1.86 𝑚
𝐿 ∙ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑚 = 0.8065 0.08205 (298.15𝐾) 23.756
п= 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾 𝑙𝑛
𝑇𝑜 − 100 = 0.52 0.8065 18 × 10−3 23.4161
𝑇 = 100.4194 ℃ п = 19.5859𝑎𝑡𝑚
19. The average osmotic pressure of human blood is 7.7 atm at 40 C. (a)
What should the total concentration of various solutes in the blood? (b)
Assuming this concentration to be essentially the same as the molality, find
the freezing point of blood.

Given: п = 7.7 𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑇 = 40℃
Req’d: a) Total C of solue
b) Freezing Point

Sol’n:
a) п = 𝐶𝑅𝑇
7.7𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝐶 0.08205 𝑚𝑜𝑙∙𝐾
𝐿∙𝑎𝑡𝑚
40 + 273.15𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶 = 0.2997
𝐿

b) ∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚
𝐾𝑓 = 1.86
∆𝑇𝑓 = 1.86 0.2997
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0.5574 ℃
𝐹. 𝑃 = 0 − 0.5574
𝐹. 𝑃 = −0.5574℃
20. The vapor pressure of an aqueous solution at 25 C is 23.45 mm. Calculate its
osmotic pressure.

Given: aqueous soln

𝑇 = 25℃
𝑃 = 23.45 𝑚𝑚

Req’d: osmotic pressure

Sol’n:
1730.63
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑉𝑃 = 8.07131 −
233.426 + 25℃

𝑉𝑃 = 23.6864 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

𝑅𝑇 𝑃1 °
п= 𝑙𝑛
𝑉1 𝑃1
𝐿∙𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.08215𝑚𝑜𝑙∙𝐾)(25+273.15𝐾) 23.6864
= 𝑙𝑛
22.4𝐿 23.45

= 0.011 𝑎𝑡𝑚