NON-EDIBLE OIL (Karanja) FOR THE

PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL IN INDIA

Presented By
Hirpara KiranKumar D.
200231001

11/22/03 Non-edible crop oil as Biodiesel 1

 INTRODUCTION
India imported about 2/3 rd of its petroleum requirements which involved a
cost of approximately Rs. 80,000 crores in foreign exchange. Even 5%
replacement of petroleum fuel by bio-fuel can help India save Rs.4000
crores per year in foreign exchange.
The country has been hit hard by the increased cost and uncertainty and so
is exploring other energy sources occurring bio-diesel extracted from trees
is one such alternative under consideration. Bio-diesel would be cheap to
produce as it can be extracted from certain species of tree that are common
in many parts of India.
From about 100 varieties of non edible oil seeds crops, only 10-12 varieties
are most important for the biodesel production.
In India, Jetropha, Karanja and Mahua trees has great potential for
production of bio-fuels like bio-ethanol and biodiesel. The annual estimated
potential is about 20 million tones per annum. In India, out of cultivated area,
about 175 million hectares are classified as waste and degraded land, We
can cultivate these crops very easily on this land.

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 BIOFUEL
Biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels. I.e.
transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The
two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.

Ethanol – alcohol – fermenting biomass in carbohydrates similar to

brewing beers

Biodiesel – similar to vinegar - many vegetable oils, animal fats, or

even recycled cooking greases are used to produce biodiesel. It can
be used as diesel additive to reduce vehicle emissions or in its pure
form to fuel a vehicle.
Other biofuels include methanol and reformulated gasoline
components.

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 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL

Environment friendly

Clean burning

Renewable fuel

No engine modification

Increase in engine life

Biodegradable and non-toxic

Easy to handle and store

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 ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
Biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide, almost 100%
less sulphur dioxide.
Combustion of biodiesel alone produces over a 90% reduction in total
unburned hydrocarbons, and a 75-90% reduction in aromatic hydrocarbons.  
Used alone or mixed in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel. The
most common blend is a mix of 20% bio-diesel with 80%
petroleum diesel
  100% domestic fuel.
Neat biodiesel fuel is non-toxic and biodegradable.
  Cetane number is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel.
 Lubricity is improved over that of conventional diesel fuel.
   Bio-diesel is safe to handle and transport.

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 DISADVANTAGE OF BIODIESEL

Quality of biodiesel depends on the blend thus quality can be tampered.

Biodiesel has excellent solvent properties, hence deposits in the
filters,result
in need for replacement of the filters.
There may be problems of winter operatibility.
Spills of biodiesel can decolorize any painted surface if left for long.
Neat biodiesel demands compatible elastomers (hoses, guskets, etc.).

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 IMPORTANT CROPS FOR BIODIESEL
PRODUCTION
Non Edible Crops Edible crops

Jatropha curcus Sunflower

Pongomia pinnata Soybean (USA, BRAZIL)
Calophyllum inophyllum Rapseed
Hevea brasiliensis Pam oil (MALESIA)
Calotropis gigantia Linseed (SPAIN)
Euphorbia tirucalli Cottonseed oil (Greece)
Brswellia ovalifololata

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 ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF NON-EDIBLE
OIL SEEDS IN INDIA
Plant Species Oil Content Production Oil Prod.
(%) (million tonnes)/ (tonnes/ha/yr)
yr  
Jetropha 30-40 0.20 2.0-3.0

Karanja 30-40 0.06 2.0-4.0

Mohua 35-40 0.20 1.0-4.0

Neem 20-30 0.10 2.0-3.0

Castor 45-50 0.25 0.5-1.0

Linseed 35-45 0.15 5.0-1.0

Sal 10-12 0.20 1.0-2.0

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 PROPERTIES OF OIL

Property Diesel Jatropha Karaja

Oil Oil

Viscosity (30 3.6 52.5 15

o
C)
Specific 0.85 0.92 0.87
gravity(15 oC)
Carbaon 0.15 0.64 0.50
Residue (%)
Calorific 40-44 36-37 37-38
Value

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 KARANJA (PONGOMIA PINNATA) USED AS
BIODESEL
Medium sized, hardy, dense tree.
Grows under a wide range of agroclimatic conditions.
Belong to the family Leguminaceae
Trees reach adult height in 4-5 years.
The yield of the karanja seed is 9- 90 kg/tree.
Yield potential of 900 – 9000 kg/ha
Karanja oil has a potential of 135000 MT per annum out of which only 6%
is being utilized.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF KARANJA OIL

Density 0.92gm/cm3
Acid value 5.06 mg KOH/gm
Saponification value 187 KOH/gm
Unsaponifiable matter 2.6 w/w percent
Iodine value 86.5 g
Oil content 27 – 40 %

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 PRESENT USES OF KARANJA OIL

Manufacture of soaps
Treatment of skin diseases and veterinary medicines.
Fuel
Lubricant
Water paint binder
Pesticide
In lather industries for tanning and finishing

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 Pongamia pinnata

FRIUTS LEAVES ROOTS

MEDICINAL USES
Piles,Skin and Cleaning
Digestive, Laxative
eye ailments gums,teeth
and Ulcers

KERNEL FRIUT HULL

Combustibles, Green manure,
Biogas production

Non-edible oil Oil cake Seed shells

Fuel, Soap production,
Fertilizer, Biogas Combustibles
insecticide, Medicinal
production
uses

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 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF KARANJA OIL

FATTY ACID PERCENTAGE

Palmitic acid 11.65

Stearic acid 07.50
Oleic acid 51.59
Linoleic 16.64
Eicosenoic acid 01.35
Dosocasnoic acid 04.45
Tatracosanoic acid 01.09

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 PROCESS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
(Tranesterification)
The displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a process similar to
hydrolysis except than an alcohol is used instead of water
The process in which an alcohol molecule brakes the triglyceride molecule to fatty
acid alkye esters and glycerol
The excess methanol removed by vacuum distillation
The product allowed to stand for 24 hrs.
Upper(biodiesel) layer separated from lower layer(glycerin)
Biodiesel was washed with water
Heated to 70 oc for 15 min to remove moisture
Catalyst used 1% KOH (w/v)
Temperature 60 oc
Reaction time 3 hrs.
Yield 94%
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 TRANSESTERIFICATION

Karanja Removal of excess

alcohol
oil KOH Bio diesel Alcohol free Bio diesel
(unrefined) by vacuum
Catalyst
Alcohol distillation

Bio diesel (with moister)

Glycerine (unrefined)
By product Moisture removal by
anhydrous Sodium
Sulphate or by
heating

Bio diesel

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 UTILIZATION OF BY-PRODUCT
By product deoiled cake obtained from oil expeller can be utilized for
isolation of bioactive constituents such as
Flavonoids
Furanoflavonoids
Furanoderivatives
These constituents can be used for skin disease and as bio pesticide

The meal cake can be used as

Pesticides
Fertilizers
Promote organic farming

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 CONCLUSION
Large scale Non-edible seed plantations can provide
energy security to the country
Save foreign exchange
Provide employment to rural masses
Create infrastructure facilities for oil extraction, bio-mass
utilization and commercialization from exiting trees.
Maintain ecological balance and increases green cover.
Reduce country’s dependency on imported fuel and
chemicals.

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 REFERENCES

Scientific Strategies for production of non-edible

vegetable oils for use as biofuels. Page no. 22.
www.techno-preneur.net
www.nrel.gov
http://btgs1.ct.utwente.nl/eeci/archive/biobase/B144
6.html
www.biodiesel.org
www.afdc.doe.gov

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 PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE
13 pounds of fossil CO 2 released per gallon
burned

Fossil CO2
Release to Atmosphere

Refining

Exploration Use in Cars and Trucks

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 BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE
No fossil CO2 Released ; No global warming

Renewable CO2

Oil Crops
Use in Cars and Trucks

Biodiesel Production

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