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DLI Grammer Pam
DLI Grammer Pam
DLI Grammer Pam
Prepared by:
JAF Lang Institute
Articles
A, an , and the
Nouns are, either countable (one horse , six horses , three girls) or uncountable
(Sugar. ,coal , butter) . Countable nouns take I and An ( An goes with nouns beginning with
vowel sounds ) to show that the noun is singular and. undefined. A. boy - is any undefined
boy . An apple is any undefined apple.
When we form the plural of countable nouns, we drop An or A (A boy) in the
singular becomes( boys) in the plural, An apple becomes (apples)
Examples:
A cowboy lives in America.
We get milk from a cow
A soldier salutes an officer.
The: countable nouns in the singular form take A or An before them to show
that they are:
a- singular
b- undefined
Plural countable nouns drop A or An also to show that they are undefined. When
nouns, either countable or uncountable, singular or plural, are defined, we put The before
them. (The man, The men, The sugar).
Examples:
The sugar Is sweet and the coffee is bitter.
The sun was In the sky nearly all The time.
2. Tenses
2.1 Present Tense
All verbs (except be) have one form for all persons except the third singular . The
third person singular is usually formed by adding-s to the simple, or infinitive form.
I write go am have fix
You write go are have fix
He
writes goes is fixes
She has
It
We
write go are have fix
You
They
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2.2 The uses of the present tense are:
1. To express a condition that exists at the moment of speaking and may continue for a
short time.
- They are angry
- She seems happy about the news.
2. To express a general truth.
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
- The earth revolves around the sun.
3. To express the idea that an activity or capability existed before the
moment of speaking, existed at the moment of speaking and may continue
- She speaks fluent English.
- My country produces a lot of materials.
4. To express a customary or habitual action.
- I usually take the bus to work.
- I some times sleep late on Sunday
5. To express future time.
- He leaves for Europe next week.
- The movie starts at eight
2.3 Past Tens
The past tense of a regular verb is formed by adding - ed or - d - to the base form . The form
is the same for all persons, both singular and plural.
Present Tense Past Tense
Regular Talk Talked
Verb Agree Agreed
Study Studied
Irregular Speak Spoke
Verb Fly Flew
come came
Singular Plural
Subject form of be +-ing form Subject form of be +-ing form
I am studying We are studying
You are writing You are writing
HE
She is working They are working
It
The past Progressive is used to show that an activity was in progress in the past when
another activity occurred. It is frequently used with the Past Tense.
- I was eating dinner when Tom called
- While they were playing tennis, it rained.
2.8 Present Perfect Tense:
This tense is formed with the forms of the auxiliary verbs HAVE or HAS plus the past
participle of the verb.
Singular Plural
Subject Auxiliary Verb PP Subject form of be +-ing form
I have spoken We have seen
You have driven You have flown
HE
She has gone They have studied
It
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- I have taught this subject for 12 years.
- He has driven his mother’s car.
This tense is formed with only one form of the auxiliary verb to have, which is the past form
of have = had plus the verb in the past participle form for all persons.
Singular Plural
Subject Auxiliary(had) Verb PP Subject Auxiliary(had) Verb PP
I had spoken We had seen
You had driven You had flown
HE
She had gone They had studied
It
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The past perfect tense is used to show that there were two actions in the past, one occurred
before another action, or an action occurred before a specific time in the past.
- I had got married before I graduated.
- He had watched TV before he went to bed.
- She had moved before the accident.
2.11 The Future Tense:
The future verb Phrase may be formed with WILL plus the simple form of the main verb.
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- He will see you tomorrow at eight o’clock.
- I will do my best to help you.
- We will discuss that later.
- Shall I pick you up at eight tonight.
2. Future time may be expressed by present tense.
- He graduates tomorrow.
- They leave Sunday morning.
3. Future time may be expressed by present progressive tense.
- They are opening the new store next week.
- She is cooking dinner for us tonight.
4. The. Auxiliary “going to” combines a form of Be with “going to” followed by a
main verb This form is very common in spoken English.
Subject + Be+ going to+ Main Verb Subject + Be+ going to+ Main Verb
I am going to walk We are going to walk
You are going to answer You are going to answer
HE
She is going to finish They are going to study
It
Exercise 1.
Complete the sentence with a subject compliment.
1. She seems --------------------------------------------.
2. The music sounds -----------------------------------.
3. The men got -------------------------------------------.
4. The sky grew ------------------------------------------.
5. Bob became -------------------------------------------.
6. The food tastes ---------------------------------------.
7. The student felt ---------------------------------------.
8. The girl looks -----------------------------------------.
Exercise 2.
Choose the correct form(adjective or adverb).
1. This math problem looks ( easy, easily)
2. I felt ( sad/sadly) when I heard the news.
3. The soup tasted ( good/well).
4. The room got (quiet/quietly) when the teacher entered.
5. She seemed ( cheerful/cheerfully).
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that can take the place of a noun The most common kinds of pronouns
are:
Singular Plural
I We
Subject pronouns You You
He she it they
Me Us
Object pronouns You You
Her, him it them
Examples
I. I read the book . it was good. (it refers to the noun book)
2. Mary said,” I drink tea .“(The pronoun “I” refers to the speaker “Mary").
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3. This letter is from Mary. (It is from her)
4. This letter Is for John. (It is for him)
Demonstrative pronouns:
(This, That, These, and Those).
Examples
1. This is my favorite food.
2. These are my children.
3. That is my notebook.
4. Those are students
Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive Pronouns tell us more about the possessor than they do about the thing
possessed.
Mine Ours
Yours Yours
theirs
Possessive Pronouns Hers
his
Examples
1. This is my book. Yours is over there.
2. This pen is mine. The other one is yours.
3. John’s car was expensive, but ours cost even more.
Questions:
YES/ NO questions:
A. A yes/no question is a question that may be answered by YES, or NO,
B. If the verb is an auxiliary, the same Auxiliary is used in the question. There is no
change in the form of the main verb.
Examples:
1. He is living there. Is he living there?
2. Mary can swim. Can Mary swim?
3. They will go to school. Will they go to school?
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C. if the sentence has more than one auxiliary , only the first auxiliary precedes the subject.
Examples
They will be studying. Will they be studying?
D. If the verb is in the simple present. Use does with ( he , she , it) or do with ( I, you , we ,
they) in the question. If the verb is in the simple past, Use, did. The verb in the question is
in its simple form.
Examples:
1. She lives in New York. Does she live in New York?
2. They study English. Do they study English?
3. They worked hard. Did they work hard?
Question Word Questions
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Who wants to come with me?
- Whom: asks about the object
Who(m) did you see?
Who(m) are you visiting?
* In spoken English , who is used instead of whom unless preceded by a preposition.
- Whose : asks about possession.
Whose book did you borrow?
Whose key is this?
- What : is used as the subject of a question . It refers to things.
What made you angry?
What went wrong?
* What is also used as an object.
What do you need?
What did she buy?
* What may also accompany a noun.
What countries did you visit?
What time did she come?
- Which: is used instead of what when choosing from a group.
Which pen do you want?
Which book should I buy?
* Which can also be accompanied by a noun.
Which countries did be visit?
Which class are you in?
Expressions of quantity
Many Much Some and Any
1. Many : used with plural count nouns such as apples, chairs, students , .,.. etc
used in affirmative and negative statements and questions as well :
Examples
a. She has many children.
b. He doesn’t speak many languages.
c. Does she have many friends?
d. Doesn’t she have many friends?
2. Much: used only with non c nouns such as: rice, milk, information----etc.
used in affirmative and negative find negative statements and questions
as well:
Examples
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a. John has much money.
b. John doesn’t have much money.
c. Does she have much confidence in herself?
d. Doesn’t she have much confidence in herself?
3. Some: used with plural count nouns and non count nouns,
students, salt .. etc
used in affirmative statements and questions to give a positive attitude.
Examples
a. Jean has bought some sugar..
b. Do you have some money?
4. Any: used with singular and plural count nouns and non-count nouns; any
book / any books ,any information. Used in both affirmative and
negative questions and negative statements.
Examples
a. Does she have any problem(s)?
b. Don’t they have any faith in God?
c. She doesn’t have any problem(s) .
Exercises:
Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box.
Conjunctions:
A conjunction is a word that joins other words or clauses etc. e.g.:
and ,but or both ............... and ... etc
1. And ( indicates addition) ( used when the statements are similar).
She went downtown and bought some food.
He sent money and clothes to his father.
2. So (therefore, as a result)
He was tired , so he went to bed.
3. For(because) : shows cause or reason.
The child hid behind his mother’s skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
4. Yet/but: Both show contras.
He didn’t study, but be passed.
5. Or (shows a choice of two or more items.) (used to contrast equivalent Items.
She has to study harder or she fails the course.
6. Both ...... and( shows addition of two or more items. It’s somewhat more emphatic
than and.
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Both my mother and sister are here (the two subjects connected by “both ..... and”
take a plural verb.
7. Not only .. but also ( shows mutual relations).
Not only my mother but also my sister is here. (the subject that is closer to the verb
determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
8. Neither ------nor.( shows mutual relations and means not------ and not----)
Neither my sister nor my parents are here.
9. Either ------or----( offers a choice between two structurally equal items).
Either John or Mary gets the prize.
Notice that in Neither ....nor and either ---- or the, subject that is closer determines
whether the verb Is singular or plural.
10. However (shows contrast).
I am getting along quite well, however, my roommate isn’t doing so well
Exercise
Combine the following sentences by using a conjunction from the box.
But and both-----and so or
Not only ----- but also either ----or neither
----nor
Example
- She likes to swim.
- She isn’t a good swimmer.
- She likes to swim but she isn’t a good swimmer.
1. He went to the store. He bought some razor blades.
2. The weather is very hot. John Feels cold.
3. Jean does not like rare steak. Mary does not like rare steak.
4. Martha ran over an old man yesterday.
5. Martha didn’t take him to the hospital.
Prepositions
A preposition is a word or, a group of words, that is often placed before a noun or a pronoun
to indicate place, direction, source .... etc. such as at, on, by, in -------- etc.
1. Prepositions Of time and date. (at, on, by. in)
- At a time
(at dawn, at six o’clock, at midnight, at an age ( at sixteen)
- On a day/Date.
(on Monday, on June 4, on Christmas Day).
By a time / date period = at that time or before/ not later than that date.
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- On time / In time
on time means at the time arranged, not before / not after.
The bus leaves at 7:30.
The bus leaves on time if it leaves at 7:30 (not before not after) ,in time not late.
Passengers should be in time for their train.
- From , since ,for.
From is normally used with to or till! until.
They work from eight to five:
- Since from that time to the time of speaking. He has been working since 10:30.
- For is used with a period of time. for 2 months / .2 years
He has worked at that restaurant for 2 years. During is used with known periods of
time, during summer / class.......
- After and before.
He has a shower before breakfast.
He always brushes his teeth after meals.
Prepositions of Place
IN- is used with any place that has boundaries or is enclosed and rather big.
in a country, town, village.
ِ At - is used with rather a small area! bus stop / airport / school/restaurant.
* Notice the difference between At and In in the
following 2 sentences.
She is at school (either inside or in the grounds or just outside)
She is in school (inside only).
- On -( means covering or forming a part of a surface or in contact with).
The ball is on the table.
She sat on the table.
- Above/Over ( higher than and sometimes either can be used.
The sky is over / above our heads.
- When there is contact or touching, over is used only.
He spread his handkerchief over his face.
-Under /Below ( lower than and some times either can
There is nothing below / under 50’ cents.
-When there is contact ,“under” is used only.
She put her book under her pillow.
Between/Among:
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Between is used with two people or things as in( she divided the money between her two
sons).
It can be used also whenever there is a definite number in mind as in
Luxemburg lies between Germany, Belgium and France.
Among is used with more than two people or things or whenever we have an indefinite
number in mind.
She divided the money among her four sons..
- Into / On to . (Both indicate motion.
- She poured tea into the cup.
- The actor walked on to the stage
Exercise:
Fill the blanks with the correct preposition (over, on, at, above, during ,for, between ,
among , in , into, onto... etc.
1. She left her keys ....... the car.
2. He came to school -------------6 : 30 a.rn.
3. She sat --------------------John and Jean
4. They poured cement ........ ..... the hole.
5. He has been waiting ....--------- three hours\
6. They put a blanket ................ her dead body.
ADJECTIVES.
Definition
* An adjective is a descriptive word which modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Examples
1. Selma is smart.
2. The food tastes delicious
3. I feel sleepy.
Adjective position
1. Attributive: adjectives are placed before the nouns they modify.
Examples
She bought a new car yesterday.
Alfred writes correct sentences
2. Predicate : adjectives follow linking verbs such as be-fee1 smell , look ,sound. They
also come after these verbs - become, remain, get, appear and seem.
Examples
The lady smells nice.
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The boss is sad today.
The weather will remain hot today.
Forms of Adjectives:
Most descriptive adjectives have three forms. These forms express degree in relation to the
specific qualities of people or objects. These three degrees are :-
1. positive: usually describing objects or things. The children are happy:
2. comparative: describing two persons or things. AL is older than Ed
3. Superlative: describing three or more persons or things. Tom is the tallest student in
the class.
Inflectional forms:
1. The suffix inflections-er and –est are used for comparative and superlative of one
syllable adjectives and for certain two syllable adjectives.
Examples:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Great Greater Greatest
Happy Happier Happiest
Lively Livelier Liveliest
Tall Taller tallest
2. More and Most are used with the Comparative and the superlative when an adjective
has more than two syllables and for some two syllable adjectives.
Examples
Positive Comparative Superlative
careful more careful most careful
Expensive More expensive Most expensive
Interesting More interesting Most interesting
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Examples and exercises:
1. Today is better than yesterday.
2. Plane tickets are more expensive than train tickets.
3. Tom is the richest student in the class.
4. Selma is the smartest one in the party
5. The weather today seems the best during this week.
6. Exercise A is the most important of all.
Exercise on comparisons
Choose the correct answer:
Exercises Oil comparisons
Choose the correct answer
1. This is the ------------- car.
a. more expensive b. most expensive c. expensive
2. Doctor Ned is the ...... of all
a. good b. best c. better
3. The food at Aldos restaurant tastes
a. the more delicious b. the most delicious c. deliciously.
4. Paperback books are ----------------than the hard cover ones.
a. cheap b. more cheaper c. cheaper
5. She has ............ money than her friend.
a. more b. most c. much
6. Speaking is ------------------ than listening.
a. more difficult b. difficult c. difficultier
7. The weather today seems ---------------than it was yesterday.
a. bad b. worst . . c. worse
8. She is ------------------.
a. taller than me b. taller than I C. .. tallest than me
Adverbs
An adverb. is a word that modifies a verb , an adjective, or an other adverb.
Examples
1. He waited patiently . adv modifying a verb..
2. He is completely satisfied with his boss . adv . modifying adj.
3. Summer came very early this year. adv modifying adv
Types of Adverbs:
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I. Adverbs of Manner. “usually formed by adding an –ly to an adjective
Examples: quickly - slowly -easily - differently.
2. Adverbs of frequency.
Exarnp1es: always - never – sometimes-often - usually - ever
3. Adverbs of location :-
Exarnp1es :outside - here - there - back down town- upstairs.
4. Adverbs of time :-
Examples : tomorrow -tonight - today early - soon - later.
5. Interrogative adverbs:
Examples where - when - why - how.
6. Adverbs of degree :
Examples: very – quite- almost - too . extremely - rather.
Position:
Adverbs come after action verbs -
1. The storm broke suddenly.
2. She dances beautifully.
3. He speaks quickly.
4. She drives carefully.
* Some words are u both as adjectives and adverbs such as:
Fast - Hard - Late - Early Well
1. He is Fast. - adjective.
2. He runs fast. -adverb.
3. The job seems hard. adjective.
4. He works hard - adverb.
Examples of adjectives and adverbs:
Adjectives adverbs
Quick Quickly
Slow Slowly
Glad Gladly
Happy Happily
Correct Correctly
Bad Badly
Early Early
Late Late
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Hard Hard
Fast Fast
Good well
* Comparison of adverbs.
Adverbs have three degrees:
Irregular Forms:
Adverbs of Frequency:
* They are used to indicate the number of times an action repeated
* The most commonly used adverbs of frequency are always (100%) – usually(75%-95%) -
often (50-75%)- sometimes (1-25%)- ever (0%-100%) – never (0%)
Position:
1. Before action verbs
She always eats in the cafeteria.
We usually sleep at night.
We often speak F
2. After be-verbs
She is always late.
The answers re usually right
We are often careless.
3. Between the Auxiliary and Main Ver:
Martha has always been my friend
You can usually find the colonel here.
Jeff has sometimes been wrong
Meaning and Percentage:
Always All of the time. 100 %
Usually Most of the time. 75% - 99%
Often - Frequently. 50%% - 75%
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Sometimes – Occasionally now and then, once in a while I % - 25%
Ever At any time 1%- 100%
Never Not at any time 0%
Ever- Never:
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May I visit you sometime?
May I leave early?
You might watch TV.
2. Request.
Examples:
May I have some more coffee?
May I smoke here?
May I leave early?
3. Possibility
Examples:
We may take our vacation in July.
We might go to the mall tomorrow
It might rain tonight.
4.Offers.
Examples:
May I drive you home?
May I help you?
May I prepare it for you?
C. Should=ought to=had better
Uses:
1. Obligation
Examples:
You should pay your Bills on time.
We should write letters to our friends
You should come on time
2. Probability
Examples:
The boss should be back anytime now.
I should get a call from him soon.
My friend should be at home now.
3. Advisability.
Examples:
You should get more sleep
We should exercise more
I should study for the test.
D. Must=have to
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Uses
1. Necessity(strong obligation)
Examples:
Everyone must finish the test by 9:30.
We must not be late
We must buy a larger car
2. Inference(conclusion).
Examples:
He is wet, It must be raining.
The statistics must be right.
She didn’t come. She must be sick.
**NOTE: Must and have to are very similar in meaning. With have to, the obligation is
usually external while must is used when the feeling of obligation comes directly from the
speaker.
E. Will=be going to.
Uses:
1. Future
examples:
We will see you after lunch
We will go to the party tonight
I will visit you tomorrow
2. Request.
Examples:
Will you help me with this problem?
Will you please pass the sugar?
Will you open the door?
3. Promise
Examples:
I'll see you at ten.
I will help you tomorrow.
We will have a p[arty next Monday.
F. Would
Uses
1. Polite request.
Examples:
Would you call back please?
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Would you help me open these windows?
Would you pay the Bill by Monday?
2. Would+Infintive(contrary –to-fact condition)
examples:
I would go with you if I had time
He would enlist in the army if he were older
I would buy a car if I had money
3. Would + rather= prefer.
Examples:
I would rather stay home.
I would rather have coffee
I would rather study Math.
4. Pat habitual activity.
Examples:
When she was young, she would dream of being a mother.
When I was young, I would play football.
When she was living in UK, she would practice sports.
Exercises on Modals:
Exercise -1-
Find the error in each of the following sentences, then correct it.
1. She can refuses the offer.
2. He must to be at home right now.
3. He has to gave more homework.
4. She didn’t able to climb the mountain.
5. I ought meet someone tonight.
Exercise -2-
Write the meaning of the underlined Modal in each sentence.
1. It may rain tonight
2. Would you please wait over there?
3. We have to leave pretty soon
4. Could I get the price list please?
5. He would rather make the decision later.
6. I will visit her tonight.
7. If I had money, I would go shopping.
8. You must obey my orders.
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Sentence Construction
There are four types of sentences according to the structure. The char below shows these types:
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