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Solution Manual LevenSpiel by 13BCH@ITNU PDF
Solution Manual LevenSpiel by 13BCH@ITNU PDF
PREFACE
This solution manual is result of hard work done by students of B. Tech.
Chemical Engineering (Batch of 2k13), Nirma University. This manual
provides solution to unsolved numerical from book “Chemical Reaction
Engineering” by Octave Levenspiel. We hope this will help you in solving
your queries regarding numericals. For any corrections or suggestions
mail us at solvecre2k13@gmail.com
Credit goes to….
Vikas Hardik
Chapters Solved:
Chapter-2
Chapter-3
Chapter-4
Chapter-5
Chapter-7
Chapter-8
Chapter-9
Chapter-10
Chapter-11
Chapter-12
Chapter-13
Chapter-14
Chapter-18
Chapter-23
Chapter-24
Chapter-25
Chapter-26
Problem 2.1:
A reaction has the stoichiometric equation A + B = 2R. What is the order of reaction and rate
expression?
Solution 2.1:
We require experimental kinetics data to answer this question, because order of reaction need
not to match the stoichiometry, most oftenly it doesn’t.
If this reaction is elementary, the order of reaction is 2. And rate expression is,
− 𝑟𝐴 = 𝐾 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
Problem 2.2:
𝟏
Given the reaction 2NO2 + 𝟐 O2 = N2O5, what is the relation between the rates of formation and
disappearance of the three reaction components?
Solution 2.2:
The relation between the rates of formation and disappearance of the three reaction
components is,
−𝑟𝑁𝑂2 −𝑟𝑂2 −𝑟𝑁2 𝑂5
= =
2 1/2 1
Problem 2.3:
𝟏 𝟏
A reaction with stoichiometric equation 𝟐 A + B = R + 𝟐 S has the following rate expression,
− 𝑟𝐴 = 2 𝐶𝐴0.5 𝐶𝐵
What is the rate expression for this reaction if the stoichiometric equation is written as A + 2B =
2R + S?
Solution 2.3:
It does not affect how we write the stoichiometry equation. The rate of reaction remains
unchanged,
− 𝑟𝐴 = 2 𝐶𝐴0.5 𝐶𝐵
Problem 2.4:
𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑦𝑚𝑒
For the enzyme-substance 𝐴 → 𝑅, the rate of disappearance of any substrate is given by
1760[A][𝐸0 ] 𝑚𝑜𝑙
− 𝑟𝐴 = , 3
6+𝐶𝐴 𝑚 𝑠
What are the units of the two constants?
Solution 2.4:
Assume 𝐶𝐴 is in mol/m3
Constant 6 has to be the same unit as of 𝐶𝐴 , then and then only summation is possible.
6 mol/m3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1760
𝑚3 𝑚3 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚3 𝑠
𝑚 3
1760 𝑠 −1
Problem 2.5:
For the complex reaction with stoichiometry A + 3B 2R + S and with second order rate
expression
rA = k1[A][B]
are the reaction rates related as follows: rA = rB = rR? If the rates are not so related, then how are
they related? Please account for the signs, + or .
Solution 2.5:
2
𝑟𝑅 = − 2𝑟𝐴 − 𝑟
3 𝐵
𝑜𝑟
1 1
− 𝑟𝐴 = − 𝑟𝐵 = 𝑟𝑅
3 2
Problem 2.6:
A certain reaction has a rate given by
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑟𝐴 = 0.005𝐶𝐴2 , 𝑐𝑚3 .𝑚𝑖𝑛
If the concentration is to be expressed in mol/liter and time in hours, what would be the
value and unit of the rate constant?
Solution 2.6:
Given rate expression:
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑟𝐴 = 0.005𝐶𝐴2
𝑐𝑚3 . 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Problem 2.7:
For a gas reaction at 400 K the rate is reported as
𝑑𝑝𝐴 𝑎𝑡𝑚
− = 3.66𝑝𝐴2 ,
𝑑𝑡 ℎ𝑟
(a) What are the unit of the rate constant?
(b)What is the value of the rate constant for this reaction if the rate equation is expressed as
−𝑟 −1 𝑑𝑁𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐴= =𝑘𝐶𝐴2 ,
𝑉 𝑑𝑡 𝑚3 .𝑠
Solution 2.7:
(a)
Here the rate equation is expressed in homogeneous & order of the reaction is second ,so the
unit of the rate constant K can be expressed by
K=(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠)1−2
K=3.66(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠)−1
(b)
here
−𝑟 −1 𝑑𝑁𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐴= =𝑘𝐶𝐴2 ,
𝑉 𝑑𝑡 𝑚3 .𝑠
-𝑟𝐴 =k𝐶𝐴2
So, now using ideal gas low
PV=nRT
𝑛𝐴 −𝑑𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑉
𝑅𝑇 = 𝐶𝐴 𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝑡
= 3.66𝑃𝐴2
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝐶𝐴
− 𝑑𝑡
= 3.66(𝐶𝐴 𝑅𝑇)2 𝑑𝑡
= 3.66𝐶𝐴2 𝑅𝑇
𝑚𝑜𝑙
−𝑟𝐴 = 3.66(0.0820) ∗ 400 ∗ 𝐶𝐴2 ( )
𝑙𝑖𝑡. ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑜𝑙
K=120.13 (ℎ𝑟 −1) ( 𝑙𝑖𝑡 )-1
Problem 2.8:
The decomposition of nitrous oxide is found to be proceed as follows
1 1𝑘 [𝑁2 𝑂]²
𝑁2 O— ›𝑁2 + 𝑂2 ; −𝑟𝑁2 𝑂 = 1+𝑘
2 2 [𝑁2 𝑂]
Problem 2.9:
𝐾𝐽
The pyrolysis of ethane proceeds with an activation energy of about 300 How much
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Solution 2.9:
E=300 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙.
Problem 2.10:
A 1100-K n-nonane thermally cracks (breaks down into smaller molecules) 20 times as rapidly
as at 1000K. Find the activation energy for this decomposition.
Solution 2.10:
𝑟1100
𝑟1100𝐾 =20𝑟1000𝐾 =20
𝑟1000
1 Arrhenius theory
K=𝑘0 𝑒 −𝑒⁄𝑅𝑇
Problem 2.11:
In the mid nineteenth century the entomologist henri fibre noted that French ants busily
bustled about their business on hot days but rather sluggish on cool days. Checking this
result with Orezon ants, I find
1
Speed lnS T (𝑇*10−3 )
𝐸
Slope of graph = − 𝑅=-5420
E=(5420)*(8.314)
=45062 J/mol
Problem 2.12:
The maximum allowable temperature for a reactor is 800K. At present our operating set
point is 780K, The 20-K margin of safety to account for fluctuating feed, sluggish controls,
etc. Now, with a more sophisticated control system we would be able to raise our set point
to 792 K with the same margin of safety that we now have. By how much can the reaction
rate, hence, production rate, be raised by this change if the reaction taking place in the
reactor has an activation energy of 175 KJ/mole?
Solution 2.12:
(-ra) = ko Toe-Ea/RT
Here
To = 1
T1= 780K
T2= 800 K
R =8.314
similarly
for temperature
T3= 792K
T2= 800 K
We get
r3 = 1.509 times of r2
Problem 2.13:
Every may 22 I plant one watermelon seed. I water it, I fight slugs, I pray, I watch my beauty
grow, and finally the day comes when the melon ripens, I than harvest and feast. Of course,
some years are sad, like 1980, when blue jay flew off with the seed. Anyway, 6 summers
were a pure joy and for this I have tabulated, the number of growing days vs. the mean day
time temperature, during the growing season. Does the temperature affect the growth
rate? If so, represent this by an activation energy.
Solution 2.13:
Temperature 1 Days 1
ln(rate)=ln(𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)
( ∗ 10−3 )
𝑇
22 3.390 87 -4.466
23.4 3.374 85 -4.443
26.3 3.341 74 -4.304
24.3 3.364 78 -4.357
21.1 3.400 90 -4.500
22.7 3.382 84 -4.431
𝐸
Slope of graph = − 𝑅 = 3392
-4.35
-4.4
-4.45
-4.55
Example 2.14:
On typical summer days, field crickets nibble, jump, and chirp now and then, But at a night,
when great numbers congregate, chirping seems to become a serious business and tends to
be in unison.in 1897, A.E. Dolbear reported that this social chirping rate was dependent on
the temperature as given by
Assuming that the chirping rate is directly measured of the metabolic rate, find the
activation energy in kJ/mol of these crickets in the temperature range 60-80°F.
Solution 2.14:
For 60 °F
(Numbers of chirps in 15 s) = 20
For 80 °F
(Numbers of chirps in 15 s) = 40
dN = k *(metabolism rate)
40 – 20 =k(80-60)
k= 1 Numbers of chirps/°F
Here To = 1
For 60 °F
For 80 °F
Ea = -69.04 KJ/mol
Problem 2.15:
On doubling the concentration of the reactant, the rate of reaction triples. Find the reaction
order.
For the stoichiometry A + B (products) find the reaction order with respect to A and B.
Solution 2.15:
−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑛
𝑟2 𝑘(𝐶𝐴 )𝑛
= = 2𝑛
𝑟1 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑛
n=1.585
CHAPTER NO. : - 2
Submitted by:-
11BCH044 (SUREJA VISHAL)
13BCH044 (NAGPARA KUMAR)
13BCH156 (PATEL KISHAN)
12BCH157 (SUVAGIYA SHARAD)
2.16
CA 4 1 1
CB 1 1 8
-rA 2 1 4
Solution
Guess that,
–rA = K*CAp*CBq
In this Equation, There are three unknown k,p and q
From question we can make three equations
𝟒 𝐊 (𝟏)𝐩 (𝟖)𝐪
=
𝟏 𝐊 (𝟏)𝐩 (𝟏)𝐪
4 = (8)q
(2)2 = (2)3q
So, 3q = 2
q = 2/3
Now Equation (1) divided by Equation (2),
𝟐 𝐊 (𝟒)𝐩 (𝟏)𝐪
=
𝟏 𝐊 (𝟏)𝐩 (𝟏)𝐪
2 = (4) p
2 = (2)2p
So, 2p = 1
p=½
Put the values of p, q in Equation (2),
1 = K (1)1/2 (1)2/3
1 = K (1)1/3
K=1
So, from value of p, q, and K we get rate equation,
Solution
Guess that,
–rA = K*CAp*CBq
In this Equation, There are three unknown k,p and q
From question we can make three equations
𝟒𝟖 𝐊 (𝟑)𝐩 (𝟔𝟒)𝐪
=
𝟑𝟐 𝐊 (𝟐)𝐩 (𝟔𝟒)𝐪
3/2 = (3/2)p
So, p = 1
P=1
Now Equation (1) divided by Equation (2),
𝟓𝟎 𝐊 (𝟐)𝐩 (𝟏𝟐𝟓)𝐪
=
𝟑𝟐 𝐊 (𝟐)𝐩 (𝟔𝟒)𝐪
(5/4)2 = (5/4) 3q
So, 3q = 2
q = 2/3
Put the values of p, q in Equation (1),
50 = K (2)1 (125)2/3
50 = K (2) (5)2
K=1
So, from value of p, q, and K we get rate equation,
-rA = CA CB2/3
EXAMPLE 2.18:-
The decomposition of reactant A at 4000 𝑐 for pressure between 1 and 10 atm follows a
first order rate law.
A) Show that a mechanism similar to azo-methane decomposition
𝐀 + 𝐀 ↔ 𝐀∗ + 𝐀
𝐀∗ → 𝐑 + 𝐒
Is consistent with observed kinetics
Different mechanisms can be proposed to explain first order kinetics. To claim that this
method is correct in the face of other alternatives requires additional evidence.
B) For this purpose, what further experiments would you suggest we run and what
results we expect to find?
Solution
𝐊𝟏
𝐀 + 𝐀 → 𝐀∗ + 𝐀
𝐊𝟐
𝐀∗ + 𝐀 → 𝐀 + 𝐀
𝐊𝟑
𝐀∗ → 𝐑 + 𝐒
Rate of disappearance of A,
𝐫𝐀∗ = 𝟎
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐 = [𝐀∗ ](𝐊 𝟐 [𝐀] + 𝐊 𝟑 )
∗]
K1 [A]2
[A =
K 2 [A] + K 3
So,
2
K1 [A]2
−rA = K1 [A] − K 2 [ ]
K 2 [A] + K 3
𝐊 𝟑 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]
−𝐫𝐀 =
𝐊𝟐
−𝐫𝐀 = 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
That is it would be a second order reaction.
EXAMPLE 2.19
Show that the following scheme
𝐊𝟏
𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓 → 𝐍𝐎𝟐 + 𝐍𝐎𝟑∗
𝐊𝟐
𝐍𝐎𝟐 + 𝐍𝐎𝟑∗ → 𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓
𝐊𝟑
𝐍𝐎𝟑∗ → 𝐍𝐎∗ + 𝐎𝟐
𝐊𝟒
𝐍𝐎∗ + 𝐍𝐎𝟑∗ → 𝟐𝐍𝐎𝟐
Proposed by R.Ogg J.Chem.Phys., 15,337(1947) is consistent with and can explain the
first order decomposition of[𝑁2 𝑂5 ].
Solution
Rate of formation of NO2,
𝐊𝟒
𝐫𝐍𝐎𝟐 = 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓 ] − 𝐊 𝟐 [𝐍𝐎𝟐 ][𝐍𝐎∗𝟑 ] − [𝐍𝐎∗ ][𝐍𝐎∗𝟑 ]
𝟐
Rate of disappearance ofN2 O5 ,
𝐊 𝟐 [𝐍𝐎𝟐 ] − 𝐊 𝟐 [𝐍𝐎𝟐 ] − 𝟐𝐊 𝟑
−𝐫𝐍𝟐𝐎𝟓 = 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓 ] ( )
𝐊 𝟐 [𝐍𝐎𝟐 ] + 𝟐𝐊 𝟑
Assume K3 >>> K2, K 2 ≅ 0
−𝐫𝐍𝟐𝐎𝟓 = −𝐊 𝟏 [𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓 ]
Therefore this is a first order reaction
EXAMPLE-2.20
Experimental analysis shows that the homogeneous decomposition of ozone proceeds
with a rate
Solution:-
The homogeneous decomposition of ozone proceeds as,
2 O3 2 O2
And follows the rate law
O3 K1 O2 + O
O3 K2 O2 + O
STEP 2:- Slow
O + O3 K3 2 O2
The step 2 is the slower, rate determining step and accordingly, the reaction rate is
−𝐝 [𝐎𝟑 ]
-r𝐎𝟑 = = K3 [O3] [O]
𝐝𝐭
Thus step 1 is fast and reversible, for this equilibrium step, we have
𝐊𝟏 [𝐎𝟐 ] [𝐎]
𝐊= =
𝐊𝟐 [𝐎𝟑 ]
𝐊 [𝐎𝟑 ]
[𝐎 ] =
[𝐎𝟐 ]
Putting value of [O] from equation (2) into equation (1), we get
𝐝 [𝐎𝟑 ] [𝐎𝟑 ]𝟐
-rO3= = K3 * K
𝐝𝐭 [𝐎𝟐 ]
Let, K = K3 * K
EXAMPLE 2.21:-
Under the influence of oxidizing agents hypo phosphorus acid is transformed into
phosphorus acid
H3PO4 + H K1 X* + H
H3PO4 + H K2 X* + H
X* + Ox K3 H3PO4
X* + Ox K4 H3PO4
[ where X* is an unstable intermediate]
now when k3 [ox] >> k2 [H+]…i.e. high oxidized concentration equations (3) gives
2A+B A 2B
With
𝐀 + 𝐁 ↔ 𝐀𝐁 ∗
𝐀𝐁 ∗ + 𝐀 ↔ 𝐀𝟐 𝐁
𝟐𝐀 + 𝐁 ↔ 𝐀𝟐 𝐁
2A K1 A2* ……...(1)
2A K2 A2 ………(2)
A2* + B K3 A2 B ………(3)
A2B K4 A2* + B ………(4)
From reaction (3) & (4) rate of formation of r [A2B],
𝐫𝐀 = 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
Rate of formation of A,
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
𝐫𝐀 =
𝟐
(2 moles of A consume give 1 mole of A * so ½)
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
𝐫[𝐀∗𝟐 ] = − 𝐊 𝟐 [𝐀∗𝟐 ] − 𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀∗𝟐 ][𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀𝟐 𝐁]
𝟐
𝐫[𝐀∗𝟐 ] = 𝟎
K1 [A]2
0= − K 2 [A∗2 ] − K 3 [A∗2 ][B] + K 4 [A2 B]
2
K1 [A]2
K 3 [A∗2 ][B] + K 2 [A∗2 ] = K 4 [A2 B] +
2
K1 [A]2
[A∗2 ] [K 3 [B] + K 2 ] = K 4 [A2 B] +
2
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀 𝟐 𝐁 ] +
[𝐀∗𝟐 ] = 𝟐
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
Put value of [A2*] in equation (5),
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀 𝟐 𝐁] +
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 = 𝐊𝟑 ( 𝟐 ) [𝐁] − 𝐊 [𝐀 𝐁]
𝟒 𝟐
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
K1 [A]2 K [ A B] K 3 [ B]
rA2B = K 3 [ B] + K 3 K 4 [ A 2 B] [ B ] − 4 2 − K 4 K 2 [ A 2 B]
2 [K 3 [B] + K 2 ]
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
𝐊𝟑 [𝐁 ] + 𝐊 𝟐 𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀 𝟐 𝐁]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 = 𝟐
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
If K4 is very small, K 4 ≅ 0
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐
𝐊𝟑 [𝐁]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 = 𝟐
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
If K2 is very small, K 2 ≅ 0
𝐊 𝟏 𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀]𝟐 [𝐁]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 =
𝐊 𝟑 [𝐁]
So, from above equation we can conclude that our first assumption is wrong so,
mechanism also wrong.
Now, we can assume for second order reaction
𝐀 + 𝐁 ↔ 𝐀𝐁 ∗
𝐀𝐁 ∗ + 𝐀 ↔ 𝐀𝟐 𝐁
𝟐𝐀 + 𝐁 ↔ 𝐀𝟐 𝐁
2A + B K1 AB* ……...(1)
AB* K2 A+B ………(2)
A2* + B K3 A2 B ………(3)
A2B K4 A2* + B ………(4)
From reaction (3) and (4) rate of formation of r[A2B],
𝐫[𝐀𝐁 ∗ ] = 𝟎
0 = K1 [A][B] − K 2 [AB ∗ ] − K 3 [AB ∗ ][B] + K 4 [A2 B]
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀][𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀𝟐 𝐁]
[𝐀𝐁 ∗ ] =
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
Put [AB*] value in equation (5),
𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀][𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀𝟐 𝐁]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 = 𝐊 𝟑 ( ) [𝐀] − 𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀𝟐 𝐁]
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
𝐊 𝟒 𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀][𝐀𝟐 𝐁]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 = 𝐊 𝟑 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐 [𝐁] + 𝐊 𝟑 𝐊 𝟒 [𝐀𝟐 𝐁] [𝐀] − − 𝐊 𝟒 𝐊 𝟐 [ 𝐀 𝟐 𝐁]
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
If K4 is very small, K 4 ≅ 0
𝐊 𝟑 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀]𝟐 [𝐁]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 =
[𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀] + 𝐊 𝟐 ]
If K2 is very small, K 2 ≅ 0
𝐊 𝟏 𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀]𝟐 [𝐁]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 =
𝐊 𝟑 [𝐀]
𝐫𝐀𝟐𝐁 = 𝐊 𝟏 [𝐀][𝐁]
EXAMPLE 2.23:-
Mechanism for enzyme catalyzed reactions. To explain the kinetics of enzyme-substrate-
reactions, Michaelis and Menten came up with the following mechanism, which uses an
equilibrium assumption
𝐊𝟏
𝐀+𝐄 → 𝐗
𝐊𝟐 𝐗 𝐊𝟏
𝐗 → 𝐀 +𝐄 with 𝐊 =
𝐀𝐄
=
𝐊𝟐
𝑲𝟑
𝐗 → 𝐑+𝐄
𝑬𝟎 = 𝐄 + 𝑿
And where [E0] represents the total enzyme and [E] represents the free unattached
enzyme.
G.E. Briggs and J.B.S Haldane, Bochem.J. 19,338 (1925), on the other hand employed a
steady state assumption in place of the equilibrium assumption
𝑲𝟏
𝐀+𝐄 → 𝐗
𝑲𝟐
𝐗 → 𝐀 +𝑬
𝑬𝟎 = 𝐄 + 𝑿
What final rate from -ra in terms of [A], [E0], K1, K2 and K3 does
1) The Michalels and Menten mechanism gives?
2) The Briggs-Haldane mechanism give?
Solution
𝑲𝟏
𝐀 + 𝐄 → 𝐗 ------ (1)
𝑲𝟐
𝐗 → 𝐀 + 𝑬 ------ (2)
𝑲𝟑
𝐗 → 𝐑 + 𝐄 ------ (3)
𝐄𝟎 = 𝐄 + 𝐗 ------ (4)
M-M assume that the reverse reaction of (1) approach equilibrium quickly, or
𝐗 𝐊𝟏
𝐊= =
𝐀𝐄 𝐊 𝟐
𝐝𝐲
B-H assume that quickly = 𝟎 ------ (5)
𝐝𝐭
𝐊𝟏 𝐊𝟏
𝐗= 𝐀𝐄𝟎 / 𝟏 + 𝐀 ------ (8)
𝐊𝟐 𝐊𝟐
Equation (8) in (7) gives
𝐊 𝟑 𝐀𝐄𝟎
𝐫𝐑 =
𝐊𝟐
+𝐀
𝐊𝟏
These equation gives essentially the same result.
𝐫𝐑 = 𝐊 𝟑 𝐗 ----- (9)
From equation (6)
𝐝𝐲
= 𝟎 = 𝐊 𝟏 𝐀𝐄 − (𝐊 𝟐 + 𝐊 𝟑 )𝐗
𝐝𝐭
𝐊 𝟏 𝐀𝐄𝟎
𝐗=
𝐊𝟏𝐀 + 𝐊𝟐 + 𝐊𝟑
𝐊 𝟑 𝐀𝐄𝟎
𝐫𝐑 = 𝐊𝟐+ 𝐊𝟑 ---------- (10)
𝐊𝟏
+𝐀
𝐊𝟐+ 𝐊𝟑
These equation give essentially the same result. (Michaclis const.)
𝐊𝟏
CRE-1 Term Paper
Example 3.1-3.11
Submitted By:
Yagnesh Khambhadiya (13BCH025)
Chirag Mangrola (13BCH032)
Fenil Shah (13BCH052)
Ravindra Thummar (13BCH058)
Since the reaction order, hence concentration dependency is not known we
are not given enough information to find the rate of reaction at higher
concentration.
-ra = kCa
0.2 = k * 1
K= 0.2 sec-1
-ra = kCa =0.2*10 = 2 mol/l.s
( ) = Kt
( ) = 0.1386 * t
t = 10 min
So, for 75% conversion time required is 10min
( )
T75 = *( ) = 15 min.
( )
-ra = k
Cao =k
∫ =k
2[-
Case I : Xa= 0.75 when t = 10 min
2[-
k’ = 0.1
Case II : Xa= ? when t = 30 min
2[-
Xa=0.75
Since the fractional disappearance is independent of initial concentration we have
first order rate equation,
( ) = Kt
= k*34
So, k= 0.00657 .
Case II:. Cao= 0.8 mol/l
= k*34
k= 0.00657 .
Hence the rate of disappearance of monomer is given by,
-ra = (0.00657 )*C
Cao = 1
=k t
= k* *8
k=0.5 (mol/l)-1(min)-1
= k* *18
k=0.5 (mol/l)-1(min)-1
From the same value of k in both case, the reaction is second order
-ra = k*
-ra = 0.5*
( ) = kA
K= * ( )= * ( ) = 0.144
After raise we have,
t= 0 then A0=?
t= 3hrs then A= 135
For unchanged habits,
( ) = 0.144*3
A0= 208
Hence his raise is 208-180 = 28
Cao=
Cao=
ln Cao = -5.22
t1/2 = 265 sec
ln t1/2 = 5.58
5 y = 2.2756x - 6.2815
R² = 0.9786
4
ln t1/2
0
4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4
-ln Ca0
Slope = (n-1)=2.275
n = 3.275
For a first order reversible reaction,
A R
Where, = Reversible reaction
K1 = Forward reaction rate const.
K2= Backward reaction rate const.
Ca0 = 0.05
Cr0 = 0
M= 0/0.5=0
Xae = 0.67
The integral conversion in a batch reactor is given by,
-ln(1- ) = k1 * t *
-ln(1- ) = k1 * t * …..(1)
k1= 0.0577
Now from thermodynamics we know that,
K= = =
So, K1= (0.667/0.332) K2…… (2)
From equation (1) & (2)
K1= 0.057750
K2= 0.028875
K (1) = *( )
K = 0.0147
0.006
y = 1E-05x + 0.001
0.005
R² = 1
0.004 Ca t 1/ca
1000 0 0.001
0.003 500 100 0.002
333 200 0.003003
0.002
250 300 0.004
0.001 200 400 0.005
0
0 200 400 600
k = 1 * 10-5 (mol/l)-1(min)-1
= 0.003 +
Ca = 200 mol/m3
Xa = = = 0.6
Ex - 3.12
Aqueous A at a concentration C,, = 1 mollliter is introduced into a batch reactor where it reacts
away to form product R according to stoichiometry A R. The concentration of A in the reactor
is monitored at various
times, as shown below:
= ln
ln(cao/ca) t
0 0
.693 100
1.099 200
1.386 300
1.609 400
slope =
0.0045 =
0.0045 =
K = 4.5 min-1
Ex – 3.13
Betahundert Bash by likes to play the gaming tables for relaxation. He does not expect to win,
and he doesn't, so he picks games in which losses area given small fraction of the money bet. He
plays steadily without a break, and the sizes of his bets are proportional to the money he has. If at
"galloping dominoes" it takes him 4 hours to lose half of his money and it takes him 2 hours to
lose half of his money at "chuk-a-luck," how long can he play both games simultaneously if he
starts with $1000 and quits when he has $10 left, which is just enough for a quick nip and carfare
home?
Ans:
Game 1: Game 2:
=0 .693 / 4 = 0.693 / 2
= M e-(k1+k2)
M = M0 e-(k1+k2)t
0.01 = e-(0.5197t)
t = 8.82 hour
Ex - 3.14
A R S , K1 = K2 at t = 0
CA0 = CA , CRO = CSO = 0
find the maximum concentration of R and when it is reached.
Ans :
CR = ∫ K1 CA0e-k1t e-k2t. dt + c
CReK2t= K1CA0 t + c
at t = 0,
CR = K1CA0t . e-kt CR = 0,
C = 0,
k1 – k12.t = 0
t= ⁄
(cr)max= k1cA0 . . e(-1/k1) . k1
Cr = ⁄
Ex – 3.15
At room temperature sucrose is hydrolyzed by the catalytic action of the enzyme sucrase as
follows:
Sucrose → product
Starting with a sucrose concentration CAo = 1.0 millimol/liter and an enzyme concentration
CEO = 0.01 millimollliter, the following kinetic data are obtained in a batch reactor
(concentrations calculated from optical
rotation measurements):
CA .84 .68 .53 .38 .27 .16 .09 .04 .018 .006 .0025
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Determine whether these data can be reasonably fitted by a kinetic equation of the Michaelis-
Menten type, or
-rA =
If the fit is reasonable, evaluate the constants K3 and Cm. Solve by the integral method.
Ans:
-rA =
∫ =∫
T= .( – CA) +
Compare with , Y = mx + c
m=
c=
x = ln [ – CA] Y=time
-.665 1
-.294 2
0.104 3
0.587 4
1.039 5
1.672 6
2.317 7
3.178 8
3.999 9
5.109 10
Slop = 1.5511
Intercept = 2.885
C = 2.885 =
K3 =
K3 = 35.02
M = slope = 1.5511 =
Cm = 0.5431
Ex - 16.
At room temperature sucrose is hydrolyzed by the catalytic action of the enzyme sucrase as
follows:
Sucrose → product
Starting with a sucrose concentration Cao = 1.0 millimol/liter and an enzyme concentration CEO
= 0.01 millimollliter, the following kinetic data are obtained in a batch reactor (concentrations
calculated from optical rotation measurements):
CA .84 .68 .53 .38 .27 .16 .09 .04 .018 .006 .0025
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Determine whether these data can be reasonably fitted by a kinetic equation of the Michaelis-
Menten type, or
-rA =
If the fit is reasonable, evaluate the constants K3 and Cm. Solve by the diffrential method.
Ans:
-rA =
= +
Plot CA v/s t & take slope at different CA
CA
Slope = 1.623
Intercept = 3.0035
=
=
K = 33.33
Slope = 1.623 =
M = 1.623 * 33.33*0.01
M = 0.54
Ex - 17
-rA =
If we introduce enzyme (CEO = 0.001 mollliter) and reactant (CAo = 10mollliter) into a batch
reactor and let the reaction proceed, find the time needed for the concentration of reactant to drop
to 0.025 mollliter. Note that the concentration of enzyme remains unchanged during the reaction.
Ans :
CEO = 0.001 M
CA0 = 10 M
= -CAO ∫ +
= - CAO [ * ln CA + 8 CA ]
= -10 [ -3.678 - 7.305 ]
t = 109.87 min.
Ex - 18
An ampoule of radioactive Kr-89 (half life = 76 minutes) is set aside for a day. What does this do
to the activity of the ampoule? Note that radioactive decay is a first-order process.
Ans :
t1/2 = 76 min.
k= = 9.1184 * 10-3
t = 1440min-1
–(.00911*1440)
CA = CAO e
= CAO . 1.98*10-6
= ( )* 100
= 99.99 %
Ex – 19
t = -CAO∫ CAO = 1M
1 = -1 ∫
-1 = 2 [√ ]
-0.5 = √ -1
CA = 0.25
XA = 1- ⁄
=1 - ⁄
XA = 0.75
Ex - 20.
M. Hellin and J. C. Jungers, Bull. soc. chim. France, 386 (1957), present the data in Table P3.20
on the reaction of sulfuric acid with diethylsulfate in aqueous solution at 22.9 degree Celsius:
Initial concentrations of H2S04 and (C2H5)2SO4 are each 5.5 mollliter. Find a rate equation for
this reaction.
A + B → 2R
-ra = K CA CB
= K CAO. (1-XA).(1-MXA)
= K. (1-XA)2
= K. (1-XA)2
= (1 – Xa)2 .K
∫ =K∫
Xa
0.107 0.119
0.125 0.142
0.148 0.173
0.204 0.256
0.25 0.33
0.346 0.529
0.392 0.644
Slope = .0027
= .0027
K = 5.5 * 0.0027
K = 0.01485 min
Ex – 21
A small reaction bomb fitted with a sensitive pressure-measuring device is flushed out and then
filled with pure reactant A at 1-atm pressure. The operation is carried out at 250C, a temperature
low enough that the reaction does not proceed to any appreciable extent. The temperature is then
raised as rapidly as possible to 100°C by plunging the bomb into boiling water, and the readings
in Table are obtained. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 2A → B, and after leaving the bomb
in the bath over the weekend the contents are analyzed for A; none can be found. Find a rate
equation in units of moles, liters, and minutes which will satisfactorily fit the data.
Ans:
V1 = V2
P2 = ( ⁄ ). P1
= ( ⁄ ). 1
= 1.25 atm
= 2P -2P0 + P0
= 2P – P0
CA1 = ⁄
= 0.041
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
CA 0.041 0.034 0.027 0.023 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.0114 0.0089 0.0067
Avg. K =
K = 6.067 . min-1
Ex. 4.2
Dilute aqeous feed, So εa=0
A+2B→R+S
CA0=100 , CB0=100,CA=20
CA= CA0(1- XA) , So XA =1-(20/100)=0.8 …ans(1)
XBCB0= bCA0XA,
XB= CA0XA/ CB0=2(100/100)(0.8)=1.6(impossible) …ans(2 & 3 )
Ex. 4.3
Gaseous Feed,
A+B→R
CA0=200 , CB0=100, CA =50
For XA=0 ,VI=200A+100B+0R=300, So εa=( VF- VI)/ VI =(100-300)/300 = -0.667
For XA=1 , VF=0A-100B+200R=100,
Ex. 4.5
Gaseous Feed,
A+B→2R
CA0=100 , CB0=200, T0=400 K , T= 300 K, π0=4 atm , π=3 atm , CA =20
For XA=0, VI=100A+200B+0R=300, So εa=( VF- VI)/ VI = 0
For XA=1, VF=0A+100B+200R=300,
Ex. 4.6
Gaseous Feed,
A+B→5R
CA0=100 , CB0=200, T0=1000 K , T= 400 K, π0=5 atm , π=4 atm , CA =20
For XA=0, VI=100A+200B+0R=300, So εa=( VF- VI)/ VI = 2
For XA=1, VF=0A+100B+500R=600,
XA=(CA0-CA)(Tπ0/T0π)/(CA0+ εaXA) (Tπ0/T0π)
Ex. 4.7
1 lit/min → →28 lit/min
A→31R
X=Popcorn produced
(1-X)=disappearance of A
So, outlet = 31X+(1-X)1=28 lit/min
X=27/30=0.9
Ans : 90% popcorn popped.
Ex. 5.1
2A→R+2S
XA=0.9
Space velocity(s) = 1/min
So, space time(τ)=1/s
=1 min …ans(1)
Here, εa=(3-2)/2 = 0.5 VF = V0(1+ εa XA)
=V0(1+0.5*0.9)
=1.45 V0
= V/V0*1.45
=0.69 min
But in the plug flow reactor since the gas reacts progressively as it passes through the reactor,
expands correspondly , therefore holding time = 1 min. …ans (2)
Ex 5.2
Liquid phase reaction , XA=0.7 , time = 13 min , first order reaction
For first order reaction, -rA=k CA
-ln (1- XA) = kt , so, k=0.0926 / min
Case -1(for mixed flow reactor),
Here τm= CA0*XA/(-rA)
= CA0*XA/(k*CA0(1- XA))
=(0.7/(0.926*0.3))
τm= 25.2 min … ans(1)
Case -2(for plug flow reactor),
Same as batch reactor, τp = τ = 13 min …ans(2)
Ex. 5.3
Aqueous monomer A , V = 2 litre , ν = 4 lit/min , CA0 = 1 mol/lit , CA = 0.01 mol/lit
A +A → R + A → S + A → T + …
Here, τ = V/ν = 2/4 = 0.5 min
For reaction rate of A,
-rA = (CA0 – CA) / τ
=(1-0.01)/0.5 = 1.98 mol/(lit*min) …ans(1)
For W, CW = 0.0002 mol/lit
-rW = (-CW0 +CW) / τ
= (0.0002-0)/0.5 = 0.0004 mol/(lit*min) …ans(2).
Ex 5.4
-rA=k CA1.5
XA=0.7
For mixed flow reactor , τ = V/ V0
= XA/ (-rA)
= XA*CA0/(k*CA01.5*(1- XA)1.5)
From above equation , k = XA/(( CA00.5*(1- XA)1.5)*( V/ V0)) …equ (1)
Putting XA=0.7
So, k = 4.260/( CA00.5(V/ V0))
Now if volume is doubles so V’ = 2V
So , τ = V’/ V0
= XA*CA0/(k*CA01.5*(1- XA)1.5)
8.52 = XA/(1- XA)1.5 … from equ (1)
Take square both side ,
72.6 = XA2/(1- XA)3
So, 72.6 – 72.6 XA3 + 216 XA2 - 217 XA =0
Solving by numerical method we get XA=0.7947 … ans
Ex. 5.5
A +B → R
-rA=200 CA*CB
CA0= 100 , CB0 = 200 , ν = 400 lit/min , XA=0.999
For second order reaction , (different reactants)
k τ *CA0*(M-1)= ln((M- XA)/(M* (1- XA))
here M=2, so substituting values,
V/ν =ln((2-0.999)/2(1-0.999)) / (200*0.10*1)
= 0.31
So V=0.31 * 400 = 124 litre …ans.
Ex. 5.6
A↔R (reversible reaction)
-rA=0.04 CA*0.01 CB
so k1 = 0.04 , k2 = 0.01, M= CR0/ CA0 = 0
k1/ k2 = XAe/(1- XAe) from there XAe = 0.8 …ans (1)
For first order plug flow reactor (reversible reation),
XAf
V/(ν* CA0) = ∫0 𝑑𝑋𝐴/(-rA)
Ex. 5.8
A↔R (reversible reaction)
-rA=0.04 CA*0.01 CB
so k1 = 0.04 , k2 = 0.01, M= CR0/ CA0 = 0
k1/ k2 = XAe/(1- XAe) from there XAe = 0.8 …ans (1)
For first order mixed flow reactor (reversible reation),
V/(ν* CA0) = XA /(-rA)
-rA=0.04 CA0(1- XA) - 0.01 CA0(M + XA)
Ex. 5.9
A + E(enzyme) → R
-rA=0.1 CA/(1+0.5 CA)
Here, ν = 25 lit/min , CA0 = 2 mol/ litr , XA= 0.95
CAf
Now, V/(ν) = ∫CA0 𝑑𝐶𝐴/(-rA)
Solution 5.11:
Solution-
Therefore,
V = τm vo = 199.5(25) L = 4987.5 L = 5 m3
V = 5 𝐦𝟑
1
Problem 5.12:
Solution-
Now,
CA = 0.1 mol/L
CB = 0.4 mol/L
vo = 400 L/min
Hence, from the equation: CA = CAO (1 − XA ) , we get XA = 0.99
XA .CA0
τm = ,
−rA
CA = CAO (1 − XA )
CB = CAO (MB − (b/a)XA ) Here, MB = 200/100 = 2
Now, b = a = 1
Therefore,
V = τm vo = 49.9(400) L = 19960 L = 19.96 m3
V = 19.96 𝐦𝟑
2
Problem 5.13
Solution-
τp = 0.17
𝑃𝐴𝑂 11.4(2/3)
CAO = = = 0.1 mol/L
𝑅𝑇𝑜 0.082(649+273)
𝐹𝐴0
v0 = = 10/0.1 = 100 L/h
𝐶𝐴0
Therefore,
V = τp vo = 0.17(100) L = 17 L
V = 17 L
3
Problem 5.14
Solution-
Now,
ε𝐴 = 2/3
Hence,
𝐶𝐴0 (1− XA )
CA =
(1+ ε𝐴 XA )
(1−XA )
330 = 660 2 therefore, XA = 0.75
(1+(3)XA )
Therefore,
0.75 𝑑𝑋𝐴 𝐶𝐴0 XA
τp = ∫ = −𝑟 = 9.17 min
0 −𝑟𝐴 𝐴
F
V = τp vo = τp CAO = 9.17(540/660) = 7.5 L
AO
4
Problem 5.15
Solution-
Hence from,
XA .CA0
τm = = 54.442 min
−rA
Therefore,
𝑉
Vo = = 2/54.442 = 0.036 L/min
τm
5
Problem 5.16
Solution-
ε𝐴 = 2(0.5) = 1,
XA .CA0 V XA (1+ XA )
τm = = =
−rA v0 CA0 (1− XA )
we obtain,
3𝑋𝐴2 + 13𝑋𝐴 − 10 = 0
−13± √169+40(3)
XA = = 0.67
2(3)
6
Problem 5.17
Solution-
The rate expression shows that it is a second order reaction so, the integral expression is
defined as,
𝑋𝐴
𝑘𝜏𝑝 𝐶𝐴0 = 2𝜀𝐴 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 ) ln(1 − 𝑋𝐴 ) + 𝜀𝐴2 𝑋𝐴 + (𝜀𝐴 + 1)2 ⁄1 − 𝑋
𝐴
Now,
𝑃𝐴0
𝐶𝐴0 = = 1.5(0.2)/(0.082)(95 + 273) = 0.01 mol/L
𝑅𝑇0
7
Problem 5.18
Solution-
FA0 = 1 mol/litre
V=2L
𝑣0 = 0.5 litre/min
Therefore,
𝑉 2𝐿
𝜏𝑝 = 𝑣 = = 4(60) s = 240 s
0 0.5 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
The integral rate expression for the 2nd order reaction is given by,
𝑋𝐴
𝑘𝜏𝑝 𝐶𝐴0 = 2𝜀𝐴 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 ) ln(1 − 𝑋𝐴 ) + 𝜀𝐴2 𝑋𝐴 + (𝜀𝐴 + 1)2 ⁄1 − 𝑋
𝐴
Now,
𝜀𝐴 = 0
Therefore, the equation will reduce to
𝑋𝐴
𝑘𝜏𝑝 𝐶𝐴0 =
1 − 𝑋𝐴
So, substituting the values we get,
𝑋𝐴
𝑘𝜏𝑝 𝐶𝐴0 =
1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑘𝜏𝑝 𝐶𝐴0 0,05(240)(1)
𝑋𝐴 = = = 0.92
1+𝑘𝜏𝑝 𝐶𝐴0 1+(0.05)(240)(1)
8
Problem 5.19
Solution
P = 3 atm A → 3R
T = 30°𝐶
𝐶𝐴𝑂 = 0.12 mol/litre
𝑉𝑂 𝐶𝐴
0.06 30
0.48 60
1.5 80
8.1 105
Now,
XA .CA0 𝑉
τm = = – (1)
−rA 𝑣0
Similarly,
(3−1)1
𝜀𝐴 = =2
1
We get different values of 𝑋𝐴 and from that we calculate different values of –𝑟𝐴
Hence, we obtain the following data
XA −rA
0.5 3.6
9
0.25 14.4
0.143 25.74
0.045 44.18
Chart Title
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
10
Problem 5.20
Solution-
A→R
CA0 = 0.1 mol/litre
V = 1 m3
𝑣 𝐶𝐴
1 4
16 20
24 50
So,
−rA = 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑛
Now taking log on both sides,
ln(−rA ) = lnk + lnCA
11
Chart Title
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8
Therefore, slope = n= 1
𝐶 50
Similarly the value of k can be evaluated by k = −𝑟𝐴 = 1200 = 0.0417 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
𝐴
So,
−𝑟𝐴 = 0.0417𝐶𝐴 mmol/L.min
12
Problem 5.21
Solution-
A→R
CA0 = 1.3 mol/litre
𝐶𝐴 = 0.3 mol/litre
𝐶𝐴 −𝑟𝐴
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.3
0.3 0.5
0.4 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.25
0.7 0.1
0.8 0.06
1.0 0.05
1.3 0.045
2.0 0.042
Therefore, we need to find the area under the curve of −𝑟𝐴 and CA from 0.3 to 1.3
Hence, in this plot the area under the curve from 0.3 to 1.3 we can calculate the residence
time
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
13
1.3 𝑑𝐶𝐴
t=∫ = 12.6 min
0.3 −𝑟𝐴
Problem 5.22
Solution-
Given,
𝑋𝐴 = 0.8
𝐹𝐴0 = 1000 mol/hr
𝐶𝐴0 = 1.5 mol/litre
From, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋𝐴 ) we get CA = 0.3 mol/litre
Now, the performance equation of the plug flow reactor is
𝐶 𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝜏𝑝 = ∫𝐶 𝐴0
𝐴 −𝑟𝐴
Now, the time can be found by finding out the area between 1.3 to 1.5
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
So, the area between 1.3 to 1.5 we obtain the area = 4.5 min
Therefore,
The total area = 12.8 +4.5 min
= 17.3 min
14
Problem 5.23
Solution-
𝑋𝐴 = 0.75
𝐹𝐴0 = 1000 mol/hr
𝐶𝐴0 = 1.2 mol/litre
(a) The performance equation of mixed flow reactor is
𝐗 𝐀 .𝐂𝐀𝟎
𝛕𝐦 =
−𝐫𝐀
Now from the equation, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋𝐴 ) so, substituting the values we get 𝐶𝐴 = 0.3 mol/L
and −𝑟𝐴 = 0.5 mol/L
Therefore,
𝑉 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 )
=
FA0 −𝑟𝐴
V = 1000(1.2-0.3)/1.2(0.5) (60) = 1500 L
(b)
𝐹𝐴0 = 2000 mol/hr
Hence, when the feed rate is doubled the volume also doubles.
Therefore, V = 50 ltr
(c)
𝐶𝐴0 = 2.4 mol/litre
𝐶𝐴 = 0.3 mol/litre
Therefore putting it in the performance equation we get,
𝑉 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 )
=
FA0 −𝑟𝐴
V = 1000(2.4-0.3) /(2.4)(0.5)(60) = 29.167 ltr
15
Problem 5.24
Solution-
A→5R
V = 0.1 litre
CA0 = 100 mmol/litre = 0.1 mol/litre
𝐹𝐴0 mmol/ltr 𝐶𝐴 mmol/ltr
300 16
1000 30
3000 50
5000 60
εA = 4
XA .CA0 𝑉
τm = =
−rA 𝑣0
v0 XA .CA0
−rA = = 10FA0 X A
V
Therefore,
𝐶
1− 𝐴
𝐶𝐴0
𝑋𝐴 = 𝐶 , from this we generate the following data
1+𝜀𝐴 𝐴
𝐶𝐴0
FA0 CA XA −rA
300 16 0.512 1536.6
1000 30 0.318 318.8
3000 50 0.167 5000
5000 60 0.118 5882.4
−rA = 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑛
Now taking log on both sides,
ln(−rA ) = lnk + nlnCA
Chart Title
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope = 1; k = 0.01
−𝐫𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝐂𝐀
16
Problem 5.25
Solution-
𝐶𝐴0 −𝐶𝐴
So, we generate the following data, by using the correlation of 𝜏 =
−𝑟𝐴
CA 1/(−rA )
0.65 222
0.92 222
1 250
0.56 250
0.37 572
0.42 400
0.28 1000
0.2 2000
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
17
Therefore, area under the curve will give the residence time
𝝉 = 300 s
Problem 5.26
Solution-
If it is a mixed flow reactor
XA .CA0 𝑉
τm = =
−rA 𝑣0
Following the same procedure and plotting the same graph of 1/(−rA) vs CA we find the area
of the complete rectangle because it is a MFR so,
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
𝜏 = 900 s
18
Problem 5.27
Solution-
(a) The conversion drops from 80 to 75 % so, it is quite possible that Imbibit fell into the vat
containing alcohol. The reason for the drop in conversion is due to decrease in the volume of
liquid available for the reaction.
(b) The revelation couldn’t be made because Watson asked for some dill (for smoking) but he
didn’t have any idea that smoking near a vat of ethanol isn’t a very good idea.
Problem 5.28
Solution-
2A→ R + S
The PFR is operating at 100℃ and 1 atm
FA0 = 100 mol/hr
XA = 0.95
The feed contains 20% inerts and 80% A
So,
−rA = kCAn
The reaction is of 1st order
So, the integral form of equation in terms of conversion is obtained which is
𝐶
𝑘𝑡 = −ln(1 − 𝑋𝐴 ), which can be also written as 𝑋𝐴 = 1 − 𝐶 𝐴 – (1)
𝐴0
Now,
𝑝𝐴
CA =
𝑅𝑇
19
T ln(𝑝𝐴0 /𝑝𝐴 )
0 1
20 1.25
40 1.47
60 1.78
80 2.22
100 2.702
140 4
200 7.14
260 12.5
330 25
420 50
Chart Title
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
20
Problem 5.29
Solution-
Now, for the same problem if we take a MFR then, the performance equation is written as
Plotting Pa v τ
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
21
Problem 5.30
Solution-
A→R
CA0 = 0.8 mol/litre
FA0 = CA0 (V) = 0.8 mol/s
0.8 mol/litre
XA = 0.75
V = 1 litre/s
It can be modified as
𝐶𝐴
𝑉 𝑑𝐶𝐴
=𝜏= − ∫
𝐹𝐴0 −𝑟𝐴
𝐶𝐴0
𝐶𝐴0 −𝐶𝐴
Hence, now from the equation, 𝜏 = we can generate the following table
−𝑟𝐴
τ CA0 CA −rA
50 2 1 0.02
16 1.2 0.8 0.025
60 2 0.65 0.0225
22 1 0.56 0.02
4.8 0.48 0.42 0.0125
72 1 0.37 0.00875
40 0.48 0.28 0.005
1122 0.48 0.2 0.0025
22
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
So, for PFR we need to find the area under the curve.
Therefore, Area = τ = 70 s
23
Solution:-
Solution:-
A+B→R
A→S
Solution:-
A+B→R
2A → S
2B → T
A+B→R
A→S
A+B→R
2A → S
FOR TANK-1
0.4 − 0 0.4
𝜓𝑅/𝐴 = = = 0.67
1 − 0.4 0.6
𝐶𝑅 − 𝐶𝑅0
𝜏1 =
𝑘1 ∗ 𝐶𝐴
0.4
2.5 =
𝑘1 ∗ 0.4
K1 = 0.4
𝐶𝑆 − 𝐶𝑆0
𝜏1 =
𝑘2 ∗ 𝐶𝐴
0.2
2.5 =
𝑘1 ∗ 0.4
K2 = 0.2
For tank – 2
𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2
𝜏2 =
−𝑟𝐴
0.4 − 𝐶𝐴2
5=
(𝐾1 + 𝐾2 )𝐶𝐴2
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴2 = 0.1
ℎ𝑟
𝐾1
= 0.4 + (0.4 − 0.1)
𝐾1 +𝐾2
= 0.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝐾1
= 0.2 + (0.3)
𝐾1 +𝐾2
= 0.3 mol/hr
Solution:-
FOR TANK-1
𝑁𝑅1 − 𝑁𝑅0
𝜓𝑅 =
𝐴 𝑁𝐴0 − 𝑁𝐴1
0.2 − 0
=
1 − 0.7
= 0.2857
𝐶𝐴0 ∗ 𝑋𝐴
𝜏=
−𝑟𝑅
𝐶𝑅 − 𝐶𝑅0
=
𝑘1 ∗ 𝐶𝐴 2
0.2−0
2.5 =
𝐾1 ∗0.4 2
K1= 0.5
𝐶𝑆 − 𝐶𝑆0
𝜏=
𝑘2 ∗ 𝐶𝐴
0.7 − 0.3
2.5 =
𝐾2 ∗ 0.4
𝐾2 = 0.4
FOR TANK -2
𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2
𝜏2 =
−𝑟𝐴
0.4 − 𝐶𝐴2
10 =
𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2 2 + 𝐾2 𝐶𝐴2
𝐶𝐴2 = 0.074
𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2
= 0.2 + (0.4 − 0.074)
𝐾1 𝐶𝐴2
= 0.2 + 0.5∗0.074(0.0326)
0.5∗0.074+0.4
= 0.227
𝐾2
= 0.7 + (0.4 − 0.074)
𝐾1𝐶𝐴2 +𝐾2
𝐶𝑆2 = 0.998
Solution::---
τ = 36/14.4
τ = 2.5 sec
Solution::---
𝑑𝐶𝑅
= 𝑟𝑅 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 2 = 0.4𝐶𝐴 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶𝑆
= 𝑟𝑆 = 𝑘2 𝐶𝐴 = 0.4𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑟𝑅
𝜓𝑅⁄ =
𝐴 −𝑟𝐴
𝐾1 𝐶𝐴 2
=
𝐾1 𝐶𝐴 2 + 𝐾2 𝐶𝐴
0.4𝐶𝐴
=
0.4𝐶𝐴 + 2
𝐶𝐴0
𝐶𝑅 = ∫ 𝜓 𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝐴
40
0.4𝐶𝐴
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝐶𝐴
0.4𝐶𝐴 + 2
4
40
2
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝐶𝐴
0.4𝐶𝐴 + 2
4
2
= (40 − 4) − [ ln(0.4𝐶𝐴 + 2)]4 40
0.4
18
= 36 − 5 𝑙𝑛
3.6
𝐶𝑅 = 27.953
𝐶𝑆 = 36 − 𝐶𝑅 = 8.047
40
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝜏=∫
−𝑟𝐴
4
40
𝑑𝐶𝐴
= ∫
4𝐶𝐴 2 + 2𝐶𝐴
4
40
𝑑𝐶𝐴
= 2.5 ∫
5 5
4 𝐶𝐴 2 + 5𝐶𝐴 + ( )2 − ( )2
2 2
40
𝑑𝐶𝐴
= 2.5 ∫
𝜋 2 5 2
4 (𝐶𝐴 + ) − ( )
2 2
= 0.346 sec
Solution::---
𝑟𝑅 = 0.4 ∗ 𝐶𝐴 2
𝑟𝑆 = 2 ∗ 𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝐶𝑆 2𝐶𝐴 1 10
𝜓𝑆⁄ = = = =
𝐴 −𝑑𝐶𝐴 2𝐶𝐴 + 0.4𝐶𝐴 2 1 + 0.2𝐶𝐴 10 + 2𝐶𝐴
Ca ψ
0 1
1 0.833333
10 0.333333
20 0.2
40 0.111111
ψ
1.2
1
0.8
ψ 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Ca
10 400 − 10𝑐𝐴𝑓
𝐴=( ) (40 − 𝑐𝐴𝑓 ) =
10 + 2𝑓𝐴 10 + 2𝑐𝐴𝑓
𝑑𝐴
= 10 + 2𝐶𝐴𝑓 (−10) − (400 − 10𝐶𝐴𝑓 )(2)
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝐴𝑓 = 0
XA = 100%
𝜏 1
=
40 2(0) + 0.4(0)
𝜏= ∞
SOLUTION::---
𝐾1 𝐶𝐴 2 0.4𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴
𝜓𝑅⁄ = 2 = =
𝐴 𝐾1 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐾2 𝐶𝐴 0.4𝐶𝐴 + 2 𝐶𝐴 + 5
𝑑𝜓𝑅⁄
𝐴
= (𝐶𝐴 + 5) ∗ 1 − 𝐶𝐴 ∗ 1
𝑑𝐶𝐴
Ca ψ
0 0
1 0.166667
10 0.666667
20 0.8
40 0.888889
ψ
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40𝐶𝐴𝑓 − 𝐶𝐴𝑓 2
𝐴=
𝐶𝐴𝑓 + 5
𝑑𝐴 40𝐶𝐴𝑓 − 𝐶𝐴𝑓 2
= (𝐶𝐴𝑓 + 5)(40 − 2𝐶𝐴𝑓 ) − ( )
𝑑𝐶𝐴𝑓 (𝐶𝐴𝑓 + 5)2
−10 + 30
𝐶𝐴𝑓 = = 10
2
10
𝑋𝐴 = 1 − ( )
40
𝜏 0.75
=
40 0.4𝐶𝐴 2 + 2𝐶𝐴
30
𝜏=
0.4 ∗ (10)2 + 2 ∗ (10)
30
τ = 40+20 = 0.5
CRE-I SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT
QUESTION: [7.12.]
(d) If Cs = 0.18 mol/liter in the resultant mixture, what does this tell
of the kinetics of the reaction?
ANSWER:
𝑅 𝑟𝑅 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴
(a) 𝜑 [ ]= =
(𝑅+𝑆) 𝑟𝑅 + 𝑟𝑆 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑘2 𝐶𝐴2
𝑅 𝑟𝑅 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴
𝜑( ) = =
𝐴 −𝑟𝐴 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 + 2𝑘2 𝐶𝐴2
(b)
𝑘1 2𝑘2 𝑘1 2𝑘2
CR,max = {ln( 1 + 𝐶𝐴0 ) − ln 1} = {ln( 1 + 𝐶𝐴0 )}
2𝑘2 𝑘1 2𝑘2 𝑘1
(c)
CRm = 𝜑𝑓 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 )
(d)
Also,
K 4 5
CR calculated 0.84 0.81
Hence, for different values of k1 and k2, CR,max is different. It may be
more or less than the CR value.
QUESTION: [7.13.]
𝑟𝒓 𝐶𝐴
𝜑= =
−𝑟𝐴 1 + 𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝐴 → 0, 𝜑 →0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐴 → ∞, 𝜑 →1
𝐶𝐴1 𝐶𝐴2
𝐶𝑅 = 𝜑∆𝐶𝐴 = ( ) (4 − 𝐶𝐴1 )+ = ( ) (𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2 )
1 + 𝐶𝐴1 1 + 𝐶𝐴2
CA1 and CA2 are not known, but there is a fixed CA1 and CA2 value that
maximizes CR and is what makes dCR/dCA1 = 0
2 )
(1 + 𝐶𝐴1 )(4 − 2𝐶𝐴1 ) − (4𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴1
𝑑𝐶𝑅 (1)
=0=
𝑑𝐶𝐴1 (1 + 𝐶𝐴1 )2
𝐶𝐴2
+ (1)
1 + 𝐶𝐴2
So,
2
4 − 2𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴1 𝐶𝐴2
= −
(1 + 𝐶𝐴1 )2 1 + 𝐶𝐴2
If CA2 = 0.5 mol,
2
4 − 2𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴1 0.5
= −
(1 + 𝐶𝐴1 )2 1 + 0.5
2
13 − 4𝐶𝐴1 − 2𝐶𝐴1 =0
2
4 ± √42 − 4(13)(−2) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴1 = = 1.7386
2(−2) 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
1.7386 0.5
𝐶𝑅2 = (4 − 1.7386) + (1.7386 − 0.5)
1 + 1.7386 1 + 0.5
= 1.8485
QUESTION:
Consider the parallel decomposition of A of different orders as
follows:
𝐴 → 𝑅, 𝑟𝑅 = 1
𝐴 → 𝑆, 𝑟𝑆 = 2𝐶𝐴
𝐴 → 𝑇, 𝑟𝑇 = 𝐶𝐴2
Determine the maximum concentration of desired product
obtainable in (a) plug flow, (b) mixed flow.
ANS:
1
𝜑𝑅 =
1 + 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2
(a)
2 2 2
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐴 (𝐶𝐴 + 1)−1
𝐶𝑅,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ =( )
1 + 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2 (𝐶𝐴 + 1)2 −1 0
0 0
1 1 2
= − + =
1+2 1 3
(b)
1
𝜑𝑅 =
1 + 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2
When, 𝐶𝐴 = 0; 𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝑅,𝑚𝑎𝑥
(a)
4 𝑑𝐶𝐴 4 𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝑆𝑃, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∫0 1 𝐶 = 2 ∫0 (𝐶𝐴 + 1)2
2𝐶𝐴
+ 1+ 2𝐴
𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
∫ = [𝑙𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 ) + ]
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 )2 𝑏2 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
So,
4
1 1
𝐶𝑆𝑃, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 { [𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝐶𝐴 ) + ]}
1 1 + 𝐶𝐴 0
1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑆𝑃, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 { [𝑙𝑛(1 + 4) + − 𝑙𝑛(1 + 0) − 1]} = 1.6188
1 5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
(b)
2𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴 (4 − 𝐶𝐴 )
𝐶𝑆𝑚 = ( )
4 − 𝐶𝐴 = 2 { }
2𝐶𝐴 + 1 + 𝐶𝐴2 2𝐶𝐴 + 1 + 𝐶𝐴2
𝑑𝐶𝑆𝑚
𝑑𝐶𝐴
(2𝐶𝐴 + 1 + 𝐶𝐴2 )[𝐶𝐴 (−1) + 4 − 𝐶𝐴 ] − (4𝐶𝐴 − 𝐶𝐴2 )(2 + 2𝐶𝐴 )
= 2{ }
(2𝐶𝐴 + 1 + 𝐶𝐴2 )2
= 0
So,
ANS:
𝐶𝐴2 1
𝜑𝑇 = =
1 + 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2 1+
2 1
+ 2
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴
(a)
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎2
∫ = 3 [𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 − 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 ) − ]
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 )2 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
So,
5
1
𝐶𝑇𝑃, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = {1 + 𝐶𝐴 − 2𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝐶𝐴 ) − }
1 + 𝐶𝐴 0
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 6 − 2𝑙𝑛6 − − [1 − 2𝑙𝑛1 − 1] = 2.2498
6 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
(b)
𝐶𝐴2
𝐶𝑇𝑚 = (5 − 𝐶𝐴 )
1 + 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2
So,
𝑑𝐶𝑇𝑚
𝑑𝐶𝐴
(1 + 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2 )[(5 − 𝐶𝐴 )(2𝐶𝐴 ) + 𝐶𝐴2 (−1)] − 𝐶𝐴2 (5 − 𝐶𝐴 )(2𝐶𝐴 + 2)
=
(1 + 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2 )2
=0
So,
𝐶𝐴2 + 3𝐶𝐴 − 10 = 0
2
−3 ± √9 − 4(1)(−10)
𝐶𝐴 = = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
2
22 8
𝐶𝑇𝑚, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 = = 0.89 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
2 + 2(2) + 1 9
QUESTION:
𝐴 → 𝑆, 𝑟𝑆 = 12𝐶𝐴
𝐴 → 𝑇, 𝑟𝑇 = 𝐶𝐴2
We wish to design a reactor setup for a specific duty. Sketch the
scheme selected, and calculate the fraction of feed transformed into
desired product as well as the volume of reactor needed.
ANS:
The reaction of the desired product is the lowest order, so it is better
to use a mixed reactor with high conversion.
16𝐶𝐴0.5
𝜑𝑅 =
16𝐶𝐴0.5 + 12𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2
𝐶𝑅𝑚 = 𝜑𝑅 (𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴 )
𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴
𝜏𝑚 =
16𝐶𝐴0.5 + 12𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2
𝑉 = 𝜏𝑚 (𝜗0 )
Select a high conversion and make the calculations for each of them.
XA CA 𝜏 V 𝜑 CR
0.98 0.2 1.0130 1.0130 0.7370 5.8960
0.99 0.1 1.5790 1.5790 0.8070 7.9894
0.995 0.05 2.3803 2.3803 0.8558 8.5159
ANS:
The desired reaction is the middle order, so there corresponds an
intermediate concentration, which makes maximum performance.
12𝐶𝐴
𝜑𝑆 =
16𝐶𝐴0.5 + 12𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2
(A)
If you cannot recirculate unreacted A, then use a mixed reactor until
the concentration giving 𝜑máx and thereafter a piston.
(B)
If the A can be recirculated unreacted economically, then use a mixed
reactor with concentration giving 𝜑máx.
(A)
𝑑𝜑𝑆 12(16𝐶𝐴0.5 + 12𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2 ) − 12𝐶𝐴 (12 + 8𝐶𝐴−0.5 + 2𝐶𝐴 )
= 2
𝑑𝐶𝐴 (16𝐶𝐴0.5 + 12𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴2 )
=0
So,
18𝐶𝐴0.5 − 𝐶𝐴2 = 0
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴 = 4
𝑚3
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑆𝑚 = 0.5(10 − 4) = 3
𝑚3
10 − 4
𝜏𝑚 = 0.5 2
= 0.0625 𝑚3 = 62.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
16(4) + 12(4) + 4
𝐶𝐴 4 3 2 1 0.6 0.4 0.11 0.02
𝜑𝑆 0.5 0.4951 0.4740 0.4138 0.3608 0.2501 0.1988 0.0959
1
𝐶𝑆𝑃 = [0.4138 + 0.5 + 2(0.4740 + 0.4951)]
2
0.4
+ [0.4138 + 0.2501 + 2(0.3608)]
2
0.09
+ [0.2501 + 0.0959 + 2(0.1988)]
2
𝐶𝑆𝑃 = 1.7367 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3
𝐶𝑆, 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3 + 1.7367 = 4.7367 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3
𝐶𝐴𝑓 𝑓−1
𝑑𝐶𝐴 ∆𝐶𝐴 −1 −1
𝜏𝑃 = ∫ ≈ {(−𝑟𝐴 )−1
0 + (−𝑟𝐴 )𝑓 + 2 ∑ (−𝑟𝐴 )𝑖 }
−𝑟𝐴 2
𝐶𝐴0 𝑖=1
So,
1 1 1 1 1
𝜏𝑃 = [ + + 2( + )]
2 29 96 72.71 50.62
0.4 1 1 1
+ [ + + 2( )]
2 29 9.60 19.95
0.09 1 1 1
+ [ + + 2( )] = 0.1399 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 9.6 2.5 6.64
(B)
Now,
𝑉𝑚 10−4
= which gives 𝑉𝑚 = 0.104 𝑚3 = 104 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝜗0 (𝑅+1) 96
𝐶𝐴𝑓 𝑓−1
𝑑𝐶𝐴 ∆𝐶𝐴 −1 −1
𝜏𝑃 = ∫ ≈ {(−𝑟𝐴 )−1
0 + (−𝑟𝐴 )𝑓 + 2 ∑ (−𝑟𝐴 )𝑖 }
−𝑟𝐴 2
𝐶𝐴0 𝑖=1
𝐶𝐴 𝜑 −𝑟𝐴
0.02 0.0959 2.5031
0.11 0.1988 6.6387
0.2 0.2501 9.5954
0.6 0.3601 0.3608
1 0.0345 29.0000
2 0.0790 50.6274
3 0.1238 72.7128
4 0.1667 96.0000
5 0.2070 120.7771
6 0.2446 147.1918
7 0.2795 175.3320
8 0.3118 205.2548
9 0.3418 237.0000
10 0.3696 270.5964
So,
1
𝐶𝑇𝑃 = {[0.0345 + 0.3696
2
+ 2(0.079 + 0.1238 + ⋯ + 0.3118 + 0.3418)]
+ (1 − 0.05)[0.0345 + 0.0598]}
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑇𝑃 = 1.9729
𝑚3
10 4𝑓
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝜏𝑃 = ∫ + ∫
−𝑟𝐴 −𝑟𝐴
4 0.02
1
𝜏𝑃 = {[270.6−1 + 96−1
2
+ 2(120.8−1 + 147.2−1 + 175.3−1 + 205.3−1
+ 237−1 ) + 0.1399]} = 0.0369 + 0.1399
𝜏𝑃 = 0.1768 𝑚𝑖𝑛
This gives, V = 177 litres
SOLUTION 7.20
CA CR Φm
90 7 0.7
80 13 0.65
70 18 0.6
60 22 0.55
50 25 0.5
40 27 0.45
30 28 0.4
20 28 0.35
10 27 0.3
0 25 0.25
Given,
CA0=100
CAf=20
𝐶𝐴𝑂
CRp=∫𝐶𝐴𝑓 ΦmdCA
ΔCA
= 2
(Φ0 + Φf)
(100−20)
= 2
*(0.75+0.25)
SOLUTION 7.22
y = mx + b
Φm = 0.25 + (0.4/80) CA
CR = Φm (100 – CA)
CR= 25+0.25CA-0.005CA2
𝑑𝐶𝑅
=0 (for maximum CR)
𝑑𝐶𝐴
=0.25-0.005(2)CA
Given,
A+B→ R+T rR = 50 CA
and, XA=0.9
Now we know,
𝐹𝐴0
CA0= 𝑣0
𝐹𝐴0 300
or, vo= = =10 m3/hr
𝐶𝐴0 30
Therefore, -rA=rR+rS
=50CA+100CB
=150CA→ (1)
Now,
Therefore,
𝑋𝐴∗𝐶𝐴0 𝑋𝐴∗𝐶𝐴0 0.9
τ= = = =0.06hr
150𝐶𝐴 150𝐶𝐴0(1−𝑋𝐴) 150∗0.1
𝑉
Now, τ=
𝑣0
τ 𝑉 ∫ 𝑑𝑋𝐴
= =
𝐶𝐴0 𝐹𝐴0 −𝑟𝐴
Here, we know
-rA=150CA
=150*CA0*(1-XA)
Therefore,
τ ∫ 𝑑𝑋𝐴
=
𝐶𝐴0 150 ∗ 𝐶𝐴0 ∗ (1 − 𝑋𝐴)
ln(1−XA)
or, τ = −
150
ln 0.1
=- =0.0153hr
150
Therefore, V= τ ∗ (v0)
Given,
CBeverywhere=3 mol/m3
50𝐶𝐴
Φ(R/A)=50𝐶𝐴+100𝐶𝐵
Therefore,
𝐶𝐴0
CRF= ∫𝐶𝐴𝐹 Φ(R/A)dCA
30 𝐶𝐴
=∫3 𝐶𝐴+2𝐶𝐵
dCA
Given CB=3
CRF=18.68
𝐶𝐴0 S
Similarly, CSF=∫𝐶𝐴𝐹 Φ ( ) dCA
A
30 2𝐶𝐵
=∫3 𝐶𝐴+2𝐶𝐵
dCA
or, CSF=8.32
Finally,
𝐶𝐴𝐹 𝑑𝐶𝐴 300 300 𝑑𝐶𝐴
V=(FA0/CA0)∫𝐶𝐴0 −𝑟𝐴
= 30
∗ ∫30 50𝐶𝐴+100(3)
𝑑𝐶𝑅
φ=−𝑑𝐶𝐴
CA CR dCA Φ
90 1 10 0
80 4 10 0.3
70 9 10 0.5
60 16 10 0.7
50 25 10 0.9
40 35 10 1
30 45 10 1
20 55 10 1
10 64 10 0.9
0 71 10 0.7
Φ
1.2
0.8
0.6
Φ
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
a) For MFR,
CR=φ10(CA0-CAf)
=0.9(100-10)
=0.9*90
=81 mol/lit
b) For PFR,
𝜑1(𝐶𝐴0−𝐶𝐴1)+𝜑2(𝐶𝐴1−𝐶𝐴2)+⋯
φNmixed= (𝐶𝐴0−𝐶𝐴𝑁)
10
=100(0.3+0.7+0.9+0.5+3+0.7+0.9)
= 0.1*7= 0.7
Therefore,
CR= 𝜑(𝐶𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐴𝑓)
= 0.7*(100-10)= 0.7*90=63 mol/lit
c) Given,
CA0=70
Therefore,
For MFR,
CR= φ10(CA0-CAf)
=0.9(70-10)
=0.9*60
= 54 mol/lit
d) For PFR,
𝜑1(𝐶𝐴0−𝐶𝐴1)+𝜑2(𝐶𝐴1−𝐶𝐴2)+⋯
φNmixed=
(𝐶𝐴0−𝐶𝐴𝑁)
10
= 70(0.7+0.9+3+0.7+0.9+0.5)
= 0.142*6.7=0.9571
CR= φNmixed(CA0-CAf)
=0.9571*(70-10)=57.426 mol/lit
SOLUTION 7.28
Given,
A→ R rR=1
A→ S rS=2CA
A→ T rT=CA2
i.e. v0=100
= 1+2CA+CA2
= (1+CA)2
For MFR,
𝐶𝐴0−𝐶𝐴𝑓 2−1
τm= = 4 = 0.25
−𝑟𝐴
=0.25*100= 25 litres
Therefore,
0 𝑑𝐶𝐴 0 𝑑𝐶𝐴
τp=∫1 =∫1
−𝑟𝐴 (1+𝐶𝐴)2
1 1
=-[ ]= 1- = 0.5
1+𝐶𝐴 2
Therefore,
= 50 litres
= 25+50=75 litres
SOLUTION 7.27
Let B be the no of british ships and F be the no of French Ships and if French wins
dF/dt=-KF…..(1)
dB/dt=-KB….(2)
Div 1 by 2
dF/dB=F/B
Integrating we get,
𝐹 𝐵
∫ 𝐹𝑑𝐹 = ∫ 𝐵𝑑𝐵
𝐹0 𝐵0
F2-F02=B2-B02
F2=332-272=360
F=19 ships(approx)
8.1 (a) r1=k1CACB2 (b) r1=k1CACB (c) r1=k1CACB (d) r1=k1CA2CB
Sketch the best contacting patterns for both continuous and non-continuous
operations.
Solution 8.1 Continuous
A
PFR
PFR
B
(a)
A PFR
B
(b)
A
B
PFR
(c)
A
PFR
B (d)
Non-Continuous
Instantaneously B Instantaneously B
A B (Drop by drop) A B (Slowly)
Batch
A A
𝐶𝑅,𝑚𝑎𝑥 1
= e-1 CRmax = 2
𝐶𝐴0 [(0.1⁄0.1)1/2 +1]
1
CR,max = = 0.3679 mol/L CRmax = 0.25 mol/L
𝑒
1 1
tmax = k-1 = 0.1 = 10 min tmax = √𝑘
1 𝑘2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
recidance time =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
tmax = 10 min
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
10 = 1000⁄ Volume of reactor = 166.67 L
60
𝑪𝑹 𝒌𝟏
Run CA CR CS =
𝑪𝒔 𝒌𝟐
1 75 15 10 1.976
2 25 45 30 0.666
𝐶𝑅 −𝐶𝑅0
τ= ---(1)
𝑘1 𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝑆 −𝐶𝑆0
τ= ---(2)
𝑘2 𝐶𝐴
Residence time will be equal from both equations
From eq. (1) and (2)
𝐶𝑅 𝐶𝑆
=
𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐶𝑅 𝑘1
=
𝐶𝑠 𝑘2
𝑘1
For both the runs the value of is coming different
𝑘2
Therefore, the assumption of parallel reaction is not correct.
Now, assuming series reaction taking place
𝑪𝑹 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
Run CA CR CS = CA/CA0 CR/CA0 CS/CA0
𝑪𝒔 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟏
1 50 33.3 16.7 1.976 0.5 0.33 0.167 0.8
2 25 30 45 0.666 0.25 0.3 0.45 0.8
Solution8.5
Assuming parallel reaction
𝑪𝑹 𝒌𝟏
Run CA CR CS =
𝑪𝑺 𝒌𝟐
1 50 40 10 4
2 20 40 40 1
𝐶𝑅 −𝐶𝑅0
τ= ---(1)
𝑘1 𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝑆 −𝐶𝑆0
τ= ---(2)
𝑘2 𝐶𝐴
∆B 𝑘2
= 1 and S=0.25 from graph = 0.4
𝐴 𝑘1
Solution 8.8
𝑘2
a) Here, = 0.8
𝑘1
From graph for equimolar feed in plug flow reactor for highest
concentration of mono-ethyl-aniline the conversion of A is 67%
From graph ∆B = 0.92
Therefore, overall conversion of B is 92% considering both reactions
Solution 8.9
Considering aniline (A), ethanol (B), mono-ethyl-aniline (R) and
di-ethyl-aniline (S)
A0 = 1 mol, B0 = 2 mol
∆B
= 0.56
𝐴
After reaction conversion of A is 40% so 60%will remain unconverted
A = 0.6
B reacted in first reaction is 0.4 mol
The remaining final mixture R is 3 parts and S is 2 parts to produce 2
parts of S, 2 parts of R must react in second reaction so total R formed in
first reaction is 5 parts which is 0.4 mol.
2
2 parts reacted so remaining moles of R is 0.4-( * 0.4) = 0.24
5
S formed is 0.16 mol
𝑘2
The value from graph =1
𝑘1
The final composition in outlet of MFR
Mono-ethyl- Di-ethyl-
Aniline Ethanol Water
aniline aniline
0.6 0.44 0.24 0.16 0.56
Solution 8.10
pH k1 k2 k1/k2
2 11 3 3.666667
3 8 4 2
4 7 5 1.4
5 8 6 1.333333
6 11 7 1.571429
𝑘1
a) Here, the value of is highest at pH=2 so the pH which should be
𝑘2
maintained should be slight higher than 2 and should be maintained
throughout the reactor to get maximum of R as the k 1 will be higher
compare to k2 then R will be more formed. MFR should be used to
maintain pH throughout the reactor as 100% mixing and uniform pH
will be there in MFR.
b) As, the pH required to be constant no PFR is used and in MFR no
stages with different pH should be kept.
CRE-I Term paper
Sums 8.11-8.21
Problem 8.11
pH k1 k2
2 3 11
3 4 8
4 5 7
5 6 8
6 7 11
When pH=6, k1=7(maximum value) and k2=11(maximum value), so it is best to work with pH=6
and keep it constant.
Problem 8.12
(a)R is in series with A and S, so it is best to use the plug flow reactor.
(b) As in parallel reactions CRis the area under the curve Ф vs CA. So, let’s take Ф = f (CA)
𝑑𝐶
Ф = − 𝑑𝐶𝐴 = (k1* CA – k4*CR) / k12*CA , where k12= k1+k2
𝑅
It is not possible to separate variables and integrate because Ф is also a function of CR; but it is a
linear differential equation of first order with integral factor.
𝑑𝐶𝑅 𝑘
– (k4*CR)/ (k12*CA) =-𝑘 1
𝑑𝐶𝐴 12
Comparing this equation with,
𝑑𝑦
+ P(x) y = Q(x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑘4 𝑘
y = CR , x = CA , P(x) = - 𝑘 , Q(x) = -𝑘 1
12 ∗𝐶𝐴 12
y = е− 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄(𝑥)е 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑘4
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (𝑘 )dCA = ln 𝐶𝐴 𝑘 4 /𝑘 12
12 ∗𝐶𝐴
е− 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= CA
е 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐶𝐴 −𝑘 4 /𝑘 12
𝑘
(1− 4 )
𝑘1 −𝑘 1 𝐶𝐴 𝑘 12
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 4 /𝑘 12
𝑄 𝑥 е 𝑑𝑥 = -𝑘 𝐶𝐴 dCA = ( 𝑘 ) ∗ 𝑘
12 12 (1− 4 )
𝑘 12
𝑘
−𝑘 4 /𝑘 12 −𝑘 1 (1− 4 ) 𝑘
CR= 𝐶𝐴 {( 𝑘 )*( 𝐶𝐴 𝑘 12 / (1- 𝑘 4 )) + constant}
12 12
𝑘
(1− 4 )
𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 0 𝑘 12
When CA = CA0 then CR = 0 and constant = (𝑘 ) ∗ 𝑘
12 (1− 4 )
𝑘 12
𝑘 𝑘
(1− 4 ) (1− 4 )
−𝑘 1 𝐶𝐴 𝑘 12 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 0 𝑘 12
𝑘 4 /𝑘 12
CR= 𝐶𝐴 ( )∗ 𝑘 + ( )∗ 𝑘
𝑘 12 (1− 4 ) 𝑘 12 (1− 4 )
𝑘 12 𝑘 12
Dividing the whole equation for CA0 and removing the common factor constant ratio within the
key and performing the indicated multiplication,
𝑘4 𝑘4 𝑘 𝑘
𝑘1 − (1− 4 + 4 )
𝐶𝑅 𝑘 12 𝐶𝐴 0 𝐶𝐴 0 𝑘 12 𝐶𝐴 𝑘 12 𝐶𝐴 𝑘 12 𝑘 12
= 𝑘 −
𝐶𝐴 0 1− 4 𝐶𝐴 0 𝐶𝐴 0
𝑘 12
𝑘4
𝐶𝑅 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 𝑘 12 𝐶𝐴
= −
𝐶𝐴0 𝑘12 − 𝑘4 𝐶𝐴0 𝐶𝐴0
Note that you could have obtained from the equation 8.48 (p. 195) by k34 = k3+ k4= k4 (because
k3= 0)
𝑘4 0.2
𝐶𝑅 𝑘1 𝑘 12 𝑘 4 −𝑘 12 3 4 0.2−4
= =4 = 0.865
𝐶𝐴 0 𝑘 12 𝑘4 0.2
CR = 2(0.865) = 1.73mol
(a)
CS = 0.2CA0
Or CA0 = CA + CR + CT + CU
Therefore,
Negative value of time is not possible. Thus there is some error in the data.
(b)
The above rate constants show that the first reaction is a slow reaction and the second reaction is
a fast reaction.
𝐶𝑆 𝑘1 𝑘3 е1−𝑘 34 𝑡 е−𝑘 12 𝑡 𝑘1 𝑘3
=𝑘 ( − )+𝑘
𝐶𝐴 0 34 −𝑘 12 𝑘 34 𝑘 12 34 ∗𝑘 12
0.03е−30 𝑡 −30е−0.03𝑡
Or 0.02 = 6.67x10-3( ) + 0.222
30∗0.03
−6.0904
Thus t = = - 0.2032 minutes
29.97
Problem 8.14
(a) Arguably k3> k4 and k5> k6. we cannot conclude anything about k1 and k2 because although
the branch of R there are fewer moles than by the branch of S may be that k1> k2 and k3 and k4 to
be small and has accumulation of R may also be that k1<k2 and k1<k3 and k4 so that all R formed
pass T and U.
(b)If the reaction was now complete and is T, U, V and W only by the branch above 5 moles of T
and 1mole of U formed, so it was 6 moles of R transformed to U and T, whereas below the
branch 9 mol of V and 3 mol of W were formed, meaning that there were 12 mol of S. In this
case can be concluded that,
k1<k2
𝑑𝐶𝑅
Formation rate of R = = k1CACB
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶𝑆
Formation rate of S = = k2CACB
𝑑𝑡
𝑘 𝑘 𝐶 6
dCR = 𝑘 1 dCs ═>𝑘 1 = 𝐶𝑅 = 12 ═> k2=2k1
2 2 𝑆
𝑑𝐶𝑇
Formation rate of T = = k3CACB
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶𝑈
Formation rate of U = = k4CACB
𝑑𝑡
𝑘 𝑘 𝐶 5
dCT = 𝑘 3 dCU ═>𝑘 3 = 𝐶 𝑇 = 1 ═> k2=5k1 valid for (a)
4 4 𝑈
𝑑𝐶𝑉
Formation rate of V = = k5CACB
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶𝑊
Formation rate of W = = k6CACB
𝑑𝑡
𝑘 𝑘 𝐶 9
dCV = 𝑘 5 dCW ═>𝑘 5 = 𝐶 𝑉 = 3 ═> k2=3k1 valid for (a)
6 6 𝑊
Problem 8.15
Since S is desired product, if we use mixed flow reactor, there will be more mixing and hence
intermediate formation will be less. So we can use plug flow reactor.
By using equation,
𝑘4 0.004
𝐶𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑘123 𝑘4−𝑘123 0.4
𝐶𝐴0
=𝑘 =0.004 0.004 −0.4 = 0.9545
4
CA = CA0е−𝑘1 𝑡
=100*0.03872
=3.872 mol/L
𝐶𝐴0 −𝐶𝐴 100−3.872
XA = = = 96.12%
𝐶𝐴0 100
The initial gravel handling rate of shovel is 10 ton/min. It is also mentioned that the shovel’s
gravel handling rate is directly proportional to the size of the pile still to be moved. So it shows
that the removal of the sand using shovel can be compared to the first order reaction.
The conveyor on the other hand works at the uniform rate of 5 ton/min. This shows that the
working of the conveyor is independent of the amount of sand in the hopper. So it can be
considered as the zero order reaction.
So for shovel,
For Conveyor,
5 ton/min= k2
𝐶𝑏𝑖𝑛
(a) 𝐶𝐴0
= 1-K(1-ln K)
𝑘2 5
K= 𝐶 = 20000 ∗5∗10 −4 = 0.5
𝐴 0 𝑘1
A→R→S
R = Garbage in bin
S = Garbage in incinerator
−𝑑𝐴
Therefore, = k1A
𝑑𝑡
At t = 0,
−𝑑𝐴𝑜
= 6 tons/min
𝑑𝑡
−𝑑𝐴
6 1
k1= 𝑑𝑡
= = 240 min-1
A 1140
A → R … (n1 = 1, k1 = (1/240) min-1)
R → S … (n2 = 0, k2 = 1 ton/min)
𝑑𝑅
= k1A – k2
𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝐴
= е−𝑘1𝑡
𝐶𝐴 0
A0 = 1140 tonnes
1
k1 = 240
𝐴 72
= 1140 = e-t/240
𝐴𝑜
1
Therefore, 20 = e-t/240
1 −𝑡
Or, ln (20 ) = 240
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 1-k (1 - lnk)
𝐴𝑜
(𝑘 2 /𝐴𝑜) (1/1440 )
Thus, k = = = 0.1667
𝑘1 (1/240)
1 1 1
(c) tmax =𝑘 ln (𝑘 ) = 240 ln (0.1667 ) = 430 min
1
𝑡
Or, e-t/240 + 1440 = 1
t = 1436 min
−𝑑𝑈 −𝑑𝐿
= L and =U
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(a) Upper Slobbovians are better fighters. And one Upper Slobbovian is as good as 1.5
Lower Slobbovians.
(b) When 10 U and 10 L encountered
1.5L → 1U
1∗10
10L → = 6.6 ≈ 7U
1.5
So here we can conclude that, after this encounter 3 U lived and 7 U died. Whereas all the 10 L
were killed.
Problem no. 8.19-
Since chemical X is added slowly and it dissolves quickly, this shows that it is a zero order
reaction.
Thus it can be said that, the overall reaction is zero order followed by 1st order.
X→Y … (n=1)
Y→Z … (n=2)
Now,
−𝑑𝐶𝑋 100
= k1 = = 200 mol/ (m3.hr) … as n=0
𝑑𝑡 0.5
−𝑑𝐶𝑌
= k2CY
𝑑𝑡
𝑘 2 ∗𝐶0 1.5∗100
K= = = 0.75
𝑘1 200
𝐶𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 1
= 𝑘 (1– e-k) = 0.75(1 – e-0.75) = 0.7035
𝐶𝑋 0
𝐶𝑋 0 100
Thus, tmax = = 200 = 0.5 hours
𝑘1
(b) After 1 hour, CX0 = 0
𝐶𝑌 1 1
= 𝑘 (е𝑘1−𝑘1𝑡 - е−𝑘 2 𝑡 ) = 0.75(e-0.75-1.5-e-1.5) = 0.3323
𝐶𝑋 0
𝑑𝐶𝑋 𝑑𝐶𝑅
(1) ≠ 0 and ≠0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
CA = CA0 - kt
CA - CA0 = kt
From initial slope of CX Vs t and CR Vs t, which is not zero we can say that A gives X and R in a
Parallel reaction.
A→X
A→R
(2) But when A is completely exhausted, still CX decreases and CR and thus X decomposes to
give the final product R.
A→X→R
We know, CA0 = CX + CA + CR
Therefore CX = 100 – CA – CR
Or lnCA = ln CA0 – kt
Thus from the graph of lnCA vs t we get a straight line with intercept lnCA0. Thus it follows 1st
order kinetics.
𝐶
We know, ln 𝐶𝐴 0 = (k1 + k2)*t
𝐴
And k1 + k2 = k12
ln 95.8 −ln
(12)
Therefore, k12 = 0.1−5
𝑑𝐶 1.4
( 𝑑𝑡𝑅 )t=0 = 0.1 = k2CA0
1.4
Thus k2 = = 0.14 min-1
0.1 ∗(100)
𝑑𝐶 2.8
( 𝑑𝑡𝑋 )t=0 = 0.1 = k1CA0
2.8
So k1 = = 0.28 min-1
0.1 ∗(100)
𝑘 34
𝐶𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑘 1 𝑘 12 𝑘 34 − 𝑘 12
= 𝑘 *𝑘
𝐶𝐴 0 2 34
Here K34 = k3
𝐶𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 47
Thus = 100 = 0.47
𝐶𝐴 0
𝑘3
0.28 0.42 𝑘 3 − 0.42
Or 0.47 = 0.42 ∗ 𝑘3
Recalculating CR,
𝐶𝑅 𝑘1 𝑘3 е−𝑘 3 𝑡 е−𝑘 12 𝑡 𝑘 𝑘
=𝑘 ( - ) + 𝑘 1 + 𝑘 2 (1 – е−𝑘 12 𝑡 )
𝐶𝐴 0 3 −𝑘 12 𝑘3 𝑘 12 2 12
𝐶
→ 𝐶 𝑅 = 0.4087
𝐴0
CR = 41 mol/m3
k1 =6 hr-1
k2 = 3hr-1
k3 = 1hr-1
CA0 = 1 mol/litre
𝑘 34
𝐶𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑘1 𝑘 12 𝑘 34 − 𝑘 12
=𝑘 ∗𝑘
𝐶𝐴 0 12 34
𝐶𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 6 6
= 6(4)(4/6)
𝐶𝐴 0
2
3
= 23
4
Therefore, CRmax = 9 = 0.44 mol/litre
ln
(4/6)
tmax = = 0.202 hours.
4−6
Cre Term Paper
Submitted by – 13bch005, 13bch023,13bch041,13bch042
Problem 9.1
A) What τ is required for the 60 % conversion of reagent using the optimal progression of
temperature in a flow reactor in piston?
B)Find the outlet temperature of the reactor. Use k10=33*10^6 , k20= 1.8*10^18
Solution
A)
The treaty system in the example 9.4 A↔ R with -rA = k1 CA - K2 CR, where k1 =exp
(17,34 - 48900/RT) and k2 = exp (42.04 - 124200/RT) and C0= 4 mol/L. The chart shown in
the example, to not be squared, makes the collection of data from it is very vague and that is
why we are going to develop the necessary data, without using the chart.
If you want to find the optimal profile is considered that in the same
With the previous equations and data taken from the example you can assess the temperature
of the optimal profile for each XA and then see how varies - r with XA along the optimal
profile
XTo 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Tópt (K) 368 386,47 373,54 365,43 359,02 353,35 347,84 342,04 335,22
-rto 15.54 12.29 9.04 5.89 3.79 2.43 1.49 0.84 0.40
1/-RTO 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.26 0.41 0.67 1.19 2.5
With these values are estimated the volume of flow reactor in piston, using area under the
curve
𝑋𝑎 𝑑𝑋𝐴 0.6 𝑑𝑋𝐴
τ= CA0 = 4
0 −𝑟𝐴 0 −𝑟𝐴 = 0.558 min
B)
In the table above we see that if X = 0.6 The temperature in the optimal profile is 347,84 K =
74,84°C
You want to convert the concentrated aqueous solution of previous example (C0 = 4 mol/L;
F0 = 1000 mol/min) up to 70 % with the smaller size of reactor for thorough mixing. Make
an outline of recommended system, indicating the temperature of the input and output current
and the required space weather
Solution
In the table that appears in the problem 9.1 we take the temperature and the speed of the
optimal profile X = 0.7
With regard to the flow reactor in piston which operates on the optimal profile
The example 9.4 (C0 = 4 mol/L; F0 = 1000 mol/min; X = 0.8; Tmin = 5°C; Tmax = 95°C)
and power and current product to 25°C, much heat or
Cooling will be required
(A)to the supply current
(B)In the reactor itself
(C)For the output current
Solution
In the table that appears in the problem 9.1 The temperature of the optimal profile for XA =
0.8 is 335,22 K = 62,22°C
Q1 Q3
Q2
Q1= cp’(Tsat—Texit)=250*4187*70◦C= 73272,5J/mol A= 73272,5 *1000= 73272.5kJ/min
There is that to provide the power 73272.5 kJ/min, while the output current there is that
extract 38939,1 J/min. There are also removed from the reactor 34333.4 kJ/min. In total there
are that remove 73272.5 kJ/min. I suggest the following
It plans to carry out the reaction of the example 9.4 (C0 = 4 mol/L; F0 = 1000 mol/min) in a
flow reactor in piston which is maintained at 40°C to XTO = 90%. Find the required volume
Solution
k1=exp (17.34-48900/RT)min-1
T = 40 + 273 = 313
K313 = 69.1405
X AE = K/ (K+1) = 0.98
0.98 0.98
τ p= Ln =10.48 min
0.2343 0.98 -0.9
Example 9.4. Using the optimal progression of temperature in a flow reactor in piston to the
reaction of the previous examples. Tmax = 95 °C
(a)Calculate the time space and the volume required for the 80 % conversion of 1000 mol
to/min with C0 = 4 mol/L
B)Plot the temperature and conversion profile along the reactor
Solution
4
0.8
dXA
∫ (-rA )4 =0.405 taken from the example 9.4 ( p. 230)
0
0.8
dXA
∫ (-rA ) 1 =4(0.405)
0.8 0.8
dX A =1 ∫ dXA
τ p = CA0 ∫ (-rA )1 (-rA) =(1)(4)(0.405)=1.63 min
0
v0=FA0/CA0
=1000L/min V= τv0=1620L
As they are reactions of first order the change in the value of C0 did not affect the value of τ.
The volume if it is affected because F0 remained constant and therefore v0 increased 4
times,causing the volume is 4 times more.
Volume
(L)
Example 9.5. The concentrated solution of the previous examples (C0 = 4 mol/L; F0 = 1000
mol/min is going to be 80% converted into a complete mix reactor
(A)What size reactor is required?
(B) What should be the transfer of heat if the power is at 25°C and the output current must be
at the same temperature?
Solution
A) in the table of the problem 9.1 appears which the speed in reported the optimal profile X =
0.8 is 0.4 mol/l min; but for CA0 = 4 mol/l and that is needed is the corresponding to C0 = 1
mol/L
Case1
Q =cp(T-T0’)+ HXA
0=250*4187*(62,22-T0’)+(-18000)(4187)(0.8)
T0’= 4.62◦C
Q1= 250(4187)(4.62-25)=21332.765J/mol A
Q2=250(4187)(25-62.22)=-38960.035J/mol A
Case 2
Q1' = 250(4,187)(62,22 -25)+(18000)(4,187)(0.8)= -21332,765 J / molA
Rework the example 9.6; but with C0 = 1 mol/l instead of C0 = 4 mol/L and recital FA0 =
1000 mol to/min
Example 9.6. Find the size of the flow reactor in piston required to convert up to 80 % the
1000 mol to/min with C0 = 4 mol/L, which is used in the example 9.5
Solution
In the example 9.6 appears that
0.8
dXA
0.8
dX A
Τ1mol / L = (1)∫ (-rA )1mol/L
0
0.8
dX A
Τ1mol / L = (1)∫ (-rA )1mol/L
0 (-r )
A 4mol / L
0.8 0.8
dX A dX A = 8.66 min
Τ1mol / L = (1)∫ (-rA ) = 4 ∫ (-rA)
/
4mol L
0 0 4mol / L
As is noted for a reaction of the first order, the τ is not dependent on CA0; but the volume yes
because FA0 remains constant, that is to say that v0 varied.
1 1 1
(-rA ) = 4 (-rA )
4mol / L 1mol / L
1 1
(-rA ) = 4 (-rA )
1mol / L 4mol / L
The scale of the fig. E9.7 (p. 234) is multiplied by 4 if it reduces the C0 from 4 to 1 mol/L
Area under the curve of 1/-Rto vs Xto the example 9.7 with 4 mol/L CA0 = 1.2 Area under
the curve of 1/-Rto vs X with 1 mol/L CA0 = 1.2 (4) = 4.8=τ/C0
Space weather is not affected by the variation of the concentration; but if F0 remains constant
volume v0 Varies
You want to carry out the reaction of the example 9.4 in a reactor complete mix up to 95 %
conversion of a power supply with CA0 = 10 mol/L and a volumetric flow of 100 L/min What
size reactor is required?
Solution
Τm = CA X A /-rA = 10(0.95)/.0897=105.91min
0
An analysis of the values of the constants is concluded what we already knew and more;
We know that the profile should be decreasing because the first reaction must occur in the
decomposition of A and R is favored with high temperatures (k1 / k2 = 0.4 at 90 ° C), after
lowering the temperature must
because the formation of S is favored by low temperatures (k3 / k4 = 4.00 at 10 ° C). Add to
this, we did not know that k1 and k2 >> K3 and K4, then A is exhausted practically without
R being reacted yet. It can therefore assumed that in the first tank only decomposition of A
occurs and in the second of R. Thus the first tank is kept at 90 ° C and second at 10 ° C
𝑟𝑟 𝑘1 66.31
𝜑𝑟 = = = = 0.288
−𝑟𝑎 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 163.82 + 66.31
𝑟𝑠 𝑘3 1.51 ∗ 10−6
𝜑𝑠 = = = = 0.8
−𝑟𝑟 𝑘3 + 𝑘4 1.51 ∗ 10−6 + 3.84 ∗ 10−7
𝑆
𝜑 = 𝜑𝑅 ∗ 𝜑𝑆 = 0.288 ∗ 0.8 = 0.2304
𝐴
Problem 9.12 (p. 239)
K = 10 to 300 K H = 8000 cal/mol to 300 K
r
Solution
C = 0
'
p
CA0XA CA0XA X
tm = Vv m = −r = K C = K (1− X A)− K X
0 A 1 A0(1− XA)− K2C40XA 1 A 2 4
K1(1− XA)−K2XA
V 0 = V m ( XA )
K1 −1
K 2(300k) = K = 0.318
10 = 0.0318 min
V 0 = 100[0.318(1−0.6)−0.0318(0.6)]
0.6 = 18.2 L/min
−1
K 2(400k) = 2.382
4.485 = 0.531 min
X 0.6
V = V 0( K (1− X A)−K X ) = 24.03 [ 2.382(1−0.6)−0.531(0.6) ] = 22.73L
1 A 2 A
Example 10.1
Where R is the desired product and is to be maximized. Rate the four schemes shown in
Fig.P10.1-either “good” or “not so good,” Please, no complicated calculations, just reason it out.
Answer:
(C) Not so good. beacuse C B is in excess quantity. So rate of formation is S is very high compare
to rate of formation of R.
Example 10.2
-r2 = k2 CRCB2
Answer:
It is a typical reaction series and parallel performance tells us that precisely. We must analyze
separately the components in series and components in parallel.
The reagent parallel, B, has a lower order than the desired reaction unwanted, so B should be
maintained at low concentrations and also we take difference is high so A has as high as
possible.
(B) and (D) Intermediate because in (B) C A and CB and lower (D) C A and CB high,
Example: 10.3
-r2 = k2 CR2 CB
Answer:
It is a parallel reaction and performance series tells us just that. We must analyze separately the
components in series and components in parallel.
The reagent parallel, B, has the same order that the desired reaction the unwanted, so B does not
influence the distribution of products.
(B) and (C) worse (not so good) design because rate is mainly dependent on C R and also C A is in
denominator so A is low necessary but after it decreases concentration of R. and formation of S
is high in (C).
Example: 10.4
→ -r1 = k1 CACB
→ -r2 = k2 CRCB2
Where R is the desired product, which of the following ways of running a batch reactor is
favourable, which is not ? See Fig. P10.4
Answer:
(B) Intermediate because CA = CB low. considering the third alternative where the contents of
the two beakers are rapidly mixed together, the reaction being slow enough so that it does not
proceed to any appreciable extent before the mixture becomes uniform. During the first few
reaction increments R finds itself competing with a large excess of A for B and hence it is at a
disadvantage. Carrying through this line of reasoning, we find the same type of distribution curve
as for the mixture in which B is added slowly to A.
(C) The CA worse because low CA and high CB, is not suitable. For the first alternative pour A a
little at a time into the beaker containing B, stirring thoroughly and making sure that all the A is
used up and that the reaction stops before the next bit is added. With each addition a bit of R is
produced in the beaker. But this R finds itself in an excess of B so it will react further to form S.
The result is that at no time during the slow addition will A and R be present in any appreciable
amount. The mixture becomes progressively richer in S and poorer in B. This continues until the
beaker contains only S.
Example: 10.5
The Oxydation of Xylene. The violent oxidation of xylene simply produces CO 2 and H2 O;
however, when oxidation is gentle and carefully controlled, it can also produce useful quantities
of valuable phthalic anhydride as shown in Fig.P10.5.Also,because of the danger of
explosion,the fraction of xylene in the reacting mixture must be kept below 1%.Naturally,the
problem in this process is to obtain a favourable product distribution.
(a) In a plug flow reactor what values of the three activation energies would require that we
operate at the maximum allowable temperature?
(b) Under what circumstances should the plug flow reactor have a falling temperature
progression?
Answer:
The most desired is the activation energy and will be favored by high temperatures, so it must
work to the maximum allowable temperature.
Example 10.6
The Trambouze Reactions - Reactions in parallel. Given the set of elementary reactions with a feed
of CA0 =1moll/liter and V = 100 literslmin we wish to maximize the fractional yield, not the
production of S, in a reactor arrangement of your choice.
Answer:
The order of reaction is the desired intermediate. C A favor high A → R and CA low to A → T. It
is obvious that there must be an intermediate concentration A → S. To find that CA makes
performance maximum must be raised that dφ (S / A) / dC A = 0
Φ( )=
( )
= =0
The only possible solution is C A = 0.25 mol / L and the concentration value making the most
appropriate performance
It is best to work with a mix Flow reactor that throughout the reactor instant performance equals
0.5 which is its maximum value.
b)
Example 10.7
For the set of elementary reaction of problem 10.6, with a feed of C A0 = 1 mol/liter and v = 100
liters/min we now wish to maximize the production rate of intermediate S (not the fractionl
yield) in a reactor arrangement of your choice. Sketch your chosen scheme and determine C S max
obtainable.
Answer:
Given the shape of the curve φ vs CA there to work with a reactor will complete mixture CA= 1 to
0.25 mol / L, which will have the maximum performance and with this a series of plug flow
reactor that CA = 0.25 go from to 0 mol / L, to take advantage as much as possible high yields.
The final concentration is 0 because if ΔCA ↑ Δ CR↑ and CR wants maximum
Cs max = CS m + CS P
Cs max = 0.5(1-0.25) = 0.375 mol/liter
Cs p = ∫ = ∫
Dividing numerator and denominator by 0.4
Cs p = 0.5∫ = 0.5∫
=
Example 10.8
Automobile Antifreeze Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol are usedas automobile antifreeze,
and are produced by the reactions of ethylene oxide with water, as follows:
A mole of either glycol in water is as effective as the other in reducing the freezing point of
water; however, on a molar basis the diethylene glycol is twice as expensive as the ethylene
glycol. So we want to maximize ethylene glycol, and minimize the diethylene glycol in the
mixture.
One of the country's largest suppliers produced millions of kilograms of antifreeze annually in
reactors shown in Fig. P10.8a. One of the company's engineers suggested that they replace their
reactors with one of the type shown in Fig. P10.8b. What do you think of this suggestion?
Answer:
H2 O+ ethylene → Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene + ethylene → Diethylene Oxide
If H2 O = A, Y = ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol =R and diethylene = S
The reaction can be expressed as
A + B → R (reaction 1)
R + B → S (reaction 2)
Analyzing the components in series A → R → S is the most convenient plug flow reactor and the
reactor of Figure (b) may be considered as diameter / length such by their relationship.
As for the addition of B, the component parallel can not conclude nothing because the reaction
order of this component is not known in the desired and undesired reaction. If the desired out the
higher order, then the addition of B, which raises the concentration of this component is
appropriate.
We select PFR because length/diameter ratio is high in PFR and also undesired quantity
(diaethyelene glycol ) is less.
Example 10.9
The Homoeneous catalytic Reaction. Consider the elementary reaction
Feed compositin {
Answer:
As this is a simple reaction system criteria used is As the production efficiency, the more
efficient is the system having higher speeds. So to know what is more suitable reactor is need to
know how the conversion varies with –rA
If, XA↑, (1-XA)↓ so you can increase or decrease, according to the relative weight of the factors
One way to know how varies –rA with XA is to find the derivative of the function.
If we consider that M = 1.22 and analyze the derivative we see that it is negative over the entire
range of conversions, indicating that the function is decreasing for any value of XA, i.e, the speed
decreases to increase conversion.
Another way to know how to vary the speed conversion, less accurate, it is to evaluate the
function in the interval.
-rA = 0.4 (0.45)2 (1 – XA) (1.22 + XA)
-rA = 0.081 (1 – XA) (1.22 + XA)
XA 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-rA* 9.9 9.6 9.2 8.6 7.8 7.0 5.9 4.7 3.3 1.7
10-2
The higher speed is XA = 0 (high concentrations) so that the reactor It is best piston without
recycling, because the recycle low profile concentrations occurring in the reactor and thus lower
the speed occurring in the reactor.
Example 10.10
To Color Cola Drinks. When viscous corn syrup is heated it caramelizes (turns a deep dark
brown). However, if it is heated a bit too long it transforms into carbon
The caramelized liquid is sent by railroad tank cars to the cola syrup formulators, who then test
the solution for quality. If it is too light in color-penalty; if it has too many carbon particles per
unit volume, then the whole tank car is rejected. There is thus a delicate balance between
underreacting and overreacting.
At present a batch of corn syrup is heated at 154°C in a vat for a precise time. Then it is rapidly
discharged and cooled, the vat is thoroughly cleaned (very labor intensive), and then is
recharged.
The company wants to reduce costs and replace this costly labor intensive batch operation with a
continuous flow system. Of course it will be a tubular reactor (rule 2). What do you think of their
idea? Comment. please, as you sit and sip your Coke or Pepsi.
Answer:
The substitution is theoretically substantiated that over piston take place the same story of
concentrations, and therefore speeds, which occur with time in the batch, and It was further
added advantage of continuous operation.
However, in this system is formed inevitably solid, which adhere to the reactor wall to some
extent (which is why the cleaning batch reactor was a daunting) task is that if the liquor is
viscous and heated through the walls will create a temperature gradient and coal to be formed
will adhere to the pipe walls preventing proper operation. or that think about stopping and clean
the pipe.
10.11 A-R-S
-rA = k CA CB
CA = CA0 (1 – XA) = CA0 (1-XA)
CB = CB0 – CA0XA + 2CA0XA = CA0 (M + XA) where M = CA0/CB0
-rA = k CA02 (1- XA) (M + XA)
d ( ra)
kCao (1 Xa )(M Xa )
2
dXa
0.0012
0.001
0.0008
Y-Values
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Use a MFR
10.13 A+B B +B
CAo= 90 CBo=10
Y-Values
0.0014
0.0012
0.001
0.0008
Y-Values
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
10.14
𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐵 + 𝐵, -rA = kCACB
0.0012
0.001
0.0008
Y-Values
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
10.15
10.16
A = C6H6
B = Cl2
C = C6H5Cl
D = C6H4Cl2
A+B→R
R+B→S
It is best to use a plug flow reactor. You should not use the first recycle reactor.
It should work at low conversions of benzene. For example,
XA =0.4,
with k2 / k1 = 0.1335, CR / CA0 = 0.3855, CS / CA0 = 0.0145 and CR / CS = 26.68.
10. 17- Let A = C3H6 B=O2 R=C3H4O
A+4.5B S K3/K1=0.25
AR S
CRmax/CAo = K1/K2(K12/K3)^(K3/K3-K12)
=10/11*(11/25) ^(2.5/2.5-11)
=0.588
10.18
Analysis of this table we see that between 360 and 396 K ,k3 <<k1 and k1 and
k2 are almost similar.
Cr=0.707 mol/L
k2
ln
k1 2.252s
k 2 k1
Xa=1-exp(k1τ)=0.888
A S T
Where
k1 = k2 = 2 * 1013 exp (-159000/RT) [hr-1]
k3 = 8.15 * 1017 exp (-209000/RT) [hr-1]
k4 = 2.1 * 105 exp (-83600/RT) [hr-1]
And where
A = naphthalene (reactant)
R = naphtha Quinone (postulated intermediate)
S = phthalic anhydride (desired product)
T = CO2 + H2O (waste products)
and the Arrhenius activation energy is given in units of J/mol. This reaction is to
be run somewhere between 900 K and 1200 K.
A local optimum reactor setup discovered by the computer [see example 1,
Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 1037-1051 (1994)] is shown in Fig. P10.19.
(a) Do you like this design? Could you do better? If so, how?
(b) If you could keep the whole of your reactors at whatever temperature and τ
value desired, and if recycle is allowed, how much phthalic anhydride could be
produced per mole of naphthalene reacted?
Suggestion: Why not determine the values of k1, k2, k3, and k4 for both
extremes of temperature, look at the values, and then proceed with the solution?
SOLUTION:
Given,
A S T
Since k4 value is much smaller than the other values of k we use the highest
allowable temperature of 1200K.
Now,
Since k3 value is much bigger than k2 value we can approximate the reaction as
follows.
𝑘2
ln( )
𝑘1
tplug = = 2.4 * 10-6 hr = 0.0086 sec = time of residence
𝑘2−𝑘1
With such a small time and high conversion practically we can use any type of
reactor but we are using a straight plug flow reactor with no recycle which is the
best.
10.20. Professor Turton dislikes using reactors in parallel, and he cringed when he saw my
recommended "best" design for Example 10.1. He much prefers
using reactors in series, and so for that example he suggests using the design of Figure El0.la,
but without any recycle of fluid. Determine the fractional yield of S, Φ (S/A), obtainable with
Turton's design, and see if it matches that found in Example 10.1
SOLUTION:
Here,
𝑉 𝐶𝐴0−𝐶𝐴1
τ1 = =
25 (−𝑟𝐴)1
𝑉 𝐶𝐴1′−𝐶𝐴2 1 1
τ2 = = where CA1’ = 𝐶𝐴1 +
50 (−𝑟𝐴)2 2 2
𝑉 𝐶𝐴2′−𝐶𝐴3 2 1
τ3 = = where CA2’ = 𝐶𝐴2 +
75 (−𝑟𝐴)3 3 3
𝑉 𝐶𝐴3′−0.25 3 1
τ4 = = (−𝑟𝐴)25
where CA3’ = 𝐶𝐴3 +
100 4 4
It is a set of 4 equations and 4 unknowns , so it is determined ; but must be solved by trial and
error and once you know the CR concentrations determine the output of each reactor. It is
clear that the procedure is quite cumbersome and graphical method for solving the material
balance of the reactor mixture can help to the solution. According to the method the operating
point reactor located where the curve ( -rA ) vs CA is cut with balance materials in the plane (
-rA ) -CA is a straight line passing through the reactor inlet concentration and whose slope -1 /
τi .
CA 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
(- 0.625 0.256 0.225 0.196 0.169 0.144 0.121 0.100 0.081 0.064 0.049 0.036
rA)
(1 −0.3)(25)
V = 0.025 + 0.2(0.3)+ 0.4(0.32 )=144.6281 L
144.6281 1
τ2 = 50 = 2.8925 min ⇒ τ2 = 0.3457
144.6281 1 = 0.6914
τ2 = =1.4462 min ⇒ min −1
100 τ2
(1 −0.25)(25)
V= (
0.025 + 0.2(0.25)+ 0.4 0.252 ) =187.5 L
187.5 1 = 0.2667
τ2 = = 3.75 min ⇒ min −1
50 τ2
187.5 1
τ2 = =1.875 min ⇒ = 0.5333
100 τ2
0.25 1
C′A1 = + = 0.625 mol / L
2 2
C′A2 = 2(0.25) + 1 = 0.5 mol / L
3 3
C′A3 = 3(0.25) + 1= 0.4375 mol / L
4 4
CRE 1 Unsolved examples chapter 11
11.1. A pulse input to a vessel gives the results shown in Fig. P1l.l.
(a) Check the material balance with the tracer curve to see whether the results are consistent.
(b) If the result is consistent, determine t, V and sketch the E curve.
Ans. Area Under the curve=Cpulse×t= 0.05×5= 0.25 mol min. /lit.
a. M= 1 mol at t=0 (given); ν= 4 lit. / min.
𝑀
Therefore, ν = ¼ = 0.25 mol min. / lit.
𝑀
Since Area Under the curve equals the results are consistent.
ν
(Ʃ ti Ci) (5×0.05)
b. Taverage = = = 5 min.
Ʃ Ci 0.05
V
Therefore, Taverage= ν
V = Taverage × ν = 5 × 4 = 20 liters
E = (Cpulse × ν)/ M = (0.05 × 4)/ 1 = 0.2
11.2. Repeat Problem P1l.l with one change: The tracer curve is now as shown in Fig. P11.2.
𝑀
Ans. From the previous sum ν = ¼ = 0.25 mol min. / lit.
The tracer comes out late hence the experiment is not done correctly.
11.3. A pulse input to a vessel gives the results shown in Fig. P11.3.
(a) Are the results consistent? (Check the material balance with the experimental tracer curve.)
(b) If the results are consistent, determine the amount of tracer introduced
M,
Ʃ𝑡𝐶∆𝑡 [(16×0)+(19×𝐶)+(25×0)] 38
taverage= = 9𝐶 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 9
2
Ans. Since Value of Cmax is not given this problem cannot be solved
11.6. A pipeline (10 cm I.D., 19.1 m long) simultaneously transports gas and liquid from here to
there. The volumetric flow rate of gas and liquid are 60 000 cm3/s and 300 cm3/s, respectively.
Pulse tracer tests on the fluids flowing through the pipe give results as shown in Fig. P11.6. What
fraction of the pipe is occupied by gas and what fraction by liquid?
Ans. V= 𝜋/4*D2H
= 𝜋/4*102*10-4*19.1 [Given D=10cm and H= 19.1m]
∴ VT= 0.15
VG=60000 cm3/s
tRG = 2s
VG = 60000 * 10-6 * 2 m3
=
0.12 m3
VL = 300 cm3/s
tRL = 100s
A liquid macro fluid reacts according to A + R as it flows through a vessel. Find the conversion
of A for the flow patterns of Figs. P11.7 to P1l.ll and kinetics as shown.
11.7)
∞
Ans. ∫0 𝐸. 𝑑𝑡 =1
∴ 2*E=1
∴E= 0.5
∞ C
= C/C0 = ∫0 (C0) . Edt
∴ -1/2 * 2 * 1 * t = (CA/CA0)1/2 -1
∴ (CA/CA0) = (1-t)2
2
∴ C/C0 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑡)2 . (½). dt
= -1/2* [(1-t)3/3]20
= -1/2*[-1/3-1/3]
= -1/2 * -2/3
= 1/3
11.8)
∞
Ans. C/C0 =∫0 (C/C0). E.dt
∞
∫0 𝐸. 𝑑𝑡 = 1
∴E=2
1 * 2 * 22 * t = (CA/CA0)-1 -1
1 + 8t = (CA/CA0)-1
=
(CA/CA0) = 1/1+8t
0.5
=2∫0 1/1 + 8𝑡 * dt
= XA = 0.6
11.9
CA0 = 6 mol/Lit
-rA= k
k = 3 mol/lit min
̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 ∞ 𝐶𝐴
Ans. The Performance Equation is 𝐶𝐴0 = ∫0 𝐶𝐴0 𝐸𝑑𝑡
Putting E =1/3,
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 1 𝑡
= ∫(1 − 3 ∗ )𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝐴0 3 6
0
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 1
= ∫( 2 − 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝐴0 6
0
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 1
=
𝐶𝐴0 3
11.10
CA0 = 4 mol /lit
-rA= k
k = 1mol/lit min
Ans. Here Dirac Delta function is used. It is Zero everywhere except one point and that point is
at Infinite value. The Equation to be used here is:
∞
̅̅̅̅̅
CA
= ∫ f(t) δ (t − t0) dt
CA0
0
∞
We know that, ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡0)
4
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 𝑘𝑡
= ∫(1 − )𝛿 (𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝐴0 𝐶𝐴0
0
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 𝑘𝑡
= 1− | 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 3
𝐶𝐴0 𝐶𝐴0
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴
= 0.25
𝐶𝐴0
So XA = 0.75 = 75%
11.11
CA0 = 0.1 mol /lit
-rA= k
k = 0.03mol/lit min
11.12-11.14. Hydrogen sulfide is removed from coal gas by contact with a moving bed of iron
oxide particles which convert to the sulfide as follows:
Fe203 -+ FeS
In our reactor the fraction of oxide converted in any particle is determined by its residence time t
and the time needed for complete conversion of
11.12
The reaction occurring here is Fe2O3 → FeS.
X=1 where t ≥ 1 hr
1 t 3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = ∫0 ( 1 − 𝜏) Edt
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = ∫0 ( 1 − t )3 Edt
Here E=1 [ From figure Area = E*t so we have 1=E*1 which results to E=1 ]
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = ∫0 ( 1 − 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 ) dt
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = 0.25
̅ = 0.75 = 75 %
𝑿
Find the conversion of iron oxide to sulfide if the RTD of solids in the contactor is approximated by the
curve
Ans.
1 t 3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = ∫0 ( 1 − 𝜏) E dt , where E= 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0)
∞
We know that, ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡0)
1 − 𝑋 = ( 1 − 𝑡 )3 |𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0.5
1 − 𝑋 = 0.125
Ans: X= 0.875
Ans.
For solid particles,
∞
̅̅̅̅̅
CA
1−X= = ∫ f(t) δ (t − t0) dt
CA0
0
1.5 t 3
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = ∫0.5 ( 1 − 𝜏) E dt
1.5
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = ∫0.5 ( 1 − t )3 E dt
Here E=1 [ From figure Area = E*t so we have 1=E*1 which results to E=1 ]
1.5
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑋 = ∫0.5 ( 1 − 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 ) dt
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 −𝑋 =0
̅ = 1 = 100 %
Ans: 𝑿
Q 11.15
Cold solids flow continuously into a fluidized bed where they disperse rapidly enough so that
they can be taken as well mixed. They then heat up, they devolatilize slowly, and they leave.
Devolatilization releases gaseous A which then decomposes by first-order kinetics as it passes
through the bed. When the gas leaves the bed decomposition of gaseous A stops. From the
following information determine the fraction of gaseous A which has decomposed. Data: Since
this is a large-particle fluidized bed containing cloudless bubbles, assume plug flow of gas
through the unit. Also assume that the volume of gases released by the solids is small compared
to the volume of carrier gas passing through the bed.
Mean residence time in the bed: 6 = 15 min, 6 = 2 s for carrier gas For the reaction:
Ans.
Here A is released uniformly.
1 2
̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝑨 ∞ 𝑪𝑨
The Performance Equation is 𝑪𝑨𝟎 = ∫𝟎 𝑪𝑨𝟎 𝑬𝒅𝒕
CA
= e−kt
CA0
̅̅̅̅
CA ∞
= ∫0 e−kt Edt
CA0
CA
= [e−t ]20
CA0
CA
= 0.4323
CA0
𝑪𝑨
Ans: X=1 - 𝑪𝑨𝟎= 0.5677
Q 11.16
Reactant A (CAo = 64 mol/m3) flows through a plug flow reactor (r = 50 s), and reacts away as
follows:
(a) a microfluid,
(b) a macrofluid.
A 11.16
𝐶𝐴
𝜏
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ∫ (𝑑𝐶𝐴 )
= 𝐶𝐴𝑜1.5
𝐶𝐴0 𝑘𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴𝑜
[𝐶𝐴−1.5+1 ]𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝐴0
𝜏=
−𝑘[−1.5+1]
1 1
50*0.005*0.5 = 𝐶 0.5 - 𝐶 0.5
𝐴 𝐴𝑜
Using equation 8;
σ2 = 2(DL/u3)
Or; σ2 is proportional to L
Therefore;
Or σc2-1024 = 1024-256
Thus;
σc2=1792
(1.65σx2) of width
T t mean C
0-2 1 2
2-4 3 10
4-6 5 8
6-8 7 4
8-10 9 2
10-12 11 0
C vs T
12
10
6
C vs T
4
0
1 3 5
1 𝜎𝜎 2 4.4038
= σ2 θ = 2 = = 0.2138
𝑁𝑁 �𝑡𝑡(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)� 4.5382
N= 4.68 tanks
14.2
For N= 10
a. E θMAX ∝ C MAX
𝑁𝑁 (𝑁𝑁−1)(𝑁𝑁−1)
E θMAX = (𝑁𝑁−1)!
e-(N-1)
1.317 100
=
1.822 𝑥𝑥
X = 138.3 mmol
b. σ2 ∝ N
𝜎𝜎 2 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 10 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) 10
=
𝜎𝜎 2 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 20 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) 20
1 10
=
𝑥𝑥 20
Therefore x= 2
2
The spread is √2 = 1.414 min.
14.3
b. The number of bills in circulation which are older than 21 years is by the following formula:
∞
b = ∫21 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝐸𝐸(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 where b 0 = 1.25 × 109
𝑡𝑡
E(t) = ∫ 𝐹𝐹(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫(1 − exp � �) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
1
Therefore E(t) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡/𝑡𝑡(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 0.8 e-0.8t
𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
∞
Therefore b = ∫21 0.8 exp(−0.8𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 63.2 bills ≈ 63 bills
14.4
V=1.25*10^15 bills
v=10^9 bills
T=(V/v)= 1.25*10^6
(a)
t
F(t)=𝑒𝑒 −(1.25∗10^6)
t=0 ; F(t)=0
t=∞ ; F(t)=1
(b)
∞
b=∫10 b0 E(t)
t
E(t)=∫ F(t)dt = ∫ 1 − exp � � dt
T
∞ 1 −t
b=∫10 (1.25 ∗ 1015 )( exp� �
1.25∗10^6 1.25∗10^6
=1.009*10^9 bills
=109 bills
14.5
cA0 1000
kT=ln = ln = 6.9078
cA 1
For the small deviation from plug flow , by the tanks in series model first calculate ỽ2 from the tracer
curve.
α=8-12=4
α 2
ỽ2 = =
24 3
T=10
2
1 2 ỽ2 � 3 �
= ỽ∅ = 2 = 2 = 0.67 ∗ 10−2
N T 10
N=150 tanks
kT=6.9078/150=0.0461
=1/863
cA0
= 0.00116
cA
cA = 1.16
14.6
fully suspended
v=1 m^3/min
1m^3 slurry
So there is no any dead zone is present because 1 minutes for each reactor.
R=0.5
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1
(𝑅𝑅+1)𝑣𝑣
= 1;
Putting value R;
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1
(0.5+1)1
= 1;
3
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1 = ;
2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉1 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2
(𝑅𝑅+1)𝑣𝑣
+ = 3;
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Vp2=1;
Vactual =(3/2)+1=2.5;
∆𝜃𝜃 2
= ;
𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 √(𝑁𝑁1−1)
2/3 2
= ;
1 √(𝑁𝑁1−1)
N1=10 tanks;
N2=(2/3)*N1;
N2=6.67 tanks;
∑ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Tavg= ∑ ;
𝑐𝑐
Tavg=2.49=2.5;
𝑉𝑉1+𝑉𝑉2
= 1.5 + 1.0 = 2.5;
𝑣𝑣
14.8
∑ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Tavg = ∑ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
;
320
= ;
40
=8 min
2
∑ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∑ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝜎𝜎 2 = −� � ;
∑ 𝑐𝑐 ∑ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
250+490+810+1210 320 2
=� �−� � ;
40 40
=5;
1 𝜎𝜎 2
= ;
𝑁𝑁 (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)2
64
N= ;
5
N=12.8
N=13.
𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃
N=1+4( )^2;
∆𝜃𝜃
N1peak=104 tanks;
N2peak=101 tanks;
N3peak=101 tanks;
N4peak=97 tanks;
Model
14.10
=3000
∑ citi∆ti
Mean resident time = ∑ = 34.66
ci∆ti
(b) E curve
C Time E=C/q CA/CAo
35 0 0 0
38 10 0.00333 0.0202
40 20 0.00666 0.0245
40 30 0.0133 0.0223
39 40 0.0166 0.0183
38 50 0.022 0.0136
35 60 0.0233 0.0099
∑ citi2 ∆ti
(c) Variance= ∑ ci∆ti
− Ti2
=22.45
(d) How many tanks in series in this vessel equipment to?
1 ỽ2 (22.45)^2
= ỽ2∅ = 2 =
N T 34.662
N=2.38 tanks
Example:-14.11
A reactor has flow characteristics given by the nonnormalized C curve in Table P14.11, and by the
shape of this curve we feel that the dispersion or tanks-in-series models should satisfactorily
represent flow in the reactor.
(a) Find the conversion expected in this reactor, assuming that the dispersion model holds.
(b) Find the number of tanks in series which will represent the reactor and the conversion expected,
assuming that the tanks-in-series model holds.
Time Concentration
1 0
2 9
3 57
4 81
5 90
6 90
7 86
8 77
10 67
15 47
20 32
30 15
41 7
52 3
70 0
(d) Comment on the difference in these results, and state which one you think is the most reliable.
Solution:-
To use for dispersion model, or the proper N value to use for tank in series model.
This is done by two way :- matching tracer concentration curve with dispersion model or with tank in
series model , or by calculating ỽ^2 fromthat D/uL or N.
Lets us use the latter procedure. So first calculate T and ỽ^2 from the table of data with the help of
∞
∫0 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∑ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡∆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
given equ. 𝑇𝑇 = ∞ = ∑ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶∆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∫0 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∞ ∞
2
∫0 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇)2𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∫0 𝑡𝑡 2 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
ỽ = ∞ = ∞ − 𝑇𝑇 2
∫0 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∫0 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
ƩC=213 T=2149/213=10.09min
37685
Ʃtc=2149 ỽ2 = � � − (10.09)2 = 75.11
213
ỽ2 75.116
Ʃt^2c=37685 ỽ2∅ = = = 0.7378
𝑇𝑇 2 (10.09)^2
k=o.456min−1 kT=4.6
xa=0.89
1 1
N= 2 = = 1.35 Tanks
ỽ∅ 0.7385
c c
From = ∑( )E∆t
c0 c0
To find out E curve make the area under C curve unity,
Time Concentration citi
𝑒𝑒 −0.465(213)
1 0 0
2 9 0.0506
3 57 0.0456
4 81 0.0158
5 90 0.0050
6 90 0.0015
7 86 0.0005
8 77 0.0002
10 67 0.0001
15 47 16*10^-6
20 32 5*10^-6
30 15 1*10^-6
41 7 0
52 3 0
70 0 0
c c
E= = ∑ ci∆t
area
Now we know that
c c
= ∑ � � E∆t
c0 c0
∑ c =213
∑ e =0.1911
X=0.88(from curve)
Solution 18.1
We cannot tell just by looking at the reactor and the catalyst bed height whether the reactor is integral or
differential. It isn’t the depth or the packing or the conversion level that counts but the assumptions used when
the data from the reactor are analysed. If we assume it as a constant rate of reaction throughout the reactor, then
it is a differential reactor but if we assume a changing rate of reaction with changing position, then it becomes a
integral reactor. It is just the matter of how we are looking at the rate.
Solution 18.2
Since the volume is made 3 times the original volume but the temperature, feed flow rate, the amount of the
catalyst remains the same, according to the performance equation of the mixed flow reactor,
𝑊 𝑋𝐴
=
𝐹𝐴0 −𝑟𝐴
Thus there will be no change in the conversion.
Solution 18.3
a) We have been given data for the weight of the catalyst, molar flow rate and the conversion. Since it is a
packed bed reactor, the performance equation is as follows.
XA
W dX A
= ∫
FAO −rA
0
Thus we see that the slop of the cure at the xA= 0.4 gives us the rate of the equation.
Thus taking the slope of the curve at the point Xa= 0.4
0.482 − 0.23 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑
−𝑟𝐴 = = 0.36
0.8 − 0.1 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑡 . ℎ𝑟
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
XA
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
(W/FAO)
b) For finding the amount of catalyst required if the molar flow is 400 kmol/hr and the conversion required is
Xa=0.4,
From the curve we can see that for Xa= 0.4, the ration of W/FAO is 0.575.
Therefore, W= 0.575 X 400 = 230 kg Cat.
c) For completely mixed flow reactor,
W XA
=
FAO −rA at 0.4
W XA 0.4
= =
FAO −rA at 0.4 0.36
Solution 18.4
AR n=1/2 th order reaction with infinite (very large) recycle hence R = ∞
W = 3 kg of catalyst
CA0 =2 mol/m3 , CA = CAout = 0.5 mol/m3
V = 1 m3/hr
A = 1-1/1 = 0
XA=0.75
FA0 = molar flow rate of gas A
FA0 = 2 mol/m3 1 m3/hr
= 2 mol/hr
W XAout
FA0 = (for MFR) ______________ (1)
−rAout
FA0∗XAout
k = _________________________(3)
W∗CAout
20.75
= 30.5
= 1 m3/kg of catalyst hr
Put the value of k in equation (2) to get value of -rAout
Hence, -rA (mol / kg of catalyst hr ) = (1 m3/kg of catalyst hr) (CA mol / m3)1/2
SOLUTION 18.5
Very large recycle, A→3R, n=1and feed contains 50% A and 50% inerts.
Here Ɛ=1, FA0=2 mol/hr, W=3 kg, CAout = 0.5 mol/m3, CAo=2 mol/m3
With large recycle,use the performance equation of a mixed flow reactor,
𝑊 𝑋𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡
= , -rAout=k’CAout … first order decomposition of A
𝐹𝐴0 −𝑟𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑊 1− 𝐶𝐴𝑜 1
∴ = ( 𝐶𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) ×
𝐹𝐴0 1+ 𝐶𝐴𝑜 𝑘′𝐶𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑋𝐴 (1+0.5𝑋𝐴)2 𝑑𝑋𝐴
=∫
0 (1−𝑋𝐴)2
𝑋𝐴 (1+𝑋𝐴+0.25𝑋𝐴2 )𝑑𝑋𝐴
=∫0 (1−𝑋𝐴)2
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴2 𝑑𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
III = 0.25 ∫ = 0.25 + 0.50 ln (1-XA) + 0.25XA
0 (1−𝑋𝐴)2 (1−𝑋𝐴)
𝑋𝐴
I+II+III = 2.25 + 1.50 ln (1-XA) + 0.25XA
(1−𝑋𝐴)
𝑊 1 𝑋𝐴
= [2.25 + 1.50 ln (1 − XA) + 0.25XA]
𝐹𝐴0 𝑘 ′ 𝐶𝐴𝑜 (1−𝑋𝐴)
XA = 0.67
𝑋𝐴 𝐹𝐴0
k’= [2.25 + 1.50 ln (1 − XA) + 0.25XA] ×
(1−𝑋𝐴) 𝐶𝐴02 ×𝑊
k’= 0.512 m6/(mol.h.kg cat)
1 𝑑𝑁𝐴
-rA’ = - = 0.512 m6/(mol.h∙ kg ∙cat) ∙ (CA mol/m3)^2
𝑊 𝑑𝑡
Solution 18.7
Mixed Flow Behaviour
A→R
1−1
∈a= =0
1
mol
CAO =10 ; W=4 gm
m3
Performance Equation
W XA
=
FAO −rA
For No. 1:
m3
vo = 3 , XA = 0.2
h
FAO = Vo * CAO
= 3 * 10
mol
= 30 h
FAO
-rA = XA * W
= 0.2 * 30/4
mol
= 1.5 h g cat
For No. 2:
m3
Vo = 2 XA = 0.3
h
FAO = Vo * CAO
= 2 * 10
mol
= 20 h
FAO
-rA = XA * W
= 0.3 * 20/4
mol
= 1.5 h g cat
vo 3 2 1.2
FAO 30 20 12
XA 0.2 0.3 0.5
CA 8 7 5
-rA 1.5 1.5 1.5
So the reaction is independent of CA (0 th Order)
-rA = K CA n
mol
-rA = 1.5
h g cat
Solution 18.8
Plug Flow
mol lt m3
CAO = 60 vO = 3 min = 3 * 10-3
m3 min
FAO = vO * CAO
= 60 * 3 * 10-3
mol
= 0.18 min
XA
W dXA
= ∫
FAO −rA
0
1−1
A→R , ∈a= =0
1
CA = CAO * (1-XA)
C
XA = 1- C A
AO
30 W1 0.5
XA1 = 1- 60 = 0.5 = 0.18 = 2.78
FAO
20 W2 1
XA2 = 1- 60 = 0.67 = 0.18 = 5.56
FAO
10 W3 2.5
XA3 = 1- 60 = 0.833 = 0.18 = 13.89
FAO
− ln(1− XA )
= k∗ CAO
W 1 1
= * ln ( 1−𝑋 )
FAO 𝑘∗𝐶𝐴𝑂 𝐴
y = mx
1 2 3
W 2.78 5.56 13.89
FAO
1 0.693 1.098 1.79
ln ( 1−𝑋 )
𝐴
First order
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
ln ( 1/(1-XA ) )
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
W/(FAO)
W 1
vs ln ( 1−𝑋 ) is not coming straight line. So our assumption of First order is wrong.
FAO 𝐴
1 2 3
W 2.78 5.56 13.89
FAO
𝑋𝐴 1 2.03 4.998
1 − 𝑋𝐴
Second order
6
4
XA/(1-XA )
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
W/(FAO)
W 𝑋
vs 1−𝑋𝐴 is coming straight line. So our assumption of Second order is correct.
FAO 𝐴
1
Slope = 2 = 2.773
𝑘∗ 𝐶𝐴𝑂
1
= 2.773
𝑘∗ 602
m6
k = 10-4 mol min g cat
Solution 18.9
We have reaction A→R, CAO= 10mol/m3
Ca XA FA0 1/-rA
8 0.2 0.14 3.571429
6 0.4 0.42 0.595238
4 0.6 1.67 0.0998
2 0.8 2.5 0.05
1 0.9 1.25 0.088889
4
3.5
2.5
1/-rA
2
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ca
For packed bed reactor with CAO= 8 mol/m3 and XA=0.75, CA= 2 mol/m3.
Also the area under the curve for 1/-rA vs CA from CA0= 8 mol/m3 to CA= 2 mol/m3 is 5.08.
According to the performance equation of the Packed bed reactor,
𝑊 𝑑 𝑋𝐴
= ∫
𝐹𝐴𝑂 −𝑟𝐴
We get, W= 1000 X 5.08/8 = 615 kg of catalyst is required.
Solution 18.10
For Mixed Flow reactor, the concentration inside the reactor will be same as that of the leaving stream. Given
that the initial reactant concentration is 10 mol/m3 and the conversion is 90 %, the outlet concentration of the
stream will be 1 mol/m3. Thus from the above tabulated data, the rate constant can be found out.
−𝑟𝐴
𝑘=
𝐶𝐴
11.25
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑘 = = 11.25 m3/mol. Min
1
Of Cre-II,
Chapter No:18
Samarpita Chakraborty
(13BCH013)
Harsh Dodia
(13BCH014)
Nirav Donga
(13BCH015)
Harshit Goyal
(13BCH018)
18.11)
V=1000 m3/hr
Cao=100 mol/m3
XB=0.8
50𝐶𝐴
-rA=1+.02𝐶𝐴 Mol/kg.hr
1000 100
[ln + .02 (100-20)]
50 20
𝑊 = 64.19 𝐾𝑔𝑐𝑎𝑙
18.12)
V=1000m3/hr
CS.=100mol/m3
XB=0.8
𝑊 𝑋𝐴𝑓 100
T’= 𝑣 = ∫0 𝑑𝑋𝐴/−𝑟′𝑎=1/k’ ∫20 d𝐶𝑎 /−𝑟′𝑎
100
∫20 d𝐶𝑎
T’= 1/8
8𝐶𝑎2
-1/8 [1/Ca0-1/Ca]
-1/8 [1/100 -1/20]
T’= W/V= 0.005
𝑊 = 0.005 𝑥 1000 = 5 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
18.13)
v=10 m3/hr
W= 4 kg
Xa= ?
-ra’=.6 CACB
XA=90.9%
XB= .909%
18.14)
𝑑𝑋𝑎
𝜏/Cao = V/W∫ −𝑟𝑎′
= 0.01350 mol/litre
= 13.50 mol / m3
We know,
k’’’ 𝜏’’’= k’ 𝜏’ [𝜏’ is 𝜏′′′x (Density of the catalyst particles-bulk Density of packed bed) - as in
solid catalyzed reactions volume of catalysts can be taken as the void volume of reactor.]
18.15)
8atm 700⁰C
A 3R
ε=2
𝑊 𝑋𝑎
=
𝐹𝑎𝑜 −𝑟𝑎′
𝐶𝑎 1−𝑋𝑎
=
𝐶𝑎𝑜 1+2𝑋𝑎
8
Ca= PA/RT= .08206∗973=0.1mol/lit
0.9
y = 9.9132x
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-rA’= 9.9132CA
18.16)
For 1st order solid catalyzed reaction, without any complex piping conversion is XA = 0.8 and
thus
k’ 𝜏’ =ln [CAO/CA]
k’ 𝜏’ = -ln [1-Xa]
k’ 𝜏’ = -ln[1-0.8]
k’ 𝜏’= 1.6094 (Damkohler number for 1st order reactions)
at points 2, 3, 4 the conversion is same at steady state.
𝑑𝑋𝑎 𝑑𝑋𝑎
𝜏’/CA0 =∫ −𝑟𝑎 =∫
𝑘′ 𝐶𝑎
𝑋𝑎1 𝑑𝑋𝑎
k’ 𝜏′/CA0 = ∫𝑋𝑎2 𝐶𝑎𝑜(1−𝑋𝑎)
k’ 𝜏′= - ln [(1-Xa1)/(1-Xa2)]
1.6094 = - ln [(1-Xa1)/(1-Xa2)]……………………………………………… 1
1.6094 = - ln [(1-Xa1)/(1-Xa2)]
𝑒 1.6094 =[(1-Xa2)/(1-Xa1)]
5(1 − 𝑋𝐴1)= 1 − XA2
5CA1/CA0 = CA2/CA0
CA2/CA1 = CA3/CA1 = CA4/CA1 = 5
18.17) (a)
V=1lit/hr
W=3gm
Cao=2mol/lit Caout=0.5mol/lit
V0=1lit/hr A R R=∞
Second order
- ra´=k´Ca2
𝑊𝐶𝑎𝑜 𝑊 𝐶𝑎0−𝐶𝑎
T’= =𝑣0=
𝐹𝑎𝑜 − ra´
𝑉0 𝐶𝑎0−𝐶𝑎
k´= 𝑊 . 𝐶𝑎∗𝐶𝑎
1 2−0.5
=3 . 0.5∗0.5 = 2lit2/mol.gm.hr
Ca0=1mol/lit
W= ? Xa= 0.8
𝑊 𝐶𝑎𝑜 𝑑𝐶𝑎 1
T’=𝑣0 = ∫𝐶𝑎 𝑘𝐶𝑎.𝐶𝑎 𝑘
= . [𝐶𝑎1 − 𝐶𝑎𝑜
1
]
1000
W= 2
. [0.21 − 11]=2000gm=2kg
Therefore, adding inert make the reactor bigger but does not change the weight of the catalyst
needed for the process
18.18)
Cao Ca Vo
mol/m3 mol/m3 (lit/hr) Fao Xa (-)ra' 1/(-)ra'
10 1 5 0.05 0.9 0.045 22.22222
W kg cat 2 20 0.2 0.8 0.16 6.25
1 3 65 0.65 0.7 0.455 2.197802
6 133 1.33 0.4 0.532 1.879699
9 540 5.4 0.1 0.54 1.851852
25
20
15
1/-ra'
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Xa
25
20
15
1/-ra'
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Ca
𝑑𝐶𝑎 ( Area under the curve for PFR i.e with no recycle of exit fluid for
∫ −𝑟𝑎 =14 Xa= 0.75)
(Area under the curve for CSTR i.e with very high recycle and for
(Ca0-Ca)/-ra = 36 Xa= 0.75)
Hence,
W= FAO/CAO x (CA0-CA)/-ra
= (1000/8) x 36
= 4500 kg catalyst
18.19)
1atm 609K
2A R
V=100 cm3
𝑎
PA= PA0 + ∆𝑛 (𝜋𝑜 − 𝜋)
2
=1+−1 (1 − 𝜋)
=2 𝜋 − 1……………………(1)
t 𝜋 PA Ca lnCa 1/Ca
0 1 1 20 3 0.05
4 0.75 0.5 10 2.3 0.1
8 o.67 0.33 6.67 1.9 0.135
6 0.60 0,2 4 1.38 0.25
36 0.55 0.1 2 0.693 0.5
Slope of 1/Ca vs t is 0.0125.
2
Therefore rate equation is ra=0.0125Ca
18.20)
Mw= .15
-rA’’’/CA= .88
De= 2*10-6
.15= L2*.88/2*10-6
L= 5.83* 10-4 m
= 58.3mm
L= R/3 (Sphere)
L= D/6
D= 350 mm
18.21. A reaction A→R is to take place on a porous catalyst pellet (d = 6mm, de = 10m3/m cat.
s). How much is the rate slowed by pore diffusional resistance if the concentration of reactant
bathing the particle is100 mol/m3 and the diffusion-free kinetics are given by
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
-r a = 0.1c a 2
𝑚𝑚3 .𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑠𝑠
ans.
6∗10−3 (2+1)∗0.1∗1002−1
= �
6 2∗10−6
= 3.873
18.22 In the absence of pore diffusion resistance a particular first-order gas- phase reaction
proceeds as reported below.
What size of spherical catalyst pellets ( g e 10^-3= cm3/cm cat as) would ensure that pore
resistance effects do not intrude to slow the rate of re- action?
Given P= 1atm
C Ao =P/RT
C Ao = 1/(0.08206*673)
C Ao = 1.8*10^-5 mol/cm^3
X Ae = C Ao - C A / C Ao
X Ae = (1.8-1)10^-5/1.8*10^-5
X Ae = 0.444
M t = L(K’’’/D e *X Ae )^(1/2)
M T = 0.4
We get L=0.4cm
R =3L
R= 0.0795 cm
R = 0.8mm
18.23. The first-order decomposition of A is run in an experimental mixed flow reactor. Find the
role played by pore diffusion in these runs in effect determine whether the runs were made under
diffusion-free, strong resistance or intermediate conditions.
dp w C ao v xa
3 1 100 9 0.4
12 4 300 8 0.6
A → 𝑅𝑅
ans.
No dp w C AO v xa CA K’
1 3 1 100 9 0.4 60 6
2 12 4 300 8 0.6 120 3
For Mixed Flow
(1) (2)
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 (1 - 𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 (1 - 𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴 )
= 100(1 – 0.4) = 300(1 – 0.6)
= 60 = 120
For No diffusion
𝐾𝐾2
=1
𝐾𝐾1
=6 =3
𝐾𝐾2 3 1
= =
𝐾𝐾1 6 2
18.24 The first-order decomposition of A is run in an experimental mixed flow reactor. Find the
role played by pore diffusion in these runs in effect determine whether the runs were made under
diffusion-free, strong resistance or intermediate conditions.
dp w C ao v xa
4 1 300 60 0.8
8 3 100 160 0.6
A → 𝑅𝑅
ans
No dp w C A0 V xa CA K’
1 4 1 300 60 0.8 60 240
2 8 3 100 160 0.6 40 80
𝐾𝐾2 80 1
= =
𝐾𝐾1 240 3
So that, diffusion take place at strong resistance condition
18.25 The first-order decomposition of A is run in an experimental mixed flow reactor. Find the
role played by pore diffusion in these runs in effect determine whether the runs were made under
diffusion-free, strong resistance or intermediate conditions.
dp w C ao v xa
2 4 75 10 0.2
1 6 100 5 0.6
A → 𝑅𝑅
ans
No dp w C A0 V xa CA K’
1 2 4 75 10 0.2 60
2 1 6 100 5 0.6 40
𝐾𝐾2 1.25
= =2
𝐾𝐾1 0.625
So that, diffusion take place at strong pore diffusion
Solution 18.26
dp CA -r A ’ T,K
1 20 1 480
2 40 1 480
2 40 3 500
A→ R; C A0 = 50
Now, d p2 / d p1 = k 1 /k 2 = k 0 e-E/RT 1 / k 0 e-E/RT 2 = 2
Similarly,
d p3 / d p2 = k 2 /k 3 = k 0 e-E/RT 2 / k 0 e-E/RT 3 = 1
d p3 / d p1 = k 1 /k 3 = e-E/RT 1 / e-E/RT 3 = 2
On solving we get,
E = -69139.224 J = -69.13 kJ
Solution 18.27
All these runs were made at the same W/F Ao . We are also told that the recycle rate is high
enough to have mixed flow throughout. Thus changing the recycle rate from run 1 to run 2, or
from run 3 to run 4 with no change in rate shows that film resistance doesn’t influence the rate.
Next, if particles were non-porous then the smaller size (runs 1 & 2) should have double the rate
of the larger size (runs 3 & 4). This is not what is measured hence the results are not consistent
with the guess of non-porous particles. (1) If in the regime of no pore diffusion resistance the
rates should be same for large and small pellets. (2) If in the regime of strong pore diffusion the
rate should halve from going 4 to 2 in going to the larger particle.
Our results are half-way between these two extremes, hence we must be operating under
conditions where pore diffusion is just beginning to influence the rate. Hence we can conclude
that, porous particles, no film resistance, pore resistance just beginning to intrude and effect the
rate.
Solution 18.28
dp W/F A0 C R,max /C A0
4 1 0.5
8 2 0.5
A→ R → S
Under the best possible condition we may accept C R, max /C A0 to be 0.5 and to obtain that we may
use the plug flow pattern and catalyst size to be small.
Solution 18.29
For mixed flow the reactor performance equation is: W/F A0 = X A /-r A ’ and since the data show
that the rate is inversely proportional to pellet size shows that pore diffusion controls in both runs
shows:
k 2 /k 1 = 0.5 and by eliminating pore diffusion in backmix flow we can get – C R /C A0 = 0.44
and by eliminating pore diffusion and using plug flow we can get - C R /C A0 = 0.63
So, use smaller pellets in a packed and we should be able to achieve as high as C R /C A0 = 0.63
Solution 18.30
C A0 = 10 mol/m3
A packed bed catalytic reactor is used.
(a) It should be operated in the strong diffusion regime.
(b) We should use a plug flow.
Solution: First order catalytic reaction, A → R (Strong pore diffusion resistance)
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
-ln = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
-ln(1-𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎 ) = kt
1 − 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
In the strong pore diffusion resistance, Double the pellet size rate
constant is same
K1 = K2 = K
1 − 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎1 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘1𝑡𝑡1
1 – 0.632 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡1
Kt1 = 1
1 − 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎2 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘2𝑡𝑡2
1 – Xa2 = 𝑒𝑒 −0.5
𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎2 = 0.393
Solution:
𝑚𝑚3
P= 1atm, T=336 ºC, Xa= 0.8, De= 2*10-6
𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑠𝑠
1.2∗10−2
L= = 0.002𝑚𝑚
2∗3
𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎
= �
𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎
𝜏𝜏 2000 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎 ∗ (1 +∈𝑎𝑎 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎 )2
= � 2
𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0.01 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ∗ (1 − 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎 )2
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎 1 1 1 1
𝜏𝜏 = � = � − 1� = � − 1� = 0.1
20 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (1 − 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎 )2 40 1 − 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎 40 1 − 0.8
𝑊𝑊
τ= → 𝑊𝑊 = 0.1 ∗ 1 = 0.1𝑚𝑚3 = 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
Solution:
P= 1atm, T= 336 ºC, v= 4cm3/s, Xa= 0.8 when 10 gm of 1.2 mm catalyst
Design a fluidized bed of 1-mm particles (assume mixed flow of gas) and
packed bed of 1.5 cm particles which need minimum catalyst?
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 101325 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 −𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎 12.8
Cao= = = 20 k= = = 3.2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 8.314∗(336+273) 𝑚𝑚3 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 20∗(1−0.8)
𝜏𝜏 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎
=
𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎
𝑊𝑊 0.01
τ= = = 2500 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 4∗10−6
Fluidized bed is better because it’s required less amount of catalyst. It needs
only 55.55% of the packed bed catalyst.
Problem 18.34 & 18.35
Additional data:
Solution 35:
𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 bed
k’’’= 2 ( )* 2( )
𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 bed sec 1 m3 catalyst
m3
=4 ( )
m3 cat sec
k′′′
MT = L √
D
6 ∗ 10^ −3 4
= √
6 4 ∗10^−8
= 10
1
ε=
MT
= .1
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0∗𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
τ’’’=
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
=∫
𝑘𝑘 ′′′ ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 ∗ ε
1 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0
= ln
𝑘𝑘 ′′′ ∗ ε 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0
vcat = ln
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0∗ 𝑘𝑘 ′′′ ∗ 𝜀𝜀 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
10^4 10
= ln
3600∗1000∗4∗.1 1
= 0.016
W = Vcat * Pcat
Pbulk
= Vcat *( )
voidage
2000
= 0.016 *
0.5
= 64 kg
Solution 34:
m3 m3 bed
k’’’= 8 * 10^-4 ( ) * 2( )
m3 bed sec 1 m3 catalyst
m3
= 16 * 10^-4 ( )
m3 cat sec
k′′′
MT = L √
D
6 ∗ 10^ −3 16∗10^−4
= √
6 4 ∗10^−8
= 0.2
ε =1
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0∗𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
τ’’’=
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
=∫
𝑘𝑘 ′′′ ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 ∗ ε
1 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0
= ln
𝑘𝑘 ′′′ ∗ ε 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0
Vcat = ln
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0∗ 𝑘𝑘 ′′′ ∗ 𝜀𝜀 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
10^4 10
= ln
3600∗1000 ∗ 16∗10^−4∗1 1
=4
W = Vcat * Pcat
Pbulk
= Vcat *( )
voidage
2000
=4*
0.5
= 16000 kg
Problem 18.36
(a) Particles are porous and allow easy access for reactants (no resistance to
pore diffusion).
(b) Particles are porous and at all sizes provide a strong resistance to pore
diffusion.
Solution 18.36:
–𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0(1−𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋)
a) = =1 =
𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴′ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘′ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0(1−𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴′ )
1 – XA = 1 – XA’
1 – XA’ = 1 – 0.05
XA’ = 0.95
b) rA= k CA
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0(1−𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋) 3
=
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0(1−𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴′ ) 5
1−.95
= 0.6
1−𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋′
1 – XA’ = 0.0833
XA’ = 0.916
Soln: Denoting catalyst palate without grains as 1 and with grains as 2. Therefore, in
strong pore diffusion regime (as grains are having strong pore diffusion);
𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇2 𝜀𝜀1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑟𝑟 ′𝐴𝐴1 𝑊𝑊2 𝑉𝑉2 ∗ .75
= = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = ′ = =
𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇1 𝜀𝜀2 𝑅𝑅1 𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴2 𝑊𝑊1 𝑉𝑉1
• Reason for last 3 terms;
𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴
𝑟𝑟 ′𝐴𝐴 =
𝑊𝑊
But,
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴 =
𝑉𝑉
• As between grains there is 25% of void age and there exist free pore diffusion
hence in only 75% of total volume there will be strong pore resistance.
𝑊𝑊2
= 0.01
𝑊𝑊1
• Hence 1% of earlier catalyst weight is required to obtain same
results.
𝑉𝑉2 ∗ .75
= 0.01
𝑉𝑉1
𝑉𝑉2
= 0.0133
𝑉𝑉1
• Therefore 1.33% of earlier volume is required.
Soln: As catalyst is still in strong pore diffusion regime even after
impregnating only outer surface hence formulas used in previous
numerical are applicable. Denoting throughout impregnated
catalyst as 1 and catalyst impregnated only at outer surface as 2.
𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇2 6.3
= = 1.05
𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇1 6
𝜀𝜀2 1 𝑊𝑊2
= = 0.9524 =
𝜀𝜀1 1.05 𝑊𝑊1
𝑊𝑊2 = 0.9524 ∗ 𝑊𝑊1
PA v/s Distance
800
700
600 y = -0.0006x3 + 0.1517x2 - 15.055x + 759.7
PA (in mm-Hg)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (in m)
• From given data we can obtain above curve and 50% conversion
(362 mm-Hg) is achieved at distance 39.97 m.
• Now each 1m length of tube consists 1cm3 of bulk catalyst. Hence
till distance 39.97 cm3 of bulk catalyst will be there.
Now,
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
=
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 ∗ 𝑣𝑣0
• From ideal gas law,
PV=nRT
𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴0 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 = = =
𝑉𝑉 𝑅𝑅 ∗ 𝑇𝑇 22400 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
Therefore,
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 39.97 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
=
100 ∗ 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
∗ 10
3600 𝑠𝑠 22400 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 𝑠𝑠
Vr = 2.48*106 cm3
Vr = 2.48 m3
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Group no: 7: 13bch036, 13bch037, 13bch038, 13bch040
Cre II- term paper II
Chapter 24: Fluid-Fluid reactors design
24.1
24.2
24.3
90000 900000
(1000 − 100) = (𝐶𝐴1 − 0)
105 55556
Or CA1 = 50 mol/m3
Now from the PA vs CA diagram we can see that the operating and equilibrium lines are
parallel. Thus the rate of transfer is the same everywhere. Hence,
1 1
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = (𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐴 ∗) = (1000 − 900)
1 𝐻𝐴 1 18
+
𝑘𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑎 0.36 + 72
(i) Volume
24.4
Tower
1
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 𝑃𝐴
1
𝑘𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎
(i) Volume
103
𝐹𝑔 𝑑𝑋𝑎 𝐹𝑔 𝑑𝑝𝑎 90000 10
𝑉𝑟 = ʃ = ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 = 5.75 𝑚3
𝛱 −𝑟𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝛱 𝑝𝑎 0.36 1
102
24.5
0.01 0.001
90000 (0.99 − ) = 900000(0.001 − 𝑋B1)
0.999
CB1 = 5 mol/m3
𝐷𝑏 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 𝐶𝑏 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝐻𝑎 105 ∗ 𝐶𝑏
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + =1+ = 1+ =1+
𝑏 ∗ 𝐷𝑎 ∗ 𝐶𝑎 𝐶𝑎 𝑃𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑖
√𝐷𝑎𝑏∗𝑘∗𝐶𝑏
MH = =∞
𝐾𝑎𝑙 2
55.56 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 5.556 ∗ 104
100
Hence E = 5.556*104. Now rate equation,
1
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 𝑃𝐴
1 𝐻𝐴 𝐻𝐴
+ +
𝑘𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 𝑘 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑙
1
= 𝑃𝐴 = 0.36 ∗ 𝑃𝐴
1 105 105
0.36 + 72(5.556 ∗ 104 ) + ∞
We can see that gas film resistance is not negligible.
At bottom (point 1),
5 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 501
1000
√𝐷𝑎𝑏∗𝑘∗𝐶𝑏
MH = =∞
𝐾𝑎𝑙 2
(ii) Gas film resistance is 91% of total, and 9% is from liquid film.
24.6
𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝐻𝑎 500 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + 𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 5 ∗ 105
𝑃𝑎𝑖 100
𝐸𝑖 ≥ 𝑀H, MH = E = 300.46
1
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 𝑃𝐴
1 𝐻𝐴 𝐻𝐴
+ +
𝑘𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑎 𝑘 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑙
1
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 𝑃𝐴 = 0.710 ∗ 𝑃𝐴
1 105 105
+ +
0.72 144 ∗ 300 2.6 ∗ 105 ∗ 555.56 ∗ 0.9
(i) Volume
24.7
105 ∗ 500
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + > 𝑀𝐻
1000
Therefore, Ei = MH =30
𝑃𝐴
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ + 5
0.72 144 ∗ 40 2.6 ∗ 10 ∗ 500 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.041*PA
Therefore,
𝐹𝑔 ∆𝑃 90000(1000 − 100)
𝑉𝑟 = ∗ = = 197.6 𝑚3
𝛱 −𝑟𝐴′′′′ 105 (0.041) ∗ 100
(i) Volume = 197.6 m3
(ii) Liquid film dominates (94.3%)
24.8
55.56 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 55561 > 𝑀𝐻
100
1
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 𝑃𝐴
1 𝐻𝐴 𝐻𝐴
+ +
𝑘𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑎 𝑘 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑙
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ +
0.36 0.72 ∗ 100 2.6 ∗ 1000 ∗ 55.56 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.0718
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 13.92
105 ∗ 5.556
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 55561 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ +
0.36 0.72 2.6 ∗ 1000 ∗ 5.556 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.714
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 1.4
105 ∗ 44.44
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 1
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ +
0.36 0.72 2.6 ∗ 1000 ∗ 44.44 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.359
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 2.58
103
𝐹𝑔 𝑑𝑝𝑎
𝑉𝑟 = ∫
𝛱 −𝑟𝐴′′
102
𝑉𝑟 = 2685.6 m3
24.9
105 ∗ 55.56
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + > 𝑀𝐻
1000
Therefore, Ei = MH =100
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ +
0.36 0.72 ∗ 100 2.6 ∗ 107 ∗ 55.56 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 6
√3.68∗10−6 ∗2.6∗107 ∗5
At bottom, MH = = 30
0.722
105 ∗ 5
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + > 𝑀𝐻
1000
Therefore, Ei = MH =30
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ +
0.36 0.72 ∗ 30 2.6 ∗ 1000 ∗ 5 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 20.4
105 ∗ 30.56
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 74
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ + 7
0.36 0.72 ∗ 74 2.6 ∗ 10 ∗ 30.56 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 25.4
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.0393
103
𝐹𝑔 𝑑𝑝𝑎
𝑉𝑟 = ∫
𝛱 −𝑟𝐴′′
102
(i) Volume
𝑉𝑟 = (9000/105)*66= 59.4 m3
(ii) liquid film dominates (84%)
24.10
55.56 ∗ 103
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 556.6 > 𝑀𝐻
100
Therefore, Ei = MH =10
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 103 103
+ + 5
0.36 0.72 ∗ 10 2.6 ∗ 10 ∗ 55.56 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 23.95 mol/m3*hr
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.0417
103 ∗ 5.556
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 6.55 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
Therefore, Ei = MH =3.16
100
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 103 105
+ + 5
0.36 0.72 ∗ 3.16 2.6 ∗ 10 ∗ 5.556 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 137.93
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.0073
105 ∗ 44.44
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 8.95
300
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
1 105 105
+ + 5
0.36 0.72 ∗ 8.95 2.6 ∗ 10 ∗ 44.44 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 69.136
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.0144
103
𝐹𝑔 𝑑𝑝𝑎
𝑉𝑟 = ∫
𝛱 −𝑟𝐴′′
102
𝑉𝑟 = 0.9*10.8 = 9.72 m3
24.11
𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑛 101325
𝐶𝐴 = = = 28.95 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚3
𝐻𝐴 3500
CBin = 300 mol/m3, since CB is greater than CA we have excess of B, so CB can be taken as 300
mol/m3
√1.4∗10−9 ∗0.433∗300∗120
MH = = 2.05
0.25
300 ∗ 3500
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 11.36 > 𝑀𝐻
101325
So E = MH = 2.05
101325
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
3500 3500
0+ +
0.025 ∗ 2.05 0.433 ∗ 300 ∗ 0.08
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 1.476
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.677
𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝑉𝑟 = 𝐹𝐴0 ∫
−𝑟𝐴′′
0
24.12
Cl2 + 2NaOH P
𝐹𝑔 𝐹𝑙
(𝑃𝐴1 − 𝑃𝐴2) = (𝐶𝑏2 − 𝐶𝑏1)
𝛱 𝑏 ∗ 𝐶𝑡
100 250
5
(2.36 ∗ 0.99) = (25 − 𝐶𝐵2)
10 2 ∗ 2736
CB2 = 24.9 m3 / mol
24.5 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = ∞ > 𝑀𝐻
0
But MH can’t be less than 1. Therefore E is equal to 1.
When PA = 1000,
𝑃𝐴
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = = 1.329 ∗ 10−3 𝑃𝐴
1 105 105
+ + 9
133 133 ∗ 1 2.6 ∗ 10 ∗ 24.9 ∗ 0.9
103
𝐹𝑔 𝑑𝑃𝑎 100 𝑙𝑛10
𝐻= ∫ = ∗ = 3.14 𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑠 ∗ 𝜋 0.1329 ∗ 𝑃𝑎 55 ∗ 1 0.1329
102
24.13
555.6 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 55561 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 15.84
𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑛
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
𝛱 ∗ 𝑉𝑟 1 𝐻𝑎 𝐻𝑎
𝐹𝑔 + 𝐾𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 + 𝐾𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝐸 + 𝐾 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑙
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105∗ 1.62 1 105 105
+ + +
9000 ∗ 0.9 0.72 144 ∗ 15.84 2.6 ∗ 105 ∗ 555.6 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 15.33 mol/m3*hr
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.0652
√3.68∗10−6 ∗2.6∗105 ∗55.6
At the end of the run, MH = = 5.01
1.44
105 ∗ 55.56
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 5561 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
Therefore, Ei = MH =5.01
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105
20 + 1.3889 + +0
105 ∗ 144 ∗ 5.01
105 ∗ 138.9
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 13890 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 7.92
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105
20 + 1.3889 + 144 ∗ 7.92 + 0
The length of the time that we have to bubble gas through the liquid is
103
𝐹𝑙 𝑑𝐶𝑏
𝑡= ∫ = 𝐹𝑙 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.9 ∗ 51.38 = 46.2 ℎ𝑟
𝑏 −𝑟𝐴′′
102
555.6 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 55561 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 1583.6
𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑛
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
𝛱 ∗ 𝑉𝑟 1 𝐻𝑎 𝐻𝑎
𝐹𝑔 + 𝐾𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 + 𝐾𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝐸 + 𝐾 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑙
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105 ∗ 1.62 1 105 105
+ + + 9
9000 ∗ 0.9 0.72 144 ∗ 1583.6 2.6 ∗ 10 ∗ 555.6 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 45.81 mol/m3*hr
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.0218
105 ∗ 55.56
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 5561 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
Therefore, Ei = MH =506.5
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105
20 + 1.3889 + +0
144 ∗ 506.5
The length of the time that we have to bubble gas through the liquid is
𝐹𝑙 𝑑𝐶𝑏
𝑡= ∫ = 𝐹𝑙 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.9 ∗ 10.987 = 9.88 ℎ𝑟
𝑏 −𝑟𝐴′′
24.15
555.6 ∗ 105
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 55561 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 1.58
𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑛
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
𝛱 ∗ 𝑉𝑟 1 𝐻𝑎 𝐻𝑎
𝐹𝑔 + 𝐾𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 + 𝐾𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝐸 + 𝐾 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑙
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105∗ 1.62 1 105 105
+ + +
9000 ∗ 0.9 0.72 144 ∗ 1.584 2.6 ∗ 105 ∗ 555.6 ∗ 0.9
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 2.175 mol/m3*hr
1/−𝑟𝐴′′′′ = 0.459
105 ∗ 55.56
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 5561 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
Therefore, Ei = MH =0.5
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105
20 + 1.3889 + +0
105 ∗ 144 ∗ 0.5
105 ∗ 138.9
𝐸𝑖 = 1 + = 13890 > 𝑀𝐻
1000
So E = MH = 1
1000
−𝑟𝐴′′′′ =
105
20 + 1.3889 + 144 ∗ 1 + 0
The length of the time that we have to bubble gas through the liquid is
103
𝐹𝑙 𝑑𝐶𝑏
𝑡= ∫ = 𝐹𝑙 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.9 ∗ 350 = 315 ℎ𝑟
𝑏 −𝑟𝐴′′
102
24.16
103
𝐹𝑔 𝑑𝑃𝑎 100 𝑙𝑛10
𝐻= ∫ = ∗ = 31.524 𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑠 ∗ 𝜋 0.1328 ∗ 𝑃𝑎 55 ∗ 1 0.1328
102
Chapter 25 : Fluid-Particle Reactions:Kinetics
Roll Number : Rohan Patel (13BCH041)
Shivang Patel (13BCH042)
Vedant Patel (13BCH043)
Vishal Patel (13BCH045)
Q 25.1 A batch of solids of uniform size is treated by gas in a uniform environment. Solid is
converted to give a nonflaking product according to the shrinking-core model. Conversion is
about 7/8 for a reaction time of 1 h, conversion is complete in two hours. What mechanism is
rate controlling?
A 25.1
Assume spherical particles
τ=2 hr t= 1 hr, Xb=0.875
Film Diffusion
Xb
τ
Ash Diffusion
Reaction
0.5=τ
Q 25.2 In a shady spot at the end of Brown Street in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, stands a Civil
War memorial-a brass general, a brass cannon which persistent undergraduate legend insists may
still fire some day, and a stack of iron cannonballs. At the time this memorial was set up, 1868,
the cannonballs were 30 inches in circumference. Today due to weathering, rusting, and the
once-a-decade steel wire scrubbing by the DCW, the cannonballs are only 29.75 in. in
circumference. Approximately, when will they disappear completely?
A 25.2
R=4.78 inch
Now, τ
Q 25.3 Calculate the time needed to burn to completion particles of graphite (R, = 5 mm, p, = 2.2
gm/cm3, k" = 20 cm/sec) in an 8% oxygen stream. For the high gas velocity used assume that
film diffusion does not offer any resistance to transfer and reaction. Reaction temperature =
900°C.
A 25.3
As it is a shrinking core particle ash film diffusion will not participate in the reaction. Also it is
given that film diffusion is negligible. Hence only reaction control is applicable.
R=5 mm
ρb=2.2 gm/cm3=0.1833mol/cm3
k’’=20 cm/sec
b=1
Hence 1.53 hours are needed for complete combustion of graphite particles.
Q 25.4 Spherical particles of zinc blende of size R = 1 mm are roasted in an 8% oxygen stream
at 900°C and 1 atm. The stoichiometry of the reaction is Assuming that reaction proceeds by the
shrinking-core model calculate the time needed for complete conversion of a particle and the
relative resistance of ash layer diffusion during this operation.
Data
Density of solid, p, = 4.13 gm/cm3 = 0.0425 mol/cm3
Reaction rate constant, k" = 2 cm/sec
For gases in the ZnO layer, De = 0.08 cm2/sec
Note that film resistance can safely be neglected as long as a growing ash layer is present.
A 25.4
Fro the reaction, b= 2/3
τtotal = τash + τreaction
For ash layer control,
CAG = Pa / RT = 0.08*101325/(8.314*1173) = 0.83118*10-2 mol/L
τreaction = = 3834.90sec
= 29.41 %
Q On doubling the particle size from R to 2R the time for complete conversion triples. What is
the contribution of ash diffusion to the overall resistance for particles of size,
Q 25.5 R?
A 25.5
Let 1 refer to particle size of R
2 refer to particle size of 2R
Then, τ2 = 3τ1……. (1)
τ1 = τ1ash + τ1reaction…….(2)
τ2 = τ2ash + τ2reaction……(3)
Put τ2ash = 4τ1ash…..(4)
τ2reaction = 2τ1reaction……(5)
So, from equation (1),(2),(3),(4) and (5),
3τ1 = 4τ1ash + 2τ1reaction….(6)
So from equation (2) and (6),
τ1ash = τ1reaction
therefore % contribution of ash diffusuion for R = 50%
Q 25.6 R?
A 25.6
Let 1 refer to particle size of R
2 refer to particle size of 2R
Then, τ2 = 3τ1……. (1)
τ1 = τ1ash + τ1reaction…….(2)
τ2 = τ2ash + τ2reaction……(3)
Put τ2ash = 4τ1ash…..(4)
τ2reaction = 2τ1reaction……(5)
So, from equation (1),(2),(3),(4) and (5),
3τ1 = 4τ1ash + 2τ1reaction….(6)
So from equation (2) and (6),
τ1ash = τ1reaction
put values from equation (4) and (5),
τ2ash /4 = τ2reaction/2
so, τ2reaction = τ2ash /2
therefore % contribution of ash diffusion for R = 66.66%
Q Spherical solid particles containing B are roasted isothermally in an oven with gas of constant
composition. Solids are converted to a firm nonflaking product according to the SCM as follows:
From the following conversion data (by chemical analysis) or core size data (by slicing and
measuring) determine the rate controlling mechanism for the transformation of solid.
Q 25.7
Dp (mm) Xb t (min)
1 1 4
1.5 1 6
A 25.7
For finding out the corresponding rate control mechanism, considering the constant size
spherical particles if it is:
Film diffusion controlling : The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Reaction controlling: The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Ash diffusion control : The value of R2/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Substituting the value of τ from both cases:
Dp Xb t Film Diffusion Ash film diffusion control Reaction Control
(mm) (min) control
From the above table it implies that the rate controlling mechanism for the transformation of
solid is Reaction Control.
Q 25.8
Dp (mm) Xb t (sec)
1 0.3 2
1 0.75 5
A 25.8
For finding out the corresponding rate control mechanism, considering the constant size
spherical particles if it is:
Film diffusion controlling : The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Reaction controlling: The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Ash diffusion control : The value of R2/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Substituting the value of τ from both cases:
Dp Xb t (sec) Film Diffusion Ash film diffusion control Reaction Control
(mm) control
Q 25.9
Dp (mm) Xb t (sec)
1 1 200
1.5 1 450
A 25.9
For finding out the corresponding rate control mechanism, considering the constant size
spherical particles if it is:
Film diffusion controlling : The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Reaction controlling: The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Ash diffusion control : The value of R2/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Substituting the value of τ from both cases:
Dp Xb t Film Diffusion Ash film diffusion control Reaction Control
(mm) (sec) control
From the above table it implies that the rate controlling mechanism for the transformation of
solid is Ash film diffusion control.
Q 25.10
Dp (mm) Xb t (sec)
2 0.875 1
1 1 1
A 25.10
For finding out the corresponding rate control mechanism, considering the constant size
spherical particles if it is:
Film diffusion controlling : The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Reaction controlling: The value of R/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Ash diffusion control : The value of R2/τ will remain constant for both cases.
Substituting the value of τ from both cases:
Dp Xb t (sec) Film Diffusion Ash film diffusion control Reaction Control
(mm) control
If reaction follows the SCM, find the controlling mechanism and a rate
equation to represent this reduction.
A 25.11
Method : 1
For
t, hr
0.18 0.45 0.1807 0.0861
0.347 0.68 0.316 0.2365
0.453 0.8 0.4125 0.374
0.567 0.95 0.6316 0.6928
0.733 0.98 0.7286 0.819
Then, Plot R.H.S. vs time(hr) and whichever is nearer to diagonal line it will be controlling
mechanism.
0.8
R.H.S. of equations
0.6
Gas Film Controlling
0.4 Reaction Controlling
Ash Film Controlling
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time (hr)
The assumption of reaction control gives a better straight line fit than does the assumption for
gas film and ash film.
Method 2 :
Find the value of τ for any 2 or 3 time for all three mechanism and in whichever mechanism all τ
are same then it will be controlling mechanism.
Time,hr 0.18 0.453 0.733
Xb 0.45 0.8 0.98
Gas Film Controlling 0.4 0.56625 0.7479
Reaction Controlling 0.996 1.09 1.004
Ash Film Controlling 2.09 1.211 0.894
From the above table it implies that the rate controlling mechanism for the transformation of
solid is Reaction control.
Q 25.12 A large stockpile of coal is burning. Every part of its surface is in flames. In a 24-hr
period the linear size of the pile, as measured by its silhouette against the horizon, seems to
decrease by about 5%.
(a) How should the burning mass decrease in size?
(b) When should the fire burn itself out?
(c) State the assumptions on which your estimation is based.
A 25.12
(a). As it is written that surface is in flames, the burning mass should decrease in size by
Shrinking Core Model (SCM)
(b). The coal fire will burn out when entire coal will be covered by the ash layer and it will no
longer be able to diffuse oxygen through the ash layer and the fire should burn itself out.
(c). The outer surface of the solid particle and the deeper layers do not take part in the reaction
until all the outer layer has transformed into solid or gaseous product. The reaction zone then
moves inward(into solid), constantly reducing the size of core of unreacted solid and leaving
behind completely converted solid(solid product) and inert material (inert constituent of the solid
reactant). And we refer to converted solid and inert material as ash. At any time the solid
comprises of a core surrounded by a envelope. The envelope consist of a solid product and inert
material. Ash layer may contribute to resistance.
CHAPTER 26
FLUID-PARTICLE REACTORS: DESIGN
PREPARED BY
CHIRAG MANGAROLA (13BCH032)
MAULIK SHAH (13BCH033)
MEHUL MENTA (13BCH034)
DHRUV MEWADA (13BCH035)
26.1
Solution
Given: Shrinking core model with ash diffusion as controlling mechanism
Conversion = 80%
To find conversion when the size of reactor is doubled
Feed rate, flow pattern, gas environment are considered constant
For plug flow, SCM, Ash diffusion
𝑡𝑝 2
= 1 − 3 1 − 𝑋𝐵 3 + 2 1 − 𝑋𝐵
𝜏
2
= 1 − 3 1 − 0.8 3 + 2 1 − 0.8
= 0.374
2𝑡𝑝 2
= 1 − 3 1 − 𝑋𝐵 ′ 3 + 2 1 − 𝑋𝐵 ′
𝜏
So, 𝑋𝐵 ′ = 96.5%
26.2
Solution
For MFR same gas environment and same feed rate so no change in conversion.
26.3
Solution
Reactor type: tubular
Hard solid product (SCM/Reaction control)
𝜏 = 4hr for 4mm particles
To find: residence time for 100% conversion of solids
For plug flow SCM/reaction control
𝜌𝐵 𝑅
𝜏=
𝑘 ′′ 𝑏 𝐶𝐴𝑔
This shows that 𝜏 α R
𝜏2𝑚𝑚 = 2𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝜏1𝑚𝑚 = 2𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
For 100% conversion residence time should be more than 4hours.
26.4
Solution
We need to find conversion of 1 mm, 2mm & 4mm particle sizes in 15 min of time.
15 1
= 1 − 1 − 𝑥𝑏 3
4 ∗ 60
1 − 𝑥𝑏 = 0.824
𝑥𝑏 = 0.176
For 2 mm particle
15 1
= 1 − 1 − 𝑥𝑏 3
2 ∗ 60
1 − 𝑥𝑏 = 0.669
𝑥𝑏 = 0.331
15 1
= 1 − 1 − 𝑥𝑏 3
1 ∗ 60
1 − 𝑥𝑏 = 0.423
𝑥𝑏 = 0.577
1 𝜏 1 𝜏 2 1 𝜏 3
1 − 𝑥𝑏 = ∗ − + ∗
4 𝑡 20 𝑡 120 𝑡
𝜏
= 1.246
𝑡
𝜏 = 124.65
1 − 𝑥𝑏 = 0.02
1 𝜏 1 𝜏 2 1 𝜏 3
0.02 = ∗ − + ∗
4 𝑡 20 𝑡 120 𝑡
124.6
𝑡= = 1538.27
0.081
𝑡› 𝜏 because of presence of non idealities.
𝑤 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝐹0
𝑤 = 15382.7 𝑔
Information from Example 26.3 Modification
30% of 50μm radius particles (τ=5min) Ash film control
40% of 100μm radius particles (τ=10min) τ(R=100μm) =10min
30% of 200μm radius particles (τ=20min)
Reactor type: Fluidized bed reactor (MFR)
Unchanging particle (SCM) with reaction control
Feed rate = 1kg solids/min
Solids in bed = 10kg
Mean residence time = 10min
Solution
For ash controlling mechanism τ α R2
τ R=100μm ∗(50 2 ) 10∗(50 2 )
So, τ(R=50μm) = = = 2.5min
100 2 100 2
τ R=100μm ∗(200 2 ) 10∗(200 2 )
And, τ(R=200μm) = = = 40min
100 2 100 2
1 2.5 19 2.5 2 1 10 19 10 2
= 0.3 ∗ − ∗ + 0.4 ∗ − ∗ +
5 10 420 10 5 10 420 10
1 40 19 40 2
0.3 ∗ − ∗
5 10 420 10
= 0.0989
Conversion = 0.901 = 90.1%
Information from Example 26.4 Modification
A(gas) + B(solid) R(gas) + S(solid) Twice gas to solid
τ = 1hr (with environment of CA0 gas concentration) Stoichiometric ratio
Gas and solid both in mixed flow
CA0 = CB0
𝑋𝐵 = 0.9
FB0 = 1 ton/hr
Stoichiometric feed rate of A and B
Solution
Material balance
2(CA0 – CA) FA0 = (CB0 – CB) FB0
2(CA0 – CA) = 0.9 CA0
Therefore, CA = 0.55 CA0
The solid will be in the environment of the gas of concentration 0.55CA0
1 𝜌𝐵 𝑅
τα from equation τ =
𝐶𝐴 0 𝑏 𝑘 𝐶𝐴 0
1
So τ = = 1.818h
0.55
1τ 1 τ 2
1 − 𝑋𝐵 = − = 0.1
4𝑡 20 𝑡
τ
On solving this equation = 0.435
𝑡
τ 1.818
𝑡= = = 4.18 𝑟
0.435 0.435
W = 𝑡 FB0 = 4.18 tons
Weight of bed required is 4.18tons.
Information from Example 26.4 Modification
A(gas) + B(solid) R(gas) + S(solid) Gas is in plug flow
τ = 1hr (with environment of CA0 gas concentration)
Gas and solid both in mixed flow
CA0 = CB0
𝑋𝐵 = 0.9
FB0 = 1 ton/hr
Stoichiometric feed rate of A and B
Solution
CAf = 0.1CA0
Taking logarithmic mean for the gas
𝐶𝐴 0 −𝐶𝐴𝑓 𝐶𝐴 0 −0.1𝐶𝐴 0
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 0 = 0.39𝐶𝐴0
𝑙𝑛 𝐴0 𝑙𝑛
𝐶 𝐴𝑓 0.1𝐶 𝐴0
1τ 1 τ 2
1 − 𝑋𝐵 = − = 0.1
4𝑡 20 𝑡
τ
On solving this equation = 0.435
𝑡
τ 2.564
𝑡= = = 5.89 𝑟
0.435 0.435
W = 𝑡 FB0 = 5.89 tons
Weight of bed required is 5.89tons.
Reaction step is rate controlling (SCM)
Assuming that Fibers are cylinder in shape with same particle size and the useful product is
solid (unchanging particle size)
Solution
t 2
1-XB = 1 −
τ
𝜏
1-𝑋𝐵 = 0
1 − 𝑋𝐵 𝐸 𝑑𝑡
𝜏 t 2 −𝑡
= 0
1− 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
τ
𝜏 2𝑡 𝑡 2 −𝑡
= 0
1− + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜏 𝜏
𝜏
𝑡 2 2𝑡𝑡 2𝑡 2 2𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
= 1+ − − + + 𝑒 𝑡
𝜏 𝜏2 𝜏2 𝜏 𝜏
0
2𝑒 −𝑇 2𝑒 −𝑇 𝑒 −𝑇 1 2 𝜏
= −𝑒 −𝑇 + 𝑒 −𝑇 − − + 2𝑒 −𝑇 + +1− − [where T = 𝑡 ]
𝑇 𝑇2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇2
𝑒 −𝑇 2(1−𝑒 −𝑇 ) 1
1-𝑋𝐵 = − + + 2𝑒 −𝑇 + 1 −
𝑇 𝑇2 𝑇
Solution
26.11 23.12
For SCM/Reaction Control, For SCM/Reaction Control,
t/τ=1-(1-XB)1/3 t/τ=1-(1-XB)1/3
so from above equation τ=1 hr(60min) so from above equation τ=1 hr(60min)
𝜏 𝜏
1-𝑋B= 0 (1 − 𝑋B)Edt 1-𝑋B= 0 (1 − 𝑋B)Edt
𝜏 0.75
1-𝑋B= 0 (1 − 𝑡/𝜏)3*(60/90)dt 1-𝑋B= (1 − 𝑡/𝜏)3*(60/30)dt
0.25
1 0.75
=(2/3)* 0 (1 − 𝑡)3*dt =2* 0.25 (1 − 𝑡)3*dt
=(2/3)*(1/4) =2*0.078
=0.167 =0.156
𝑋B=83.3% 𝑋B=0.8437
26.13 26.14
For SCM/Reaction Control, For SCM/Reaction Control,
t/τ=1-(1-XB)1/3 t/τ=1-(1-XB)1/3
so from above equation τ=1 hr(60min) so from above equation τ=1 hr(60min)
𝜏 𝜏
1-𝑋B= 0 (1 − 𝑋B)Edt 1-𝑋B = 0 (1 − 𝑋 B)Edt
1 𝜏
1-𝑋B= 0.5
(1 − 𝑡/𝜏)3*(60/60)*dt 1-𝑋B = 0 (1 − 𝑡/𝜏)*1*dt
1 0.75
= 0.5
(1 − 𝑡)3*dt =1∗ 0
(1 − 𝑡)*dt
=0.0156 =1*0.4687
𝑋B=0.9843 =0.4687
𝑋B=0.5313
Compiled by
Manish Makwana
makwana.manish357@outlook.com