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Managerial and Economical Aspects of Harmful Invaders The Case of TutaAbsoluta in North Cyprus
Managerial and Economical Aspects of Harmful Invaders The Case of TutaAbsoluta in North Cyprus
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Abstract:- Global economy introduces different 1. Hanging outsides of the ship.Eventually they are
challenges to production and environmental systemsin transported across oceans from port to port,
the world. Invasive alien species (IAS) are species 2. Placing themselves in the cargo inside the vessel
spread by human actions which present a threat to 3. Being on the clothes and shoes of the people as seeds,
biological diversity and have a negative impact on the spores, small animals, soil and dust etc.
goodsand services provided by ecosystems. IAS usually 4. Carrying animals like birds and small mammals that are
result in production and non-production costs. IAS can moved from port to port
additionallyput control costs either on a specific sector or 5. Taking plants as souvenirs or as food
the society depending on the type of species and the
chosen policy.In North Cyprus, the producers face the According to some of the authors [5]; [6], the control
damage of the tomato by TutaAbsoluta and it is of invasive species is an issue of economic and policy
important for them to face the cost incurred and to makers.
choose the right policy for the management.
Management of IAS is not easy and thought to be a It is also known that islands are more negatively
public interest. IAS management can be done by pre- affected by IAS than other continental countries because
emptive and reactive control. Pre-emptive control they import more goods and services than the continental
decreases the probability of entry and establishment of countries. [7]showed that islands have imports like 43% of
IAS. It is possible for IAS to invade the region with their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) than the continental
reactive control. After the invasion, reactive control countries as 26.8%.
measures reduce the magnitude and the extent of
damages in the action of an invasion. The strategically The economics of IAS consist of direct costs occurred
applied measures lead the people to make the necessary by damages caused by them but as some of them are
policy, cost reduction and management. introduced by purpose, their damages are less than the others
that are unintentionally introduced to the environment
Keywords:- Invasive Alien Species; Management; North [8];[9]. There is a study of [10] focused on the control costs
Cyprus; TutaAbsoluta. and the economic damages and calculated the costs as US $
336 billion per year in UK, USA, Brazil, South Africa and
I. INTRODUCTION India. The main focus for the economics of invasive species
have been analyzed by ex-ante and ex-post assessment ([11];
It is known that non-indigenous species (NIS) are [12]; [13])
plants, animals and pathogens that spread to places outside
their native geographic areas. Sometimes later on NIS It is significant to point out that use (recreation, food
convert themselves to invasive alien species (IAS) which production etc.) and non-usevalues such as public goods are
threaten habitats, ecosystems and other native species in the included in the total economic value of an ecosystem. It is
context of economics and socio-culture, environment and important to detect and to exclude the invasive species in a
health of the human-beings [1]. Some of the actions such as short time period for the efficient cost-effective methods.
conversion of land form, natural ecological process and Therefore, the main focus of the efficient management is on
globalization help them to be spreadable through the regions the correlation between net costs of prevention and control
[2]. [3]pointedout that 77% of native fish populations were strategies ([14]; [15]).
decreased by the introduction of 31 different non-native fish
in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and North America.A It is realized that management is needed under
current study [4] has indicated that invasions of insects cost uncertainty for alien species as well. In order to achieve the
a minimum of US$76.0 billion annuallyin the world. management of invasive species under uncertainty, [16];
[17]have suggested two ways: 1. to develop methods to get
As the movement of goods, services and people helps more information than before and 2. to base on other
the introduction of IAS, this spread causes significant costs decision rules rather than on the maximization of expected
on policy makers by negatively affecting social welfare and utility. A number of studies such as [18]; [19], showed cost-
natural biodiversity. It is understood that the movement of effectiveness analysis for different policy stages and they
alien species can be done by: also pointed out that it is also important to apply tariff