NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY

SWACHHA BHARAT ABHIYAN : AN ANALYSIS OF

GOVERNANCE

Environment Law Project

Submitted To: Submitted by:

MR. RAJIV KHARE RAKESH MALIYA

(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR) 2016 BA LLB 45

Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................4
SYNOPSIS.................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................10
History..................................................................................................................................10
Other Related Schemes.........................................................................................................11
CHAPTER I: SWACHHTA STATUS REPORT....................................................................15
Swachhta Status Report........................................................................................................15
CHAPTER II: FUNDING PATTERN.....................................................................................18
CHAPTER III: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.......................................................................21
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................23

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 2

 SYNOPSIS

The topic has been designed under the following heads-

INTRODUCTION: This chapter would basically deal with the history related to the
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and the comparative analysis of the various schemes that
have been previously initiated with regards to the cleanliness in the country.

CHAPERTIZATION

Chapter I: This chapter would deal with the various aspects of the SBA with regards to
the various bodies that form the important part of the country in determining the policies
like these. The examples of such bodies as NSSO etc.

Chapter II: This chapter would focus upon the funding that has been provided with
regards to this scheme and how judiciously the money has been put into use.

Chapter III: This chapter would basically focus upon the comparative analysis of the
scheme that has been implemented in both the urban as well as rural areas with respect to
various basis of differences.

Conclusion: The conclusion part of this article would basically focus upon how far the
government has been able to successfully implement this scheme and what have been
the various challenges regarding the implementation of the same. Additionally, what are
the areas where the government needs to look upon in such a manner that this scheme
proves to be among one of the most successful schemes ever introduced in the country.
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Focus on cleanliness is the pressing issue as India tries to move from developing to developed nation.
Managerial focus and clinical execution are key drivers to the cleanliness drive. The study focusess on
the issue of cleanliness in modern India.

HYPOTHESIS

The initiative of Sawachha Bharat Mission in itself is a unique one. It shall impact
cleanliness in india & Swachha Bharat campaign would help to increase people
participation in the clean drive.
LITERATURE REVIEW

The researcher has restricted his research to the history of the Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan(SBA) while taking into consideration the previous schemes related to the same
mission so that the core objective of the scheme could be evaluated. The researcher has
also emphasized the analysis of SBA through certain bodies like the NSSO in a view to
get a better understanding of the scheme from an analytical point of view. The researcher
has also tried to maintain a comparative analysis of the work done under t his scheme in
urban as well as rural areas.

The literature has been taken from the books, articles as well as web sources.

Resources Used:

1. The campaign of clean India movement is the biggest step taken ever as a cleanliness drive
till date. On the day of launch of campaign around 3 million government employees
including students from schools and colleges had participated in the event to make it
popularize globally and make common public aware of it. This event was organized at
Rashtrapati Bhavan on 2nd of October in 2014 in the presence of 1500 people. This event
was flagged off by the Indian President, Pranab Mukherjee.

Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, had nominated the name of nine famous personalities from
business industries, sports and Bollywood to drive the clean India campaign. He also had
requested from all nine personalities to invite another nine personalities individually
and requested to continue the chain nine people to take this campaign to every Indian living
in any corner all around the country.

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 4

 Other programme of the cleanliness in India such as Central Rural Sanitation Programme
(CRSP) was started in 1986 all over the country which had focused to construct the
individual sanitary toilet for the personal use of the people living below the poverty line. It
had focused to convert the dry latrines to the low cost sanitary latrines, to construct
latrines especially for rural women with other facilities of hand pump, bathing room,
sanitation, washing hands, etc.

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) of cleanliness in India was started in 1999 by the
Government of India in order to restructure the Rural Sanitation Programme.

Nirmal Gram Puraskar was started in the month of June in 2003 as a sanitation programme
to boost the Total Sanitation Campaign.

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) was started in 2012 and then Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in
2014 on 2nd of October. However, all the sanitation and cleanliness programmes run by the
Indian government earlier were not as effective as the current Swachh Bharat Abhiyan of
2014.1
(Relevancy- to determine the history of the Abhiyaan and various other missions
related to the same.)

2. First to establish the concerns raised by CSE – its assessment says that Indore, Bhopal and
Visakhapatnam have waste management mechanisms in place which focus on the
collection of unsegregated waste which is transported to landfills with a minimal amount
of it being processed. This centralized cluster-based approach means that the problem of
overburdened landfills continues to persist.2
(Relevancy- to determine the working of SBA in the top three cleanest cities as
considered by Swachh Survekshan).

3. More than half of people in rural areas still go for open defecation finds this survey on
'Swachhta' Status conducted by the NSSO during May-June 2015 covering 3,788 villages
and 2,907 urban blocks.

A sample survey by the government on availability and usage of toilets indicates that
access to lavatories is triggering a change in attitudes of people who otherwise used to
defecate in the open. Data by National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) shows that
1
http://www.indiacelebrating.com/government/swachh-bharat-abhiyan/
2
http://swachhindia.ndtv.com/swachh-survekshan-2017-analysis-is-the-waste-management-adopted-by-3-
cleanest-cities-of-india-sustainable-7323/

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 5

 nearly 96% persons in villages and nearly 99% in urban areas, having access to sanitary
toilets, use them. The "Swachhta Status Report" based on survey conducted between July
2014 and June 2015 also mentions how 46% of urban people who don't have
household sanitary toilets are using community toilet complexes. Just 22% of rural
families had access to toilets in 2001. But sustained campaigns pushed this figure up to
32.7% in 2011. It further improved to 40.6% in 2012 and nearly touched 50% by
February 2016. However, there is a long way to go to meet the goal of complete
sanitation by October 2019 as 52% of people in rural areas and 7.5% in urban areas still
defecate in the open, according to the survey.3
(Relevancy - To analyze the SBA through the lens of NSSO).

4. Overall, percentage coverage of ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ is slightly higher amongst the
English dallies (52%) in comparison with the selected Hindi dailies (48%). Total number
of news related to Swachh Bharat Mission covered in Hindi and English dailies during the
three months period starting from July, 2016 to September 2016 are 70 and 76
respectively. Out of the three selected Hindi dailies, Dainik Jagran is found to have the
maximum coverage (66%), while 50 percent of the total coverage amongst the three major
English dailies studied is published in the Times of India. In addition, as per 2014 data,
circulation and readership of Dainik Jagaran is high in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Haryana, Punjab and Uttarakhand.4

(Relevancy- to analyze the broadcasting and promotion of SBA through the medium of
English and Hindi newspaper while comparing the two of them)

5. In the new SBM Programme, funding has been delinked from the livelihood Programme,
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), since that
was leading to inefficiencies and delays in implementation.

 Fund is also provided for SLWM (solid and liquid waste management), subject to
a ceiling of Rs. 7/12/15/20 lakh to be applicable for Gram Panchayats having
up to 150/300/500/ more than 500 households. A fund of Rs. 2 lakhs is available
for community toilets.

 0.5% Swachh Cess on services has been imposed w.e.f. 15.11.2015 to supplement

3
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/427811/swachhta-status-report-2016/
4
http://cmsenvis.nic.in/qnewsletter/Swach_Bharat_Abhiyan_2017.pdf

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 6

 the budgetary source for Swachh Bharat Mission.

 Besides this, Swachh Bharat Kosh has been established in November, 2014
under Ministry of Finance to attract CSR funds for sanitation. Funding from
Overseas Indians is also being tapped. Donations to the “Swachh Bharat Kosh”,
other than the sums spent for “Corporate Social Responsibility” under sub-
section (5) of Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 are eligible for 100%
deduction under section 80G of the Income- tax Act, 1961.Other sources of fund such
as 14th finance commission grants, states own sources, CSR etc. are also available.5
(Relevancy- to analyze the funds used during the implementation of this scheme)

6. The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has been restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission
(Gramin). The mission aims to make India an open defecation free country in Five
Years. Under the mission, one lakh thirty-four thousand crore rupees will be spent for
construction of about 11 crores 11 lakh toilets in the country. The mission is to be
executed on war footing with the involvement of every gram panchayat,
panchayatsamiti and ZilaParishad in the country, besides roping in large sections of
rural population and school teachers and students in this endeavour.6

(Relevancy- To analyse the work under SBA with a comparative analysis in urban and
rural areas of the country).

5
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310807290_Swachh_bharat_abhiyan_clean_India_mission_SWOT_
analysis.
6
De, L.C., Singh, D.R., Suman Thapa and Gurun, R.C., SWACHHBHARAT ABHIYAN-AN OVERVIEW, 3
International Journal of Information Research and Review 11, 3066-3073 (2016).

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 7

 INTRODUCTION

India, which happens to be a country with one of the oldest civilizations of the world has
always been considered a nation with its own distinct identity. It has been a home not only
to people of various faiths but also the origin to many like Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and
Buddhism besides many. However, it is a sad reality that all this piousness and devotion
has only been confined to the people’s own religious activities or their homes. We, the
good citizens of the country are least concerned about all the filth that is present around us
everywhere. We are best in playing the blame games as we point fingers never to ourselves
but whoever comes to the power and assumes the seat.

In a pursuance of this, like the previously not so successful cleanliness schemes launched
by the Government, here is one more, a more publicized and a hot shot scheme with much
bigger promises and high stakes in action.

So, this new Government, also referred to as Modi Govt. came into power in 2014 and
straightaway in their agenda made one of its main priorities i.e. to make India clean. And
for the same objective, it launched a scheme in the name of “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan”.

The Government has associated the Abhiyan with Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi
as he was a great champion of the cleanliness cause in the country and throughout his
life was involved in activities related to sanitation and hygiene.7

History

एक कदम स्वच्छता की ओर (One step towards cleanliness) was the vision embraced by the
Prime Minister Narendra Modi while officially launching the Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan on
the 2nd of October 2014 at the Rajghat, New Delhi which happens to be a place which is a
memorial for the “Father of the Nation” Mahatma Gandhi. The whole idea behind the
implementation of this scheme has been to co-memorate the 150th birth Anniversary i.e. on
the 2nd October 2019, and by that time, this mission plans to achieve an Open-Defecation
Free (ODF) India by constructing 12 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of
₹1.96 lakh crore which seems a distant dream as of now.8
7
http://www.indiacelebrating.com/government/swachh-bharat-abhiyan/
8
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-government-
builds-7-1-lakh-toilets-in-january/articleshow/46269612.cms?intenttarget=no.
 The mission has been the country’s largest cleanliness drive by far with a participation
of a whopping over 30 lakhs Government Employees actively participating to the cause,
besides numerous school students as well as college students from all over the country
the total of which is around 4041 statutory cities, towns, and associated rural areas.
In a succession of this campaign, Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, had selected the name
of nine well known identities from business enterprises, games and Bollywood to drive the
Clean India crusade. He likewise had asked for from each of the nine identities to welcome
another nine identities independently and asked for to proceed with the bind nine
individuals to take this crusade to each Indian living in any corner all around the nation.
While coming up with the campaigns associated with the scheme we see that, the reach of
this campaign has not only affected the country but has gone beyond the boundaries of the
country as well. By getting inspired from this Indian campaign, the Indo Nepal Doctors
Association has launched a campaign called “Swachh Bharat Nepal – Swasth Bharat Nepal
Abhiyan” on 3rd of January in 2015. It was started from the Indo-Nepal Border Region,
Sunauli – Belihiya (near birth place of Lord Buddha, holy city of Lumbini, Nepal).9

Other Related Schemes

The other programs of chief importance which were keenly related to the scheme were
Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP) which begun in 1986 which primarily centered
to develop the individual sanitary latrines for the individual utilization of the general
population living beneath the poverty line. It had centered to change over the dry toilets to
the low cost sanitary latrines to build restrooms particularly for rural ladies with different
offices of hand pump, bathing room, sanitation, washing hands, and so forth. It was
focused that all the provided facilities ought to be appropriately kept up by the town
Panchayats. Proper sanitation of the village, for example, drainage systems, soakage pits,
transfer of strong and fluid squanders, attention to health education, awareness for social,
individual, household and environmental sanitation and so forth.10
Also, Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) of cleanliness in India was begun in 1999 by
the Government of India keeping in mind the end goal to rebuild the Rural Sanitation
Program.
Nirmal Gram Puraskar was begun in the long stretch of June in 2003 as a sanitation
9
complinet.integralminds.co.in/component/k2/itemlist/user/25229
10
http://sanitation.indiawaterportal.org/english/node/2234

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 9

 program to help the Total Sanitation Campaign. It was a motivating force plot propelled by
the Government of India in 2003 to grant individuals for add up to sanitation scope,
keeping up clean condition and additionally influencing towns to open poop free towns by
the Panchayats, Blocks and Districts.11

The mission Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan started in 2012 was restructured into Swatchh Bharat
Abhiyan while containing two sub-missions: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Gramin" or
rural), which operates under the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation; and
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Urban), which operates under the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs.12 However, all the sanitation and cleanliness programs run by the Indian
government earlier were not as effective as the current Swachh Bharat Abhiyan of 2014.

Here is an exhaustive table which clearly specifies the history behind the implementation
of sanitation schemes and efforts put up for the execution of the same.13
Sr No. Timeline Efforts for Sanitation

Ingenious solutions to facilitate waste water conveyance

through underground drainage systems. Sanitary
1. 5000 years ago
engineering, was at a developed stage. (Indus Valley
Civilization and Harappa). Such visions on improved
sanitary practices continued across the reign of various
dynasties like the Mauryan, Guptas.

Marginal concern, when rampant outbreaks of cholera and

plague were affecting the health of the British Army
2. Pre - Independence
personnel, then first Bombay Improvement Trust in 1898
Period

11
https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/total-sanitation-campaign-india/
12
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=109988
13
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310807290_Swachh_bharat_abhiyan_clean_India_mission_SWOT_
analysis.

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 10

 The First Five Year Plan of the Government included “The
National W ater Suppl y a nd Sanitation Program” i
3. 1954
ntroduced in the health sector.

Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP),

Designed to provide funds for “Problem villages” (SCs,
4. 1972
STs
&OBCs).
5. ARWSP reintroduced.
1977

Beginning of the International Drinking Water and

1981 Sanitation Decade, Creation of the International

6.
Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Program,
Government of India made its first sanitation target.

Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP) launched

7. 1986 The focus of the CRSP was on supply (providing toilets)

and subsidy driven.

8. 1991 National Technology Mission renamed the Rajiv Gandhi

National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM).

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Survey (KAPs)

administered by the RGNDW. Highlighted the
9.
convenience and privacy as main motivational factors,
1996-97
rather than subsidies, for toilet construction

10. CRSP restructured, and TSC launched.

1999

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 11

 Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) launched, Incentive scheme
2003
to encourage Panchayati Raj Institutions to become open
11.
defecation free.

12. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

2005
Act (MGNREGA)

13. MGNREGA was converged with the NBA.

2007

TSC is renamed Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) Target set

2012 for 100% coverage of sanitation in rural
14.
areas by 2020.

15. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) replaced NBA, New target

2014

to make India 100% clean by 2019.

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 12

 CHAPTER I: SWACHHTA STATUS REPORT

Swachhta Status Report

This chapter basically deals with the campaign’s status report by various authorities.
Starting with the NSSO, we see that more than half a million people in rural areas still go for
defecating in public as per the Swachhta Status Report of 2016. 14 To be exact, the figures
indicated to be exact are 45.3% as of June 15.15

Now, while talking about the working of these toilets which have already been built, the
stats from this survey indicate that 93.9% in rural areas and 99% in urban areas have proper
access to water in these toilets.16

On the very other hand, it has been found out in the survey that Not even half the toilets
built under the cleanliness mission are being used. While just 46% of 95 lakh toilets built
in rural India are being used, the figure is barely 50% even in urban areas, as per the
survey.17

Here is a table showing the scenario of different states under different heads as per the latest
NSSO survey done in 2015.18

Table: Ranking of 26 states as per NSSO 2015 survey

Percentage of people Percentage of

using
Rank State Households
Households having
household/community
having sanitary
toilets (out of access to sanitary
toilet
households having toilets and using
toilets) them

1 Sikkim 98.2 100.0 98.2

2 Kerala 97.6 98.8 96.4

3 Mizoram 96.2 99.6 95.8

4 Himachal 90.4 99.7 90.1

Pradesh

14
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/427811/swachhta-status-report-2016/
15
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161948
16
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161948
17
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-survey-reveals-
not-even-half-the-toilets-built-being-used-government-withheld-findings/articleshow/49885579.cms
18
http://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Swachh%20Survekshan%20Report%20Eng.PDF

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 13

 5 Nagaland 90.2 98.2 88.6

6 Haryana 90.2 97.4 87.9

7 Punjab 86.7 99.3 86.1

8 Uttarakhand 80.5 99.6 80.2

9 Manipur 75.9 96.2 73.0

10 Meghalaya 66.7 98.4 65.6

11 Assam 66.4 96.4 64.0

12 West Bengal 65.1 97.5 63.5

13 Telangana 61.1 97.8 59.8

14 Gujarat 55.5 96.2 53.4

15 Maharashtra 52.6 95.0 50.0

16 Andhra Pradesh 47.9 97.3 46.6

17 Jammu & 47.4 96.9 48.7

Kashmir
18 Karnataka 47.0 94.3 44.3

19 Tamil Nadu 41.0 95.7 39.2

20 Rajasthan 38.0 94.2 35.8

21 Bihar 31.6 94.2 29.8

22 Uttar Pradesh 29.5 92.4 27.3

23 Madhya Pradesh 27.5 90.1 24.8

24 Odisha 26.3 94.2 24.8

25 Chhattisgarh 21.2 94.0 19.9

26 Jharkhand 18.8 94.2 17.7

It is thus concluded by the stats that the state ranking based on NSSO survey (survey
covered 73, 176 households spanning across 3788 villages in 26 states of the country)
reveals that there is significant difference in the level of sanitation in the states. States
such as Sikkim, Kerala and Mizoram stand as clear leaders while the states such as
Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh exhibit scope for improvement. We hope that
these rankings will sensitize the states on their performance and instill a sense of

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 14

positive competition among them.

The Swachh Survekshan (G)-2016 ranks 75 top performing districts since the launch of
Swachh Bharat Mission. It covered 71,470 households, spanning across 2347 villages
distributed in the 75 districts. While in 'North East & Special Category' states, district
such as Mandi, West Sikkim and Shimla are the frontrunners, in 'plains', Sindhudurg,
Nadia and Satara districts have emerged as leaders. The least clean city has been
confirmed as Gonda in Uttar Pradesh whereas Bhopal and Indore were the top rankers
in the Swachh Survekshan Survey carried out in 2019 which was conducted in 434
cities throughout the country.19

Objective
The objective of this survey is to enable districts to see how they have performed, as well as
ingrain a feeling of positive rivalry among them. This will likewise support change in the
level of cleanliness, sanitation and hygiene and will help guarantee the fulfillment of the
SBM-G Mission. On a long voyage, these are the initial phases the correct way. Compelling
changes include maintained procedures and require benchmarking, counsel, sharing of data.
This report is motivated by the idea — "What gets measured, completes". It, therefore,
plans to start a participatory and change driven process. The government has decided to
outsource the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan publicity campaign to a professional agency for the
next four years and has earmarked nearly Rs 200 crore for this.20

19
http://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Swachh%20Survekshan%20Report%20Eng.PDF
20
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-to-hire-professional-agency-
for-swachh-bharat-campaigns-chalks-out-rs-200-cr-budget/articleshow/46964630.cms

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 CHAPTER II: FUNDING PATTERN

FUNDING PATTERN: The funding pattern of the mission would be as follows:

a) Budgetary allocations

b) Funding and technical support from the World Bank, corporations as part of
corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, and by state governments under the
‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ and ‘Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan’.

c) Swachh Bharat Kosh(SBK): Swachh Bharat cess is an improvement in the service

tax by 0.5% on all the services in India.

d) The funding for 9 crore toilets is expected to come from 3 primary sources –
Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Ministry of Rural Development, and the
States in the ratio of 75:25 between center and State and 90:10 for North Eastern
state.
In the Union budget for the financial year 2016-17, the government allocated Rs. 11,300
crores for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, of which Rs. 9,000 crores were allocated for the rural
part of the mission, whereas Rs. 2,300 crores were for the urban part. The 0.5 per cent
Swachh Bharat cess, which was applicable on various services till June 30, also
managed to collect a total Rs. 9,851.41 crores. The government disburses the amount only
when the construction of a toilet is complete. Under such circumstances, sanitation loans
could become beneficial for rural inhabitants and help them cover costs of toilet
construction.21

As indicated by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), sanitation

coverage has gone up from 42 percent in October 2014 to 60 percent in 2017. According
to MWDS, three states – Kerala, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim – 85 districts across the
nation over and 1,52,535 towns have just been announced open defecation free (ODF).
These accomplishments have plainly added to making sanitation a political need. The
Ministry has additionally thought of ODF Sustainability Guidelines with a view to address
sustainability.22
21
http://swachhindia.ndtv.com/funding-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-banks-and-micro-finance-institutions-have-a-
crucial-role-to-play-in-supporting-rural-sanitation-in-india-9759/
22
http://www.firstpost.com/business/union-budget-2017-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-gets-good-funds-but-what-
about-water-3268426.html
Now, talking about the sanctions allocated in the current budget which was declared on 1 st
of February 2018 we observed that the budget allocation to the Swachh Bharat Mission
(SBM) has witnessed a dip. A sum of Rs 17, 843 crores has been allocated for the programme
as against the allocation of Rs 19,248, according to the revised estimates of last year’s budget
of 2017-18. This is the first time in the last four years that the allocation for the sanitation
programme has gone down.23

Additionally, Swachh Bharat Kosh (SBK) has been set up to pull in Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) funds from Corporate Sector and commitments from people and
humanitarians in light of the call given by Hon'ble Prime Minister to accomplish the goal of
Clean India (Swachh Bharat) by the year 2019 through Swachh Bharat Mission. Gifts to
the "Swachh Bharat Kosh", other than the aggregates spent for "Corporate Social
Responsibility" under sub-area (5) of Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 are qualified
for 100% reasoning under segment 80G of the Income-assess Act, 1961. This is material to
the appraisal year 2015- 16 and consequent years.24

Utilizing CSR subsidizing, 140,000 toilets have been built in schools across the nation over.
Be that as it may, over 90% of this has come through open segment units (PSU). The
PSUs included incorporate Power Finance Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Limited, Coal India Limited and GAIL (India) Limited.

Additionally, points of interest of CSR financing in the area are given in a report arranged
by the India Sanitation Coalition. The report overviewed 100 organizations from September
2015 to January 2016. The report's significant discoveries incorporated that:

a) Industries with a key enthusiasm for Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) had
more ventures than others.

b) CSR programs in WASH are extensively adjusted to the requirements of states,

albeit North- East India has been disregarded.

c) CSR programs in WASH concentrate more on rural zones.

The key finding was that 65% of organizations working in the division were centered just
around hardware aspects, for example, making or supporting toilet construction,
development activity and upkeep and other related angles. The product related
23
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/budget-2018-swachh-bharat-mission-funds-cut-down-59596
24
http://sbkosh.gov.in/

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 17

viewpoints, for example, conduct change and mindfulness creation, were massively under-
investigated.25

25
http://www.rb.com/media/2027/swachh-bharat-mission.pdf

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 18

 CHAPTER III: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

SBM is implemented separately for urban and rural areas. SBM (Urban) is being delivered
by the Ministry of urban development, while SBM (Rural/Gramin) is being implemented by
the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS).26

Keeping the needs of the rural populace in mind, 1.34 lakh crore rupees has been earmarked
for the rural mission, compared to the Rs. 62,009 crore budget for the urban mission.

Out of the total budget allocated to SBM in the year 2018-19, i.e. Rs. 17843 Crores, Rs
15,343 crore has been allocated to rural areas while the rest has been given to the urban.

Swachh Bharat Mission for Urban Areas: The focus is on establishing close to 2.6
lakh individual toilets and 2.5 lakh community toilets across 4,401 towns and cities
in India. Eradicating manual scavenging and improved municipal solid waste management
is part of the agenda.

SBM (Urban) aims to ensure that –

a) No households engage in the practice of open defecation;

b) No new insanitary toilets are constructed during the mission period, and

c) Pit latrines are converted to sanitary latrines.

Household toilets constructed under SBM (Urban) will have two main structures – the toilet
superstructure (including the pan and water closet), and the substructure (either an on-
site treatment system, or a connection to existing underground sewerage system).
Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban Significant progress has been made under SBM-Urban in
all towns and cities. MoUD provides funding to individual households to construct toilets
within their premises and to ULBs/Gram Panchayats to construct community and public
toilets. Some major achievements include:

All ULBs have begun implementing a 100% door-to-door solid waste collection system in
their towns and cities.

26
http://www.rb.com/media/2027/swachh-bharat-mission.pdf

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For FY16-17, more than 50% of the cities and towns targeted under SBM-Urban have
achieved ODF status.

Two new states, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat, were declared ODF for urban areas.

Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin: Gram Panchayats and Zilla Parishads will work on
war footing to make sure that all households in all villages have functional water supply
and toilet facilities. Productive use of night soil as bio-fertilizers is also on the cards30

Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin (Rural) MoDWS has provided guidance to all villages and
gram panchayats to help them achieve ODF status. Major achievements under SBM-Gramin
include:

a) Reduced open defecation among women in rural areas

b) Enhanced access to separate toilet facilities for boys and girls in schools

c) Private sector participation in sanitation improvement has begun.

Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan -An analysis of Environmental governance Page 20

 CONCLUSION

'Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan' isn't just about cleaning environment yet in addition looking for the
support of individuals in making rubbish free condition, giving sanitation facilities and
clearing a path for Swatchh Bharat in the long run. This battle won't just enable nationals to
receive great propensities for tidiness yet additionally support our picture as a country,
earnestly working towards cleanliness.

Since Open Defecation Free towns and urban areas can't be accomplished without every one
of the family units and people adjusting to the coveted conduct of toilet use, each day and
inevitably, group activity and generation of peer pressure on the anomalies are the key.

Subsequently conduct change correspondence should center around activating whole

communities. Community based observing and carefulness panels are fundamental to make
peer pressure. Conveyance mechanisms would be adopted to meet the group needs, which is
to be chosen by the States.

Availability of water is an important factor for sustaining sanitation facilities created. Joint
programmes may be prioritized at the District and higher levels under the SBM (Gramin) and
the SBM-Urban areas, to maximize the availability of water for sanitary purposes.

In the event that one government passes the plan and opposition does not support at all to
satisfy it, at that point government without public and in addition political help isn't in
position to satisfy them. Assume, next time opposition comes in to control and furthermore
passes another agenda, at that point same thing would occur with them. At that point such
program, mission, motivation will just stay in proclamation and never change over into
reality.

The Government is additionally required to make some strict move to change over thoughts
into reality. To illustrate, the government is going to build some 10 crores more toilets by
2019 under Clean India Mission. This implies government will assemble 10 crore more septic
tanks. Presently the inquiry before the government is that who will clean all these septic
tanks. Genuine acknowledgment can just happen when every one of those assignments,
which are related with the task specified in target is also satisfied. Consequently, if the
government has target to make 10 crores more toilets upto 2019, at that point government
have additionally to make legitimate sewage framework. Like in different nations, we
likewise require such sewage

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which have no human mediation. Sanitation should be modernized, acculturated and free of
caste mentality.
The SBA is a goal-oriented task that expects to change individuals' view of and
conduct towards neatness. The achievement of such projects depends on its capacity to
experience investigation and steady review with the goal that the inadequacies can be
tended to. By not utilizing substantial and reproducible measurable parameters of health in
the audit cycle of the program, we are subjecting it to misrepresentation and along these
lines decreasing its value in realizing any noticeable change. The SBA in its present frame
can be best seen as a "toilet training" of the Indian masses with no critical commitment to
their health, or so it shows up from the information on epidemics. Reports from the nation
over have demonstrated that toilets have been developed as a component of the program
yet their utilization stays tricky for different strategic and social reasons. To enhance the
effort and worthiness of the SBA it is fundamental that individuals are obviously
indicated what great it can do to their health. Tragically that in the very year in which the
SBA was propelled, the Govt. cut the health budget plan by around 20%. It is fundamental
to comprehend that Swachhta and health are corresponding to each other and in this
manner a level way to deal with interface the two is indispensable.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://sbm.gov.in
 https://www.unicef.org
 https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in
 https://www.swachhbharaturban.gov.in

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