Tyre & Wheels

Tyre requirements
 Tyre Classification

Material and Construction Type

Self Sealing
TWEEL®
Tubed Tubeless Solid rubber Run flat (Tuff-up
Airless
tubed)
 Internal
Construction
Layout

Biased /cross ply

Radial tyres
tyres
Tyre
Classification
 Tyre
Classification
Symmetric Asymmetric

Tread
Design

Symmetric Asymmetric Seasonal

Seasonal
Terms
Anatomy of a tire
Important information printed
on a tire sidewall.
Important information printed
on a tire sidewall.
Typical tire terminology.
 Typical tire
terminology
Typical tire terminology.
Typical tire terminology.
Speed Ratings/Symbols
The aspect ratio (profile) of a tire
Aspect Ratio decreased and
the Rim Diameter increased.
Aspect Ratio decreased and
the Rim Diameter increased.
 Effects of Aspect Ratio
• A higher aspect ratio provides a softer ride because they
will deflect more over irregular surfaces and under
heavy loads.
• However, lower aspect ratio tires are normally used for
higher performance vehicles. They have a wider road
contact area (therefore better traction) and a faster
response. This results in less deflection under load,
causing a rougher ride to the vehicle.
 Load Index

• The load rating (represented by the numerical

value) is related to the maximum weight that a
tyre can carry.

• So a load index of 105 would refer to a load

capacity of 925kg.

• With most passenger vehicle load indexes range

from 62 to 126.
Load Index
Tire rubber main material
 Comparison Radial vs Bias Ply Tyre
Youtube Video title
“Learn more about Radial and Bias with Michelin 2013”
Bias ply or cross-ply tyres
Radial tyres
 Bias Ply Tyre
The carcass of a Bias tyre
consists of the diagonally
oriented cable plies.
The plies are stacked
crosswise over the
direction of the cables.
 Radial Tyre

In a Radial structure the

cables radiate around the
access of the tyre.
In addition the crown
consists of plies forming a
belt.
 Large contact-
Smaller contact-
patch area due
patch area due to
to flexible
stiff cross-plies
radial plies

In contact with the ground a RADIAL tyre crown grips the road well
due to more flexible side walls.
Its footprint is not as long as of the BIAS tyres but it's wider offering
more grip at a sharper angle when taking bends.
Ground-sticking behaviour of radial and non-radial
tires in the presence
of a lateral force/side-thrust

Side-thrust Side-thrust

The side wall lifts the tread and reduces The flexible wall maintains full tread
crown contact with the ground. contact with the ground.
Pressure in the RADIAL tyre contact area is more evenly
distributed which ultimately means more uniform wear.
 Due to its flexible sidewalls a RADIAL
A BIAS tyre however is better able to
tyre offers greater ride comfort at
withstand a heavy load as its sidewalls
high speed by cushioning irregularities
are more rigid.
in the road surface.
Ride Comfort
At high speed, the profile of a BIAS A RADIAL tyre however, remains
tyre becomes deformed to the stable thanks to its crown belt with
extent it's affects handling. a continuous integrated cable
around the circumference.
Tubed vs Tubeless Tyres
Advantages of Tubeless Tyres over Tubed Tyres

Improved Road Improved Safety Improved Ride Improved Cooling

Contact Comfort

Improved wheel Improved Braking Improved air

assembly balance retention after
puncture
Influence of the Tyre on the Speedometer

The speedometer is designed to show slightly more than

actual, and under no circumstances less than, the actual
speed.

Actual speed (km /h) 30 60 120 180 240

Max displayed value (km/h) 37 70 136 202 268

3 mm tyre wear gives an advance of around 1%

What Effect Does Tire Size Have
on following
Under- and over-inflated tire
Under- and over-inflated tire
 Symmetric Tires
• Symmetric tires have a same tread pattern on the inner
edge than the outer edge.
• Can be used to rotate on both directions.
• Tyres on front and rear axles can be interchanged on
either direction.
• General purpose tyre/all weather tyre.
Symmetric Tires
 Asymmetric Tires
• Asymmetric tires have a different tread pattern on the
inner edge than the outer edge.
• The outer tread pattern is designed to improve
cornering on dry surfaces.
• The inner tread pattern is designed to improve traction
on wet surfaces.
• An asymmetric tire must be mounted so the proper
edge faces the outside of the wheel.
• This type of tire is generally marked with the word
outside to indicate which way it should be mounted on
the wheel.
Asymmetric Tires
Asymmetric Tires
 Directional Tires
• Directional tires are high-performance tires designed to
rotate in a specific direction to minimize hydroplaning.
• Hydroplaning is a loss of control that occurs when layer
of water prevents the tire tread from contacting the
road surface.
• Directional tires have an arrow and the word rotation
molded onto their sidewalls.
• Care must be taken to mount directional tires in the
proper location so they rotate in the desired direction.
Directional Tires
Directional Tires
 Run-Flat Tires
• Run-flat tires have an extremely stiff sidewall
construction so that they are still usable with a loss of
air pressure.

• If the tire leaks, you can drive the vehicle to a repair

shop without tire and wheel damage.
Run-Flat Tires- Self Supporting Type
Run-Flat Tires- Self Supporting Type
Run-Flat Tires - Support Ring Type
A cutaway of a run-flat tire
with an insert for support
in case the tire goes very
flat.
Run-Flat Tires - Support Ring Type
 Self-Sealing Tires
• Some tires are self-sealing (seal small punctures).
• These tires have a coating of sealing compound applied
to their liners.
• If a nail punctures a self-sealing tire, air pressure will
push the soft compound into the hole to stop air
leakage.
Self-Sealing Tires
• A-Nail punctures
the tire.

• B-Nail is pulled
out

• C-Sealing
compound flows
into the hole
to prevent air
from leaking out.
Winter Tires
Winter Tires
 Nitrogen Filled Tires
• We take in nitrogen with every breath. Our vehicle tyre
also uses the same air. Air is composed of:
– 1% Water Vapor and Other Gases – Escapes up to 250 times
faster than Nitrogen
– 21% Oxygen – Escapes 3-4 times faster than Nitrogen
– 78% Nitrogen – The largest molecule in
air, dry, non-flammable.
• Because of their large size, nitrogen molecules are the
least permeable and stay in your tire longer.
 Nitrogen Filled Tires
• A tire filled with "plain old air“ can lose 1.5 psi
(10.34kPa) [approx 5% ]in less than a month.
• With nitrogen, it can take up to six months to lose
1.5psi.
 Nitrogen Filled Tires: Benefits
• Increased Fuel Efficiency – Correct tire pressure keeps
the manufacturer's recommended “contact patch” on
the road. This lessens the rolling resistance and
maximizes fuel efficiency.

• Longer Tire Life – When it comes in contact with other

materials, oxygen causes oxidation. Oxidation can make
rubber brittle and cause it to lose tensile strength.

• Increased Safety – Under-inflated tires cause 90% of

blowouts. Nitrogen provides more reliable pressure for
reduced blowout potential.
 Nitrogen Filled Tires
• Longer Rim Life – Rim rust caused by condensation
from water vapor and other gases can get caught in
valves and create slow leaks in tires. Nitrogen is
completely dry, so it eliminates the potential for
condensation.
Tread Wear indicate the fault in vehicle
 • Incorrect Inflation
• Incorrect castor, camber
• Excessive braking,
acceleration
• Out of balance wheels
• Misalignment
• Over-loading
Causes of • Wrong-loading
• Defective brakes
Tyre Wear • Bleeding of air (when
hot)
• Unequal tyres
• Incorrect rotation of
tyres
• Careless driving
Rim
Wheel/Rim Geometry
Disc Pressed Wheel
Aluminum Alloy / Magnesium
Alloy wheels
Wheel Offsets
Wheel Offsets
 Multi-piece rims

2 piece

3 piece