FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS

ENGINEERING

FULL LABORATORY REPORT

Subject Code BFC 21201
Course Name HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
LABORATORY
Laboratory MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
Date 23/06/2020
Group 3
Name & No Matric KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)

MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Lecture Dr. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

Received Date 25/06/2020
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Subject Code BFC 21201

Course Name HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
LABORATORY
Title Laboratory e-LAB 1 SHEAR FORCE AND SHEAR STRESS IN
BEAM

Date 23/06/2020
Group 3
Name & No Matric KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)

MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Lecture Dr. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

Received Date 25/06/2020
 E-LAB 1 (CLO 1): SHEAR FORCE AND SHEAR STRESS IN BEAM

1.0 Type of testing

Shear Force

The beam fits onto a Structures Test Frame. A mechanism bridges the cut, which stops
the beam collapsing and allows movement in the shear direction only. An electronic load
cell measures the force, and connects to a Digital Force Display.

Instrument

I. Shear Force in a Beam Apparatus (STR3)

II. Weight (Loading)

III. Aluminium Strut

Figure (1.0) - Shear Force In A Beam (STR3)

Figure (1.1) – Simply Support Beam
Tips for s1etcb the sbear /orce dtaerata (SFD)

a) Drav the free body diaeram f Rrfei Fieure 3.1)

b) Use Equilibrium Equation JUL Uv. lx)

F,. Equation ZF¿

- F,. Equation, *Fri

c) Drake- shear force diaeram truth connected values obtained from

calculated
1. In this experiment, you will determine the shear force and shear stress of the beam at the cut-
section. Carry out the following instructions.

(a) Place the hangers at any positions along the beam. Please consult with your
respective lecturer for the total number of hangers to be used in this experiment. You
are allowed to use any configurations of mass on each hanger without exceed the
limit of WTOTAL < 300 g.

(i) From Table 1.1, fill the particulars of the mass configurations.

Vx (N) at
Load
W1 (N) W2 (N) W3 (N) W4 (N) cutsection
Cases

1 0.490 0.490
0.379
2 0.981 0.981 0.758

3 1.471 1.471 1.137

(ii) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam

Load Cases 1

A C D B
+↺ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 : 0.49(100)-0.49(200)+ RB(440) = 0
RB(440) = 49
RB = 0.111

↑Fy = 0 : -0.49-0.49+0.111+RC = 0
RC = 0.869

A C D B

0.379

0 0
0.49 0.111

26.8
0 0

49
 0.49

C D V
+↺ 𝑀

200mm
0.869

↑Fy = 0 : -0.49+0.869-V= 0
V=0.379
Load Cases 2

0.981 0.981

A C D B

1.739 0.223

+↺ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 : 0.981(100)-0.981(200)+ RB(440) = 0
RB(440) = 98.1
RB = 0.223

↑Fy = 0 : -0.981-0.981+ +RC = 0

RC = 1.739
 0.981 0.981

1.739 0.223
0.758

0.981 -0.223

53.5

98.1

0.981

C D

200mm
1.739

↑Fy = 0 : - 0.981 + 1.739 – V = 0

V= 0.758
Load Cases 3

1.471 1.471

A C D B

2.608 0.334

+↺ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 : 1.471(100)-1.471(200)+ RB(440) = 0
RB(440) = 147.1
RB = 0.334

↑Fy = 0 : -1.471-1.471 +RC = 0

RC = 2.608
 1.471 1.471

2.608 0.334

1.137

0.334
1.471

80.3

147.1

1.471

C D

200mm
2.608

↑Fy = 0 : - 1.471 + 2.608 – V = 0

V= 1.137
(iii) Discuss the outcomes from question 1a(ii) in terms of external forces and shear force
relationship. You may use any type of graphical illustrations as part of you
discussions.

Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x)
axis. For design purposes, the beam's ability to resist shear force is more important
than its ability to resist an axial force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting
parallel to the longitudinal axis. External Forces are those which are applied to the
boundary of a structure. This includes explicit externally applied forces as well as
the forces that are applied by the supports to restrain the structure.

Figure (1.3) : Show type of Shear

Figure (1.4 ) : Example of External Force

This experiment is about calculating or observing the shear for on beam due to
the externally applied forces on beam so following the formula for this beam needed
to calculate the shear force produce in beam by the external force. This experiment
shows that the relationship between load and shear force is directly proportional
mean that with increase in load there is an increase in shear force and with decrease
in load there is a decrease in shear force.
 (iv) Calculate and sketch shear stress distribution at the cut-section for any load cases, if
the cross section of the beam is 20 mm of with and 3 mm of thickness.

Y’ 5mm
1
200mm

3mm
V = 1.137
Ixx = bh³/12 = 3(20)³/12 = 2000mm⁴
Iyy = b³h/12 = 3³(20)/12 = 45

Figure ( ) Cross Section of the Beam

Shear stress at 1
Ay = (3)(5)(5/2) = 37.5mm³
1

vAy / It = (1.137)(37.5)/(45*3) = 0.316 N/mm²

1

Shear stress at 2
Ay = (3)(2.5)(2.5/2) = 9.375mm³
2

vAy / It = (1.137)(9.375)/(45*3) = 0.0789 N/mm²

2
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS

ENGINEERING

Subject Code BFC 21201

Course Name HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
LABORATORY
Title Laboratory e-LAB 2 BENDING MOMENT AND BENDING STRESS IN
BEAM
Date 23/06/2020
Group 3
Name & No Matric KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)

MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Lecture Dr. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

Received Date 25/06/2020
 E-LAB 2 (CLO 1) BENDING MOMENT AND BENDING STRESS IN BEAM

1.0 Type of testing

Bending Moment

The experiment hardware is a simply supported beam ‘cut’ by a pivot. The beam fixes
to the Structures Test Frame. Students apply loads at set positions using hangers holding
various masses. To stop the beam collapsing, a moment arm bridges the cut onto a load
cell thus reacting (and measuring) the bending moment force. A Digital Force displays
forces during experiments.

Instrument

1. Bending Moment in a Beam Apparatus (STR2)

2. Weight (Loading)

3. Aluminium Strut

Figure (1.0) - Bending Moment In A Beam (STR2)

Experiment 2: Bending Moment In A Beam

In simple words bending moment is the product of force applied on beam with the distance
between the point of application of force and fixed end of the beam. In this experiment load of
different magnitude will applied on beam at the same place and bending moment will be calculated
using the following formula. For design purpose, value of bending moment used is maximum
value. Value of maximum bending moment can be decided with determine location from shear
force diagram. Shear force line cut axis x = 0, is the position that occurrence of maximum moment.
Flexible Contra Point can be decided from bending moment diagram. It is point of bending moment
that exchange from negative to positive or positive to negative. So, the total moment in that point
is equal to zero.
Figure (1.1) – Diagram Bending Moment
1. In this experiment, you will determine the bending moment and bending stress of the beam
at the cut-section. Carry out the following instructions.

(a) Place the hangers at any positions along the beam. Please consult with your
respective lecturer for the total number of hangers to be used in this experiment.
You are allowed to use any configurations of mass on each hanger without
exceed the limit of WTOTAL < 300 g.

(i) From Table 2.1, complete the calculations of shear force and bending moment at cut
section.
Table 2.1

Load Vx (N) Mx (Nmm) at cut-section

Cases at cut-section

1 0.379 113.7
2 0.758 423.6

3 1.137 635.3

(ii) Sketch the free body diagram of the beam.

Load Cases 1

A C D B
+↺ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 : 0.49(100)-0.49(200)+ RB(440) = 0
RB(440) = 49
RB = 0.111

↑Fy = 0 : -0.49-0.49+0.111+RC = 0
RC = 0.869
 0.49

C D V
+↺ 𝑀

200mm
0.869

↑Fy = 0 : -0.49+0.869-V= 0
V=0.379

+↺ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 : 0.49(x)-0.49(x-200) – 𝑀𝑥= 0
𝑀𝑥 = 0.379(x)+98
𝑀𝑥 = 0.379(300)+98
𝑀𝑥 = 113.7 Nmm
Load Cases 2

0.981 0.981

A C D B

1.739 0.223

+↺ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 : 0.981(100)-0.981(200)+ RB(440) = 0
RB(440) = 98.1
RB = 0.223

↑Fy = 0 : -0.981-0.981+ +RC = 0

RC = 1.739
 0.981

C D

200mm
1.739

↑Fy = 0 : - 0.981 + 1.739 – V = 0

V= 0.758

+↺ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 : 1.739(x)-0.981(x-200) – 𝑀𝑥= 0
𝑀𝑥 = 0.758(x)+196.2
𝑀𝑥 = 0.758(300)+196.2
𝑀𝑥 = 423.6 Nmm
Load Cases 3

1.471 1.471

A C D B

2.608 0.334

+↺ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 : 1.471(100)-1.471(200)+ RB(440) = 0
RB(440) = 147.1
RB = 0.334

↑Fy = 0 : -1.471-1.471 +RC = 0

RC = 2.608
 1.471

C D

200mm
2.608

↑Fy = 0 : - 1.471 + 2.608 – V = 0

V= 1.137

+↺ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 : 2.608(x)-1.471(x-200) – 𝑀𝑥= 0
𝑀𝑥 = 1.137(x)+294.2
𝑀𝑥 = 1.137(300)+294.2
𝑀𝑥 = 635.3 Nmm
(iii) Discuss the outcome from question 2a(i) in terms of external forces and bending
moment relationship from this experiment

External Forces are those which are applied to the boundary of a structure. This
includes explicit externally applied forces as well as the forces that are applied by
the supports to restrain the structure. A bending moment is a measure of the
bending effect that can occur when an external force (or moment) is applied to
a structural element. This concept is important in structural engineering as it is
can be used to calculate where, and how much bending may occur when forces are
applied.

Figure (1.3) : Example of External Force

Figure (1.4) : Example of External Force

 This experiment is about calculating or observing the bending moment for on
beam due to the externally applied forces on beam so following the formula for this
beam needed to calculate the bending moment produce in beam by the external force.
This experiment shows that the relationship between load and bending moment is
directly proportional mean that with increase in load there is an increase in bending
stress and with decrease in load there is a decrease in bending moment.

(iv) Calculate and sketch bending stress distribution at the cut-section from any load
cases, if the cross section of the beam is similar to e-LAB 1. You may use any
type of graphical illustrations as part of your discussions.

3mm

Y’ 5mm
200mm

𝜎max = Mmax y’/ Ixx

Ixx = bh³/12 = 3(20)³/12 = 2000mm⁴
y’ = 5mm
 1.588 N/mm²

1.588 N/mm²

Case 1

Mmax= 635.3Nmm
𝜎max = Mmax y’/ Ixx
= 635.3(5) / 2000
= 1.588 N/mm²
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS

ENGINEERING

Subject Code BFC 21201

Course Name HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
LABORATORY
Title Laboratory e-LAB 3 (DEFLECTION OF BEAM)
Date 23/06/2020
Group 3
Name & No Matric KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)

MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Lecture Dr. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

Received Date 25/06/2020
1.0 Deflection Force Moment

Test beams fit onto the backboard using a rigid clamp and knife-edge supports. Students
apply loads at any position using hangers holding various masses. Mounted on a trammel,
a digital deflection indicator traverses the beam. The indicator measures beam deflection.
Scales on the backboard show the position of the indicator, the loads and supports.

Instrument :

1. Deflection of beam and cantilever apparatus (STR4)

2. Weight (Loading)

3. Aluminium Strut

Figure 1 : Deflection Of Beam & Cantilever (STR4)

2.0 SITUATION GIVEN

3.0 EQUATION / THEORIES-DERIVATION

A beam must possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do

not have an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases,
maximum allowable deflections are specified by Code of Practice in terms of the
dimensions of the beam, particularly the span. The actual deflections of a beam
must be limited to the elastic range of the beam, otherwise permanent distortion
result.

Figure 3.3 - Beam with point load at mid span

a) The bending moment at a point:

Mx-x = EI d2y = P L
dx2 2 2

b) Integrating the above equation

V x-x = EI dy = PLx – Px2 + A slope equation

dx 4 4
c) Integrating the above equation once again

Y x-x = EIy = PLx2 – Px3 + Ax + B deflection equation

8 12
 When x = 0 ; dy = 0 ; A = 0

When x = L / 2 ; y = 0; 0 = PL3 – PL3 + B

32 96

B = - PL3
48

When x=0 ; Ymax = - PL3 (mid span; c)

48EI

x = L / 2 ; Vmax = PL2 (at support)

16EI

When E can be obtained from the backboard

Figure 3.4 - Moment of Inertia for Rectangular Section (Russ Elliot,-2000)

4.0 PROCEDURE

1. Positioned the moveable knife-edge supports so that they are 440mm

from one support to another support

2. Place the chosen beam on the support. (aluminum)

3. Place the hanger at 200mm and 100mmfrom support A
4. Place digital dial test Indicator at the mid span. Zeroed the digital reading.
5. Apply an in incremental load record the deflection for each increment in the
table.
6. Repeat the above using difference load.

5.0 DATA & RESULTS

LOAD CASES MASS W1 MASS W2 X (mm) at cut- Ymax

(gram) (gram) section (mm)
1 40 40 220 -0.138

2 80 80 220 -0.277

3 100 100 220 -0.345

6.0 CALCULATION

I. Material = aluminum
II. Young Modulus, E = 69 Gpa = 69000 Nmm²
III. Length Aluminum, b = 32mm
IV. Depth, d = 3.10mm
V. Second moment area, I = bh² / 12 = 79.44 mm⁴

Case 1

1. Reaction

ΣMA = 0
-0.392 (100) + 0.392 (200) – RB (440) = 0
(-39.2) + (78.4) – RB (440) = 0
(-39.2) + (78.4) = RB (440)
39.2 = RB (440)
39.2 / 440 = RB
RB = 0.089 N

ΣFY = 0
RA + 0.089 = 0.392 +0.392
RA + 0.089 = 0.784
RA = 0.784 – 0.089
RA = 0.695 N

2. Macaulay’s Method

EI (d²y / dx²) = -0.392 (x) + 0.695 (x-100) – 0.392 (x-300)

EI (dy / dx) = -0,392 (x)² / 2 +0.695 (x-100)² / 2 – 0.392 (x-300)² / 2 + C1

EI (y) = -0,392 (x)³ / 6 +0.695 (x-100)³ / 6 – 0.392 (x-300)³ / 6 + C1(x) + C2

3. Find c1 & c2 (applying boundry condition) – use equation 3
* applying boundry condition

x = 100 , y = 0

EI (0) = -0.392 (100)³ / 6 + 0.695 (100-100)³ / 6 – 0.392 (100-300)³ / 6 + C1 (100) + C2

0 = -65333.3 + C1 (100) + C2
C2 = 65333.3 - C1 (100)

x = 440 , y = 0

EI (0) = -0.392 (440)³ / 6 + 0.695 (440-100)³ / 6 – 0.392 (440-300)³ / 6 + C1 (440) +

(65333.3 – C2(100))
= -5565354.67 + 4552713.33 – 179274.67 + C1 (440) + 65333.3 – C1 (100)
= -1126582.71 + C1 (440) – C1 (100)
C1 (340) = 1126582.71
C1 = 3313.48

C2 = 65333.33 – C1 (100)
C2 = 65333.33 – (3313.48) (100)
C2 = 65333.33 – 331348
C2 = -266014.7

4. Deflection equation

EI (y) = -0,392 (x)³ / 6 +0.695 (x-100)³ / 6 – 0.392 (x-300)³ / 6 + 3313.43 (x)

– 266014.7

5. Ymax

Ymax = midspan of support A and B

Ymax = x = 220mm

EI (y) = -0,392 (220)³ / 6 +0.695 (220-100)³ / 6 – 0.392 (220-300)³ / 6

+ 3313.43 (220) – 266014.7
EI (Y) = -758210.55
(Y) = -758210.55 / (69000)(79.44)
Ymax = -0.138 mm
 Case 2

1. Reaction

ΣMA = 0
-0.784 (100) + 0.784 (200) – RB (440) = 0
(-78.4) + (156.8) – RB (440) = 0
(-78.4) + (156.8) = RB (440)
78.4 = RB (440)
78.4 / 440 = RB
RB = 0.178 N

ΣFY = 0
RA + 0.178 = 0.784 +0.784
RA + 0.178 = 1.568
RA = 1.568 – 0.178
RA = 1.39 N

2. Macaulay’s Method

EI (d²y / dx²) = -0.784 (x) + 1.39 (x-100) – 0.784 (x-300)

EI (dy / dx) = -0,784 (x)² / 2 + 1.39 (x-100)² / 2 – 0.784 (x-300)² / 2 + C1

EI (y) = -0,784 (x)³ / 6 + 1.39 (x-100)³ / 6 – 0.784 (x-300)³ / 6 + C1(x) + C2

3. Find c1 & c2 (applying boundry condition) – use equation 3
* applying boundry condition

x = 100 , y = 0

EI (0) = -0.784 (100)³ / 6 + 1.39 (100-100)³ / 6 – 0.784 (100-300)³ / 6 + C1 (100) + C2

0 = -130666.67 + C1 (100) + C2
C2 = 130666.67 - C1 (100)

x = 440 , y = 0

EI (0) = -0.784 (440)³ / 6 + 1.39 (440-100)³ / 6 – 0.784 (440-300)³ / 6 + C1 (440) +

(130666.67 – C2(100))
= -11130709.33 + 9105426.67 – 358549.33 + C1 (440) + 130666.67 – C1 (100)
= -2253165.99 + C1 (440) – C1 (100)
C1 (340) = 2253165.99
C1 = 6626.96

C2 = 130666.67 - C1 (100)
C2 = 130666.67 – (6626.96) (100)
C2 = 130666.67 – 662696
C2 = -532029.33

4. Deflection equation

EI (y) = -0,784 (x)³ / 6 + 1.39 (x-100)³ / 6 – 0.784 (x-300)³ / 6 + 6626.96 (x)

– 532029.33

5. Ymax

Ymax = midspan of support A and B

Ymax = x = 220mm

EI (y) = -0,784 (220)³ / 6 + 1.39 (220-100)³ / 6 – 0.784 (220-300)³ / 6

+ 6626.96 (220) – 532029.33
EI (Y) = -1516421.04
(Y) = -1516421.04 / (69000)(79.44)
Ymax = -0.277 mm
 Case 3

1. Reaction

ΣMA = 0
-0.98 (100) + 0.98 (200) – RB (440) = 0
(-98) + (196) – RB (440) = 0
(-98) + (196) = RB (440)
98 = RB (440)
98 / 440 = RB
RB = 0.22 N

ΣFY = 0
RA + 0.22 = 0.98 +0.98
RA + 0.22 = 1.96
RA = 1.96 – 0.22
RA = 1.74 N

2. Macaulay’s Method

EI (d²y / dx²) = -0.98 (x) + 1.74 (x-100) – 0.98 (x-300)

EI (dy / dx) = -0,98 (x)² / 2 + 1.74 (x-100)² / 2 – 0.98 (x-300)² / 2 + C1

EI (y) = -0,98 (x)³ / 6 + 1.74 (x-100)³ / 6 – 0.98 (x-300)³ / 6 + C1(x) + C2

3. Find c1 & c2 (applying boundry condition) – use equation 3
* applying boundry condition

x = 100 , y = 0

EI (0) = -0.98 (100)³ / 6 + 1.74 (100-100)³ / 6 – 0.98 (100-300)³ / 6 + C1 (100) + C2

0 = -163333.33 + C1 (100) + C2
C2 = 163333.33 - C1 (100)

x = 440 , y = 0

EI (0) = -0.98 (440)³ / 6 + 1.74 (440-100)³ / 6 – 0.98 (440-300)³ / 6 + C1 (440) +

(163333.33 - C1 (100))
= -13913386.67 + 11398160 – 448186.67 + C1 (440) + 163333.33 – C1 (100)
= -2800080.01 + C1 (440) – C1 (100)
C1 (340) = 2800080.01
C1 = 8235.53

C2 = 163333.33 - C1 (100)
C2 = 163333.33 – (8235.53) (100)
C2 = 130666.67 – 823553
C2 = -660219.67

4. Deflection equation

EI (y) = -0,98 (x)³ / 6 + 1.74 (x-100)³ / 6 – 0.98 (x-300)³ / 6 + 8235.53 (x)

– 660219.67

5. Ymax

Ymax = midspan of support A and B

Ymax = x = 220mm

EI (y) = -0,98 (220)³ / 6 + 1.74 (220-100)³ / 6 – 0.98 (220-300)³ / 6 + 8235.53 (220)

– 660219.67
EI (Y) = -1890037.47
(Y) = -1890037.47 / (69000)(79.44)
Ymax = -0.345 mm
7.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the data analysis, we can conclude that a linear relationship

between deflection and applied load. From the results, it can be seen that the load
and deflection are directly proportional. As the load is raised, the deflection also
increases. Vice versa, when the load is removed, the deflection decreases as well.
It can also be noted that the theoretical deflection is lower and high than the
experimental deflection. This can be due to the errors committed during the lab
work as well as the effect of limiting factors such as inaccuracy of readings for
more than two decimal places. The percentage error is slightly different and it
proves that the experiment wasn’t done as cautiously as it should be. This could
be due to the zero error which means that the arrow was not placed to zero before
the experiment began or it could be due to some defects in the apparatus.
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS

ENGINEERING

Subject Code BFC 21201

Course Name HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
LABORATORY
Title Laboratory e-LAB 4 (BUCKLING OF COMPRESSION MEMBER)
Date 23/06/2020
Group 3
Name & No Matric KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)

MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Lecture Dr. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

Received Date 25/06/2020
1.0 Buckling of Compression Member

The experiment hardware fits onto a Structures Test Frame. Students compress
aluminium columns (struts) using a screw mechanism. The equipment uses chucks
to hold the struts and allows different end fixing conditions. An integral load cell
connected to a Digital Force Display will displays the load on the strut as it is
compressed. A magnetic deflection scale shows how much the strut buckles.
Students continue compressing the strut until reaching the critical buckling load.
They then repeat the experiment using different strut lengths or fixing conditions,
analyze their results.

Figure 3.1 – Type of end that been used on experiment.

Instrument :

i. Aluminium strut various of length :

* 370 mm

* 470mm

* 520mm
ii. Buckling of struts apparatus STR12

Figure 3.2 – Buckling of struts apparatus STR12 with struts

2.0 EQUATION / THEORIES-DERIVATION

The bucking theory under compressive axial load was discovered by Leonard
Euler between 1707 to 1783. By taking the end restrained condition supported by
pinned connections and friction less, an ideal column which is symmetric with
deflection occurring only in one plane is derived and expressed by equation 1.0.

2EI
Pcr = Basic formula
(kL)2

where,

Per: buckling load / critical axial load

E : modulus of elasticity

I : moment of inertia / second moment of area

bh3
I= , rectangular cross section of dimension b x h
12
L : actual length

Table 3.3 - n-k relationship

3.0 PROCEDURE

1. Device has been set.

2. The desired test specimen is selected.
3. The strut dimensions have been measured and calculated on the worksheet.
4. Specified the types of end restraint and setup the strut based on cased
5. Expected tilt load calculated for final state.
6. Test specimens have been installed in the test machine with the final condition
selected.
7. The test starts.
8. Gradually apply for a load increase, and must be checked back every time the
column is changed.
9. The nut is mounted at the end of the strut by type of end.
10. Strut deflection and stability have been recorded from digital display.

4.0 DATA & RESULTS

End Restraint Conditions

Strut Length
(mm) Pinned-Pinned Pinned-Fixed Fixed-Fixed
(N) (N) (N)

370 45.91 93.70 183.66

470 28.45 58.07 113.82

520 23.25 47.44 92.98

5.0 CALCULATION

I. Material = aluminum
II. Young Modulus, E = 69 Gpa = 6.9E10 Nm²
III. Length Aluminum, b = 19mm = 0.019
IV. Thickness, T = 1.8mm = 0.0018
V. Second moment area, I = bh³ / 12 = 9.23E-12 m⁴
VI. Cross Sectional Area, A = 3.42E-5
VII. Radius of Gyration, r = 5.2E-4

Case 1 → Pinned-Pinned

a) 370 mm = 0.37m

Pcr = π² EI / (L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / (0.37)²

Pcr = 45.91 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.37 / 5.2E-4 = 711.54 (long column – elastic buckling)

b) 470 mm = 0.47m

Pcr = π² EI / (L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / (0.47)²

Pcr = 28.45 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.47 / 5.2E-4 = 903.85 (long column – elastic buckling)

c) 520 mm = 0.52m

Pcr = π² EI / (L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / (0.52)²

Pcr = 23.25 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.52 / 5.2E-4 = 1000.00 (long column – elastic buckling
Case 2 → Pinned-Fixed

a) 370 mm = 0.37m

Pcr = π² EI / (0.7L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / ((0.7 x 0.37)²)

Pcr = 93.70 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.7 x 0.37 / 5.2E-4 = 484.97 (long column – elastic buckling)

b) 470 mm = 0.47m

Pcr = π² EI / (L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / ((0.7 x 0.47)²)

Pcr = 58.07 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.7 x 0.47 / 5.2E-4 = 632.69 (long column – elastic buckling)

c) 520 mm = 0.52m

Pcr = π² EI / (L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / ((0.7 x 0.52)²)

Pcr = 47.44 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.7 x 0.52 / 5.2E-4 = 700.00 (long column – elastic buckling)
 Case 3 → Fixed-Fixed

a) 370 mm = 0.37m

Pcr = π² EI / (0.7L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / ((0.5 x 0.37)²)

Pcr = 183.66 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.5 x 0.37 / 5.2E-4 = 355.77 (long column – elastic buckling)

b) 470 mm = 0.47m

Pcr = π² EI / (L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / ((0.5 x 0.47)²)

Pcr = 113.82 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.5 x 0.47 / 5.2E-4 = 451.92 (long column – elastic buckling)

c) 520 mm = 0.52m

Pcr = π² EI / (L)²

Pcr = π² x (6.9E10) (9.23E-12) / ((0.5 x 0.52)²)

Pcr = 92.98 N

Slenderness ratio = L/r = 0.5 x 0.52 / 5.2E-4 = 500.00 (long column – elastic buckling)
6.0 DISCUSSION

The critical load is the greatest load that will not cause lateral deflection
(buckling). For loads greater than the critical load, the column will deflect
laterally. The critical load puts the column in a state of unstable equilibrium. A
load beyond the critical load causes the column to fail by buckling. As the load is
increased beyond the critical load the lateral deflections increase, until it may fail
in other modes such as yielding of the material.

The effective column length can be defined as the length of an equivalent pin-
ended column having the same load-carrying capacity as the member under
consideration. The smaller the effective length of a particular column, the smaller
its danger of lateral buckling and the greater its load carrying capacity. It must be
recognized that column ends in practice are neither perfectly fixed nor perfectly
hinged. The designer may have to interpolate between the theoretical values given,
to obtain a sensible approximation to actual restraint conditions.

Case 1: Both ends are pinned. The structure is adequately braced against lateral
forces (e.g. wind and earthquake forces). Theoretical K-value: K = 1.0 Effective
length: Le = L Pcritical = π 2EImin/L2 Examples: Timber column nailed top and
bottom; steel column with simple clip angle connection top and bottom.
Case 2: One end is pinned and one end is fixed. The structure is adequately braced
against lateral forces (e.g. wind and earthquake forces). Theoretical K-value: K =
0.7 Effective length: Le = 0.707 L Pcritical = π 2EImin/(0.707L)2 = 2π 2EImin/L2
Examples: Concrete column rigidly connected to concrete slab at the base and
attached to lightgauge roofing at the top.

Case 3: Both ends are fixed. The structure is adequately braced against lateral
forces (e.g. wind and earthquake forces). Theoretical K-value: K= 0.5 Effective
length: Le = 0.5 L Pcritical = π 2EImin/(0.5L)2 = 4π 2EImin/L2 Examples:
Concrete column rigidly (monolithically cast) connected to large beams top and
bottom; steel column rigidly connected (welded) to large steel beams top and
bottom.
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILD

ENVIRONMENT

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY (BFC 21201)

e- LAB 5 : MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TENSION MEMBER

LECTURER’S NAME : Dr. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

SECTION :9

GROUP 3

NO. NAME NO. MATRIX

1 MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI CF190037
2 MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI CF190068
3 KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI CF190009
e- LAB 5 (CLO 2): Mechanical properties of tension member

1. In this experiment, you please refer to specific code of practice of BS EN ISO 6892-1:
2019 to conduct the tensile testing for a reinforcement bar (rebar) using 1000 kN of
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Please find related technical specification for this
UTM machine with the model number GT-7001- LSU 100 from the website:
https://mobile.gotech.biz/product_info?n=137. Carry out the following instructions,
referring to Figure 5.1. Please request the rebar Ø (mm) and the stress-strain curves
testing output from respective lecturer, to answer the following questions.

Figure 5.1
(i) Recognize the standard safety operational procedure to be fulfilled before conducting this
testing. Provide any related images or sketches illustrations as part of your discussions.
(A2, PLO 2)

The subsections below outline some of the obvious / major hazards that could exist during the
operation of the Servo Control Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and are divided to bring a
level of clarity to such hazards.

(a). Electrical Hazards: Electrical equipment should be installed, operated, serviced, and
maintained only by qualified personnel only. Do not block the main switch as potential risk
of personal injury or equipment damage if the instrument cannot be turned off in an
emergency.
(b). Trip Hazards: The Servo Control Universal Testing Machine (UTM) has installed
components (wires, hoses, etc.) that could pose a tripping hazard. Such hazards should be
identified and caution should be taken to avoid tripping over such components. Make sure
to pick up and not drag your feet when working around the testing machine, and always pay
attention to your path of movement to note any obstructions that could create a trip hazard.
Be sure to clean up any test material as this could cause a slipping hazard for other personnel.
(c). Mechanical Hazards: Keep hands and long hair away from moving parts and clamp
sections. Fingers can be crushed or severed in the Servo Control Universal Testing Machine
(UTM). All long hair should be tied back.
(d). Lifting Hazards: The Servo Control Universal Testing Machine (UTM) process involves
lifting of heavy items that could lead to personal injury and damage to property. All
personnel should be trained in the proper procedures for manually lifting. Evaluate an
object’s size and weight prior to lifting, and follow these general guidelines for lifting:
1. Assess the lift and know the object weight.
2. Bend at the knees and get a good grip.
3. Keep back straight and lift straight up with legs without twisting. It is important to
lift with the legs and not the back.
4. If an object is too large or heavy, ask for help and do not attempt to lift by yourself.
In the case that mechanical assistance (e.g. crane, forklift, etc.) is required to
complete the lifting operations, all machine operators of such machinery should be
fully trained and licensed.
5. Do not lift heavy items above shoulder level. Rolling platform ladders are provided
and available and should be utilized in these applications.
(e). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): All personnel should utilize and implement proper
PPE per OSHA requirements. Refer to OSHA requirements for proper use and
implementation of PPE. The following items are suggested as a minimum to avoid injury
based on the operation procedure outlined in this manual:

1. Safety Glasses 2. Laboratory Coat

Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3

3. Long Pants 4. Proper Gloves

Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5

5. Close-toed shoes

Figure 5.6
(ii) Establish the preparation of the sample (rebar), sample installation and technical operational
using UTM machine. Provide any related images, sketches or schematic diagram as part of
your discussions.
(P2, PLO 2)

Upper Cross Head

Space For Tensile Spacemen

Movable Cross Head

Space For Compressive Spacemen

Load Indicator

Control Switch

Figure 5.7 Servo Control Universal Testing Machine

Model GT-7001-LSU 100

Capacity 1000kN
Speed (without loading) 0.01~70mm/min
Display Method By Computer
Load Range Rangeless (full
scales at the same
amplification)
Load resolution 1/500,000
Load Accuracy ±1%
 Driving Method Servo Hydraulic
Control System
Max. Space (1) 550mm
Tensile Grips for Rod (rod dia.) Ø13~Ø75mm
Grips for Plate 70×90mm
Compression Effective Space (2) 650mm
Diameter of Compression Plate Ø160mm
Effective Space (3) 225mm
Max. Space
between two 340mm
Bending Bending Jig fulcrums
Fulcrum Size Ø30×145mm
(diameter × width)
Punch Radius of Punch R22mm
Punch Width 160mm
Ram Stroke 230mm
Speed-adjusting Mode Adjustable
electrically
Effective space between two columns 650mm
Crosshead Driven by Hydraulic System
Crosshead Speed (Up/Down) (approx.) 200±10%mm/min
Dimension Main Unit 116x68x233cm
(W×D×H) Control Unit 119x69x145cm
Weight Main Unit 3250kg
(approx.) Control Unit 255kg
Power 3∮,220V,20A;
3∮,380V,14A

Table 5.2 Technical Specification of Servo Control Universal Testing Machine

Use of Universal Testing Machine

(a).For testing of strength in tension, compression, bending, shearing, rapture and etc.

(b).It can be used for various raw materials, semi-finished and finished products which are essential
to manufacturers performing quality control and academic organizations for studying the
physical properties of raw materials.

The Sample (Rebar)

Figure 5.8 Free Body Diagram

Rebar size : 32 mm
Stress-Strain Curve

Figure 5.9 Graph of Stress, σ Vs Strain, ε

Sample Installation

1. Selection by Test
(a).Tensile Testing: For all tensile tests standard clamp type grips are used.

(b).Three point bend: For three-point bend tests a specialized simple supported three point bend
fixture is required. Adjust your span to what is suitable for your sample’s type and dimensions.

2. Installation

All clamps for the Servo Control Universal Testing Machine are installed by use of pins and
holes. Ensure that the holes are lined up such that the pins may be completely inserted, and that
the fixtures are facing forward

3. Startup

(a).Flip toggle on Servo Control Universal Testing Machine. Wait for machine to completely start.

(b).Start up the PC by normal means.

1. Power on the Tower.

2. Power on the Monitor.

3. Once Computer is fully booted and logged in press the IEEE 488 button on the control
panel of the Servo Control.

4. Start Bluehill software. (Figure 5.10)

Figure 5.10 Start Bluehill Software

5. Using the Software

5.1 After starting the software click Test (Figure 5.11).

Figure 5.11 Start Test Setup

6. Select and double click the test method from left panel. Test methods will reference the
ASTM Methods they correspond to (Figure 5).

6.1 Select and double click the test method from left panel. Test methods will reference the
ASTM Methods they correspond to (Figure 5.12).

Figure 5.12 Select Test Method

7. Enter Operator Name and Material Type. Click Next (Figure 5.13).

Figure 5.13 Enter Operator and Material

8. Enter your File Name and Output Folder. Click Next.

9. Click the Method tab at the top of the page. Click Control in the left column and then
Test (Figure 5.14).

Figure 5.14 Setting the Test Method

10. Enter your Testing Rate. This is based on your ASTM (D638 or D790) and material. Click
the Test tab. Measure and enter the test sample’s Width and Thickness. Click Next.
 11. Install your specimen in the fixture. Click Start (Figure 5.15).

Figure 5.15 Click Start

12. Repeat Step 9 to 11 as needed.

13. Click Finish. When asked if you want to finish the sample, or test more specimens, click
Finish Sample.

(iii) Try to identify each type of mechanical properties and complete Table 5.1.
(P3, PLO 2)

Type of mechanical properties: Tensile strength and Elongation

Table 5.1

Yield Strength (MPa), σy 20800

Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult 17.97

Ratio of σult / σy 0.0009

Elastic region From: 0MPa to: 576MPa

Plastic region From: 576MPa to: 608MPa

 a) Yield Strength (MPa), σy

Yield Stress = 624.0MPa

Strain = 0.2

Figure 5.16 How to Calculate Yield Strength (MPa), σy

- Each Point for Stress at y-axis = 80.0MPa ÷ 5 = 16.0MPa

- Stress, σ at y-axis from the graph = 624.0MPa

- Each Point for Elongation % at 𝑥- axis = 1.5% ÷ 5 = 0.3%

- Strain, ε at 𝑥- axis from the graph = 0.2

- Yield Strength (MPa), σy

Force at yield 𝐹𝑦
σy = Original cross-sectional area =
𝑆0

π . d2
S0 =
4

π . 0.22
=
4

= 0.03mm2

624.0
So, =
0.03

= 20800MPa
 b) Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult

Ultimate Stress = 672.0MPa

Strain = 6.9

Figure 5.17 How to Calculate Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult

- Stress, σ at y-axis from the graph = 672.0MPa

- Strain, ε at 𝑥- axis from the graph = 6.9

- Ultimate Strength (MPa), σult

Ultimate Force 𝐹𝑦
- σult =
Original cross-sectional area =
𝑆0

π . d2
S0 = 4

π . 6.92
=
4
= 37.39mm2
672.0
So, =
37,39
= 17.97MPa

c) Ratio of σult / σy
σ𝑢𝑙𝑡 17.97
=
σ𝑦 20800

= 0.0009
d) Elastic region = 576MPa & Plastic region = 608MPa

Stress, σ at Elastic region = 576MPa

Plastic region area

Stress, σ at Plastic region = 608MPa

Elastic region area

Figure 5.17 Elastic Region Area & Plastic Region Area

(iv) Produce a standard operating procedure (SOP) for a tensile testing of your rebar
according to BS EN ISO 6892-1: 2019. Provide any related graphical or schematic
diagram if necessary.
(P4, PLO 2)

- Scope:
The method for tensile testing of metallic materials and defines the mechanical properties
which can be determined at room temperature.

The Universal Testing Machine is an instrument of generally simplistic design. The. device
possesses two mounting points (one fixed, one attached to a mobile cross head), which accept
a variety of fixtures designed to interact with the sample in one of many ways. A load cell
attached to one of the fixtures measures the applied force during the test. By accurately
measuring the loads, and accounting for sample geometries and the nature of the applied force,
a variety of mechanical properties may be ascertained.

a) Sample preparation.
b) Sample conditioning (per ASTM-D618).
c) Load Cell selection and installation.
d) Fixture Selection and Installation
e) Start up.
f) Using the software.
g) Maintenance
(v) Make decision and discuss whether the strength of this steel rebar is satisfied to the standard
code of practice.

(P4, PLO 2)

(a).Based on theoretical and experimental comparisons, the stress and the strain increase
as the amount of load increases.
(b).Stress and strains were calculated after the extensometers on the universal testing
machine measured the strain that was applied on sample specimen.
(c). The data on strain was obtained on the cross head after necking had occured.
(d).The stress was then calculated by dividing the applied load by original cross-sectional
area.
(e).For the strain, the changes in length (extensions) were divided by the original length.
(f). In calculations of true stress, the load applied could be divided by the instantaneous
area.
(g).True strain is calculated by dividing the change in length by the instantaneous final
length. The stress was then calculated by dividing the applied load by original cross-
sectional area.
(h).For the strain, the changes in length (extensions) were divided by the original length.
(i). In calculations of true stress, the load applied could be divided by the instantaneous
area.
(j). True strain is calculated by dividing the change in length by the instantaneous final
length.
(k). If the experiment were carried out, the comparison was far different.
(l). Tensile testing is a way of determining how something will react when it is pulled apart
when a force is applied to it in tension.
(m). Tensile testing is one of the simplest and most widely used mechanical test. By
measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material
properties can be determined that will allow designers and quality managers to predict
how materials and products will behave in their intended applications.
(n). Hooke’s law can define the characteristic the behaviour of material based on data of
stress and strain curve by using universal testing machine.
(o).Aluminium however has found many uses in designs that require low density materials
like in aerodynamics and some motor vehicles.
(p).Aluminium experiences high ductility rates compared to mild steel and have therefore
low levels values of Young’s Modulus, a factor that determines deflections in structural
components.
(q).This experiment therefore supposed gives close relationship of tensile strength to the
theoretical data and experiment buckling test. Tensile testing is imperative for ensuring
a safe, high quality material and avoiding the major liabilities associated with providing
non-compliant products.
(r). These actions will keep the end consumer satisfied and dramatically reduce the chance
of failure in the field
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILD

ENVIRONMENT

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY (BFC 21201)

e-OEQ 6 : OPEN ENDED QUESTION

LECTURER’S NAME : Dr. NOR HAZURINA BINTI OTHMAN

SECTION :9

GROUP 3

NO. NAME NO. MATRIX

1 MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI CF190037
2 MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI CF190068
3 KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI CF190009
OEQ 1:

What are the main purposes to conduct laboratory/ experiment on the structural members?

• A laboratory experiment is an experiment conducted under highly controlled conditions

(not necessarily a laboratory), where accurate measurements are possible. So, structural
support is a part of a building or structure providing the necessary stiffness and strength in
order to resist the internal forces (vertical forces of gravity and lateral forces due to wind
and earthquakes) and guide them safely to the ground. External loads (actions of other
bodies) that act on buildings cause internal forces (forces and couples by the rest of the
structure) in building support structures. Supports can be either at the end or at any
intermediate point along a structural member or a constituent part of a building and they
are referred to as connections, joints or restraints.

OEQ 2:

How significant the outcome from laboratory/ experiment is assuredly proven to be as a

reliable finding?

• There are two ways of looking at this aim, depending on the kind of lab we are in. In
some labs, there is a "right answer," a specific unknown or standard measurement we
are expected to find. In these cases, the emphasis of the aim is on "expected outcomes."
That is, our laboratory procedure is expected to yield certain results and, to a certain
extent, the quality of that work depends on whether or not we attain those results.

• In both kinds of labs, the places where we need to focus our efforts on improvement
are Methods and Results. If we need to have the right answer, then we should revisit
our laboratory notebook to search out errors in recording data and transcribing data to
spreadsheet and in any calculation we have done.

OE 3:

What are the alternative methods to provide reliable finding without doing laboratory/
experiment?

• Theoretical method lesson

• Natural method of study

 MEETING MINUTES 1

Date : 1 June, 2020 (Monday)

Time : 2.30 – 3.30 p.m.
Venue : Google Meet

Attendance :

1. KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

2. MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)
3. MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Absent : None

Content :

1. Leader makes an opening speech about the purpose of the meeting.

2. Listing of all task and discussion on work division assigned to all group members.
3. Creation of whatsapp group for discussion purpose
4. Arranged date for the next meeting.
Prepared by,

……………………………
(KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI)

Verified by,

……………………………
(MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI)
Leader Group 3
 MEETING MINUTES 2

Date : June 16, 2020 (Tuesday)

Time : 8.00 – 9.00 p.m
Venue : Google Meet.

Attendance :

1. KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

2. MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)
3. MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Absent : None

Content :

1. Notification and discussion of the progress of the work done by all the group
members
2. Discussion on next task which is the full report of the project.
3. Arrange date for the next meeting.
Prepared by,

……………………………
(KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI)

Verified by,

……………………………
(MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI)
Leader Group 3
 MEETING MINUTES 3

Date : June 23, 2020 (Tuesday)

Time : 10.00 p.m
Venue : Google Meet.

Attendance :

1. KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI (CF190009)

2. MOHD HARITH BIN NGADI (CF190068)
3. MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI (CF190037)

Absent : None

Content :

1. Identify each member ideas to manage the problem.

2. Identify the learning issues that relate to the question given
3. Compile the data in a file before looking through the data
Prepared by,

……………………………
(KAMARUL AFIF BIN ABDULLAH SANI)

Verified by,

……………………………
(MUHAMMAD AZIZI YUSRI BIN RUSIDI)
Leader Group 3