accidents, and documenting
OUTLINE
I. Organization of the laboratory (Organizational
chart)
II. Personnel in the laboratory setting
a. Medical assistants in the laboratory
b. Other laboratory personnel
III. Professional organizations
a. PAMET
b. PASMETH
IV. Professional code of conduct and ethics
a. Objectives
b. Code of Ethics of the Medical
Technologist (New Version)
c. Specific Principles of Professional
Conduct
d. Ethical Practice of Laboratory Medicine
e. Fundamental Principles of Ethics
f. General Application of Ethical Principles
V. Philippine Regulations on Clinical Laboratories
I. ORGANIZATION OF THE LABORATORY
● Each laboratory must have a organizational chart or
an ​organogram​ that describes the vital arrangement
in the laboratory
● Pagpasok palang sa isang laboratory, minsan sa
labas nakalagay na siya
● Laboratory Manager​: Head/Director/Pathologist of
the laboratory
○ Directly reporting to the head of the
laboratory​ (symbolizes the straight line)​:
➢ Quality Project Team​ ​(Quality
manager)​: responsible for quality
management who reports directly to
the laboratory head
➢ Biosafety officer
➢ Safety officer​: establishing the
safety policy, investigating all lab
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regulator safety inspection
○ Section/Laboratory Supervisor ​(directly
reporting to the chief medical technologist)
➢ Organizes and direct all laboratory
department activities
➢ They are under chief medical
technologists
➢ Technologists under supervisor are
directly reporting to the supervisor
II. PERSONNEL IN THE LABORATORY SETTING
2.a Medical Laboratory Professionals
● Use a specialized instrument and techniques to
analyze patient samples such as blood, urine, body
fluids, tissues, and stool
● May be working in the laboratory located in the
hospital, clinical, or physician’s office where you are
being treated or they may be at reference lab located
hundreds or thousands miles away because they
produce the results that impact the hcare you receive
● Specially educated and trained for the functions they
perform and in most cases, they have certification for
their position
● Skilled and educated laboratory professionals
● Play a very important role in healthcare
● Responsible for conducting tests that provide crucial
information for detecting, diagnosing, treating, and
monitoring disease
Clinical Laboratory Team
● Laboratory Director (Head Pathologist)
○ Registered physician who are especially
trained in methods of laboratory medicine of
the growth and microscopic study
○ Responsible for managing overall laboratory
operations within the laboratory, including
maintaining the standards of agencies that
inspect and accredit the lab
○ Laboratory director and laboratory
administrator share responsibilities for
managing the laboratory ​(if there is)
○ Ensuring that all technical, clinical, and
administrative functions of the lab are
performed
○ Pathologist
➢ Board certified physicians who have
specialized training in disease and
laboratory interpretation
➢ Perform all levels of laboratory
testing
➢ Affiliated with hospital and
reference lab
1
 ➢ Pwedeng head siya sa isang
laboratory, then pathologist din siya
sa ibang laboratory
Bachelor → Medicine Proper → Internship → Licensure
Exam → Residency → Specialized Exam
○ Physician
➢ A physician without any laboratory
specialty training with only
additional credentials specifically
qualifying for the laboratory setting
● Laboratory Administrator (Laboratory Manager)
○ Depends on the laboratory if they have both
the laboratory manager and head pathologist
○ Can be called as chief medical technologist
○ Responsible in overseeing all operations
involving laboratory services
○ Managerial duties generally include
scheduling staff,​ ​reordering supplies​, and
maintaining security standards
○ Registered technologist with an advanced
degree and several years of experience
○ In our setting, this is called a ​Chief Medical
Technologist
● Technical and Laboratory Supervisors
○ Section supervisor
○ Organizes and directs all laboratory
department activities
○ Responsible for administration of area and
reporting to the laboratory administrator or
chief medical technologist
○ Has additional education and experience in
1+ clinical laboratory area
Madalas nag s-start muna ang medical technologist as junior
medtech meaning they rotate sa different sections. Then kapag
ilang years na, kukunin ka na as technical and general supervisor
(pinaka section supervisor/head). Pwede rin namang mag rotate ng
head sections depending sa hospital/head pathologist.
○ A general supervisor is responsible for
oversight of the day-to-day laboratory
operations as well as the personnel
conducting the tests and reporting results
○ Laboratory manager
○ In the PH setting, the chief medical
technology is a medical technologist and not
a doctor
○ In other countries:
➢ A medical doctor with certification in
anatomy and/or clinical pathology
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➢ Scientist with a PhD, a Master’s
degree, or a bachelor’s degree in
addition to acquiring the appropriate
laboratory experiences
● Medical Technologist (Medical/Clinical Laboratory
Scientist)
○ Performing routine and highly specialized
tests
○ To diagnose and/or aid in the treatment of
disease and troubleshooting ​(preventing and
solving problems in results or instruments)
➢ If hindi na kaya i-handle yung
problem, report it sa supervisor
then the supervisor will report it to
the chief medtech
○ Work under the supervision of chief medical
technologist
○ Perform quality control checks
➢ Always runs normal and abnormal
control
➢ If there are new
procedures/methods, they will also
be the one to evaluate
e.g. If may bagong method for Clinical Chemistry, if ginagamit mo
for now is yung ​glucose oxidase method,​ then someone offered
you a new method, ​hexokinase​(another glucose determination
method), the medical technologist will try to do that and then report
it to the supervisor kung ano yung naging result ng bagong method
na ginamit.
➢ Conduct preventive maintenance
and troubleshooting of instruments
○ May assume managerial roles
○ Have a bachelor’s degree in clinical/medical
laboratory science (RMT)
○ 3-4 years of academic coursework and one
year of clinical experience
○ Certified by PRC (additional credentials and
in US setting: AMT or ASCP)
● Medical Laboratory Technician (Clinical
Laboratory Technician)
○ Performs routine tests in all areas of the
clinical laboratory
○ Have an associate degree and have
completed an accredited Clinical Laboratory
Technician or certificate program
○ They assist medical technologist in the
practice of medical technology under the
supervision of registered medical
technologist
○ They log specimen for lab or prepare
samples for testing
➢ RA Act 5527​ mentions that the
medical laboratory technician
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 should be certified by and
registered with the board of medical
technology
➢ Hindi pwedeng basta pumasok ka
doon as laboratory technician if
hindi registered and certified ng
board of medical technology
○ Medical technologists who failed the
licensure examination but has a general
rating of 70% → allowed to work as
laboratory technicians
○ In other countries, as long as you finish a
2-year college course but provided that
he/she has at least one year of experience
working as medical laboratory technician,
then it can also be considered
○ In the States, it is considered a laboratory
technician when they have an associate
degree from a 2-year program or certification
from a military or private school
● Phlebotomist (PBT)
○ Sometimes called phlebotomy technicians
○ Work directly with the medical technologist
and patient to draw blood for laboratory tests
using venipuncture or skin puncture
○ In other countries, as long as you completed
HS and received a PBT training ​(through a
program or a job experience),​ you can be a
phlebotomist
○ They train to perform blood specimen
collection and follow proper procedures in
identification, reservation, and transportation
of specimen
2.b Other Laboratory Personnel
● Not all laboratories have this that is why they are
called ​other laboratory personnel
● LIS Managers
○ Laboratory Information System
○ Special training and expert in laboratory
computer software
e.g.​ ​If nagkaron ng problem sa computer natin kasi may ibang
results na diretsyo na sa ER, OR, nursery, nursing station (yung
mga emergencies na need ng lab results agad), so sila yung mga
expert in laboratory computer sofware.
● Quality Assurance (QA) Manager
○ Detail-oriented who collects statistics for
quality assurance purpose
○ Quality control
➢ Abnormal and normal controls that
has graph to check if the accuracy,
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precision, reliability of the laboratory
is accurate
● Point-of-Care Coordinator
○ Medical technology who works closely with
the nursing staff to ensure quality of
point-of-care testing results
e.g. In the nursting station, diretso na or sila na mismo yung
gumagawang point-of-care or like may maliit na machine
(glucometer for diabetes) para makita kung tumataas sugar
ng patient nila (yung mismong nurse ang gumagawa nito)
to check kung ano ginagawa ng mga nursing station
e.g. heart station has a point-of-care testing na
pinupuntahan lang
● Safety Officer
○ Establish safety policy
○ Investigating all laboratory accidents and
documenting regular safety inspection
○ May schedule na kung ano dapat laging
titignan
III. Professional Organizations
3.a Philippine Association of Medical Technology
(PAMET)
● Non-stock and non-profit organization
● Only accredited professional organization for RMT in
the PH ​(those who passed the exam––RMT only)
● Organized by ​Mr. Crisanto Almario​ ​(Father of
PAMET) ​on September 15, 1963
● September 20, 1694: first national convention of
PAMET held at FEU
● Registered at Social Exchange Security (SEC) on
October 14, 1969 with Regs. No. 39570
● Registered during the term of ​Mr. Nardito Moraleta
(FEU) as president at that time
● With 61 local chapters, 7 international chapters, 1
sister chapter (USA) and 1 institutional chapter (PGH)
● With 47 provincial chapters
The Presidents of PAMET
● Mr. Charlemagne T. Tamondong
○ 1963-1967
○ Emergence of the profession
● Mr. Nardito D. Moraleta
○ 1967-1970
○ Professional recognition (he registered
PAMET)
● Mr. Felix E. Asper
○ 1970-1971
○ 1973-1976
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 ○ Legislative agenda ● Philippine Federation of Professional Association
● Mr. Bernardo T. Tabaosares (PFPA)
○ 1971-1973 ● Council of Health Agencies of the Philippines (CHAP)
○ Celebration of the practice ● Philippine Council for Quality Assurance in Clinical
● Ms. Angelina R. Jose Laboratories (PCQACL)
○ January to September 1973 ● Alliance of Allied Health Organizations of the Nation
○ Career advocacy (AAHON)
● Ms. Venerable C.V. Oca
○ 1977 to February 1982 International Affiliations
○ Educational advancement ● ASEAN Association of Clinical Laboratory Scientists
● Ms. Carmencita P. Acedera (AACLS)
○ 1982-1992 ● ASIA Association of Medical Laboratory Scientists
○ Image building (AAMLS)
● Mrs. Marilyn R. Atienza ● International Federation of Biochemical Laboratory
○ 1992-1996 Scientists (IFBLS)
○ Proactivism ● Asia Pacific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry
● Dean Norma N. Chang (APFCB)
○ 1996-2000 ● International Federation in Clinical Chemistry (IFCC)
○ International leadership
● Ms. Agnes B. Medenilla 3.b Philippine Association of Schools of Medical
○ 2000-2002 Technology and Public Health (PASMET)
○ 2005-2006
○ Organizational dynamism ● National organization of about 50 recognized schools
● Dr. Shirley F. Cruzada of medical technology in the Philippines
○ 2003-2004 ● Formed in 1970
○ Interdisciplinary networking ● To maintain the highest standard of Medical
● Dr. Leila M. Florento Technology/Public Health education
○ 2006-2013 ● To foster closer relations among schools
○ Global perspectives ● Director Narciso Albarracin​ appointed ​Dr. Serafin
● Mr. Romeo Joseph Ignacio Juliano​ to lay the foundation of the association on
○ 2013-2015 May 13, 1970
○ Golden celebration ● First organization meeting​ held at UST on June 22,
● Mr. Ronaldo E. Puno 1970
○ 2015-present ● First annual meeting​ was held at UST on May 7,1971
○ Empowerment ● Dr. Gustavo Reyes ​was the president from
○ Teaching in UST (4th year) 1970-1973
● Formally registered with SEC on October 6, 1985 by
Insignia Mr. Circilo S. Cajucom​ and ​ATty. Dexter Bihis
(PASMETH legal council)

The Presidents of PASMETH

● Dr. Gustavo Reyes
○ 1970-1973
○ President
○ UST
● Dr. Ibarra Panopio
○ 1973-1974
○ Velez College
● The Circle​:​ ​continuous involvement where practice ● Dr. Angelita G. Adeva
and education are always integrated ○ 1974-1975
● The Triangle​: trilogy of love, respect, and dignity ○ UST
● Green​: health ● Dr. Elizabeth M. del Rio
● Microscope and Snake​: MT profession
○ 1977-1981
● 1964​: first PAMET election
○ Martinez Memorial Colleges
● Dr. Norma V. Lerma
Local Affiliations ○ 1983-1984
● Council of Professional Health Association (COPHA) ○ UST
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 ● Dr. Vivencio T. Torres ● Accreditation as CPE Provider for medical
○ 1984-1986 technologists
○ University of Luzon
● Prof. Nardito Moraleta
IV. PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT
○ 1985-1988
○ FEU
● Dean Norma N. Chang Ethics
○ 1988-1996 ● Principles of conduct governing an individual or a
○ San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation group
Inc. ● According to Jeff Cooper, ethics consists of standard
● Prof. Rodolfo R. Rabor behavior our society accepts which is a system of
○ 1996-1999 moral principles
○ UST
● Dr. Nini Festin-Lim
e.g. We also have research ethics which are specifically interested
○ 1999-2002 in the analysis of ethical issues that are raised when people are
○ Philippine Women’s University involved as participants in research.
● Dean Zenaida Cajucom
○ 2002-2010 e.g. May involved na people na gagamitin information nila like when
you go sa group ng mga Mangyan to get their blood for malaria
○ World Citi Colleges smear, we need to pass research ethics pag may mismong
● Dean Magdalena F. Natividad research involved mga tao mismo.
○ 2010-2012
○ FEU
● “Ethics is the disciplined study or morality… and
● Dean Bernard U. Ebuen
○ 2012-present morality asks the question… what should one’s
○ Arellano University behavior be.” - ​Jeff Cooper​ (Albany Medical Center,
Ethical Decision Making, 2001, p. 1)
○ Descriptive Ethics
Insignia
➢ What does the culture or society
believe is morally correct?
➢ What the society believe of what is
right or wrong
○ Prescriptive Ethics
➢ How should I behave as a
researcher?
➢ What character traits should I
cultivate?
➢ Own belief or decision of what is
● The Circle​: continuity of learning and the never right or wrong
ending quest for excellence in the academic field ● “Greek ​ethos ‘​ character’ is the systematic study of
● The Diamond​: four corners as the four objectives of value concepts––good, bad, right, wrong, and the
the association general principles that justify applying these
● The Microscope​: field of Medical Technology and concepts.” - ​Joan E. Sieber ​(Planning Ethically
Public Health Responsible Research, p. 3)
● 1970​: year the association was founded
4.a Objectives of the Professional Code of Ethics
Accomplishments
● Continuing professional education program for 1. Define professional privileges, behaviors, and
medical technology faculty responsibilities towards the members of the
● Preparation of a standard curriculum for BSMT community in general
schools 2. Promote professional quality, professional conduct,
● Preparation of a standard course syllabi for and a moral method of procedures
professional subjects in MT 3. Defend private professions from undue interference
● Scholarship grants for MT students by the government or by other private agencies
● Community outreach projects 4. Preserve the dignity of the profession and the
● Recognition to graduates of BSMT course confidence of the public
○ PASMETH Gold Medal for Excellence Award 5. Defend the clients from unscrupulous individuals

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 6. Certain standards of the compensations for services
e.g. If makakasira sa isang tao, wag nalang magsalita. Kailangan
or work constructive palagi.

4.b Code of Ethics of the Medical Technologist (NV)

○ Treat any information I acquired about
individuals in the course of my work as
● This is what we read during oath taking when we
strictly confidential, and may be divulged
passed the exam
only to authorized persons or entities or with
● As I enter into the practice of Medical Technology, I
consent of the individual when necessary
shall:
➢ All information should be kept
○ Accept the responsibilities inherent to being
private
a professional
○ Report any infractions of these principles of
○ Uphold the law and shall not engage in
professional conduct to the authorities
illegal work nor cooperate with anyone so
responsible for enforcement of applicable
engaged
laws or regulations, or to the Ethics
○ Avoid associating or being identified with any
Committee of the Philippine Association of
enterprise of questionable character
Medical Technologists as may be
○ Work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to
appropriate
employer, clients, contractors, employees
● To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge to
and ina spirit of personal helpfulness and
conduct myself at all times in a manner befitting the
fraternity toward other members of the
dignity of my profession
profession
○ Use only honorable means of competition for
professional employment or services and
shall refrain form unfairly injuring, directly or
indirectly, the professional reputation,
projects or business of a fellow medical
technologist
○ Accept employment from more than one
employer only when there in no conflict of
interest
➢ Hindi pwedeng lahat pinapasukan
ng sabay sabay
○ Perform professional work in a manner that
merits full confidence and trust carried out
with absolute reliability, accuracy, fairness
and honesty
➢ That’s why we always have control
because pag hindi siya pasok dun,
hindi siya reliable and bawal
irelease yung results
○ Review the professional work of other
medical technologists, when requested, fairly
and in confidence whether they are
subordinates or employees, authors of
proposals for grants or contracts, authors of
technical papers or other publications or
involved in litigation
4.c Specific Principles of Professional Conduct
○ Advance the profession by exchanging
general information and experience with
1. Service to Others
fellow medical technologists and other
2. Integrity and Objectivity
professionals and by contributing to the work
3. Professional Competence
of professional organizations
4. Solidarity and Teamwork
○ Restrict my praises, criticisms, views and
5. Social and Civic Responsibility
opinions within ​constructive limits​ and shall
6. Global Competitiveness
not use the knowledge I know for selfish
7. Equality of All Professions
ends

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4.d Ethical Practice of Laboratory Medicine (WHO)
● Ethical Practice​: good technical practice
accompanied by ​proper attitude​ and ​behavior
4.e Fundamental Principles of Ethics
Autonomy
● The right of patients to make decisions on their behalf
Beneficence
● The duty or obligation to act in the best interest of the
patient
● Application of the Beneficence Principle: ​Risk-Benefit
Assessment
● The four categories of risk ​(Levine, 1988 & Weijer, 2000)
○ Physical risks
○ Psychological risks
○ Social risks
○ Economic risks
Non-maleficence
● The duty or obligation to avoid harm to the patient
Justice
● This embodies concepts of fairness and giving what is
rightfully due
4.f General Application of Ethical Principles
● Medical laboratories have responsibilities to others
○ Patients
➢ For giving our right results
○ Colleagues and the Profession
➢ Respect others ​(e.g. nurses)
○ Society
➢ Disposal of infectious materials
● Collection of information
● Collection of specimens
● Performance of test
● Reporting of results
● Storage and retention of Medical Records
● Access to Medical Records
● Financial Arrangements and organizational matters
V. Philippine Regulations on Clinical Laboratories
● Clinical Laboratory Law in 1965
○ Required the Licensing of clinical
Laboratories by the Bureau of Research and
Laboratories, Department of Health (BRL,
DOH) before they can operate
➢ If you don’t have a license under
BRL, DOH you are not allowed to
open a laboratory
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➢ BRL is now known as​ Bureau of
Health Facilities and Services
(BHFS)
● Republic Act No. 4688
○ An act regulating the operation and
maintenance of clinical laboratories and
requiring the registration of the same with
DOH, providing penalty for the violation
thereof, and for other purposes
● Phiippine Society of Pathologists (PSP)
○ 1968​: Decided to accredit clinical
laboratories for Residency Training Program
in Anatomic and Clinical Pathology
➢ You can have your residency in
both anatomic and clinical
pathology but now isa nalang
○ 1989​: After realizing the serious implications
of HIV testing, the DOH mandated the BRL
DOH to set standards for clinical laboratories
performing HIV testing
○ 1997​: Formulated and submitted standards
for the accreditation of clinical laboratories
(hospital and free-standing) for
reimbursement of fees for laboratory
services rendered to patients enrolled in the
PhilHealth Social Insurance Program upon
request of the Philippine Health Insurance
Corporation (PhilHealth)
● Philippine Council for Accreditation of Healthcare
Organization (PCAHO), 2000
○ Approved the standards for the accreditation
of hospitals for the provision of quality
medical services
○ Included were the standards for the
Department of Pathology
○
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