स्टाण्डर्ड नाप र ताैल निय

www.lawcommission.gov.
np
:6f088{ gfk / tf}n lgodx?, @)@&

g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
;+zf]wg @)@&.%.@(
!= :6f088{ gfk / tf}n -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_, lgodx?, @)#) @)#).^.@(
@= :6f088{ gfk / tf}n -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_, lgodx?, @)#@ @)##.!.&
#= :6f088{ gfk / tf}n -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_, lgodx?, @)#$ @)#$.#.@)
$= :6f088{ gfk / tf}n -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_, lgodx?, @)$^ @)$^.!@.@&
%= :6f088{ gfk / tf}n -kfrf}+ ;+zf]wg_, lgodx?, @)&) @)&).!.#)
:6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g, @)@% sf] bkmf #^ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/n] oL lgodx? agfPsf] 5 .
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ oL lgodx?sf] gfd æ:6f088{ gfk / tf}n lgodx?,
@)@& Æ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ oL lgodx? P]gsf] bkmf ! sf] pk–bkmf -#_ cg';f/ k|sflzt ul/Psf]
;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ldltb]lv tf]lsPsf] 7fp“df tf]lsPsf] sf/f]af/ jf
dfn;fdfgsf] ;DaGwdf k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;·n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df oL lgodx?df,–
-s_ æP]gÆ eGgfn] :6f088{ gfd / tf}n P]g, @)@% ;Demg'k5{ .

#= /fli6«o :6f088{ OsfO{x? /flvg]M P]gsf] bkmf #, $, %, ^, &, * / *s=
adf]lhdsf OsfO{x?sf] /fli6«o :6f088{, u'0f:t/ tyf gfk tf}n ljefudf
/flvg]5 / tL /fli6«o :6f088{x? lgoGqssf] lhDdfdf /xg]5g\ .
 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

1
www.lawcommission.gov.np
$= k|d'v :6f088{sf] j:t' l8hfOg / ljj/0fM -!_ k|d'v :6f088{sf] j:t', l8hfOg
/ ljj/0f OG6/g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg ckm lnun d]6«f]nf]hL -cf]=cfO{=Pd=Pn=_ sf]
l;kmfl/z ;+Vof @) sf] O{ @ ju{ cg';f/ jf cg';"rL–! adf]lhd x'g]5 / ;f]
:6f088{ u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n laefusf] k|of]uzfnfdf lgoGqsn] tf]lslbPsf]
clws[tsf] lhDdfdf /xg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd /flvPsf] k|d'v :6f088{sf] hf“r ;f] pk–lgoddf
tf]lsPsf] clws[tn] P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pk–bkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|To]s !) jif{df
hf“rL To;sf] clen]v /fVg' k5{ .
-#_ ===========
%= dfWolds :6f088{sf] j:t' l8hfOg / ljj/0fM -!_ dfWolds :6f088{ j:t',

l8hfOg / ljj/0f OG6/g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg ckm lnun d]6«f]nf]hL -cf]=cfO{=Pd=
Pn=_ sf] l;kmfl/z ;+Vof @) sf] Pkm–! ju{ cg';f/ jf cg';"rL–@ adf]lhd
x'g]5 / ;f] :6f088{ lgoGqsn] tf]lslbPsf] clws[tsf] lhDdfdf / :yfgdf /xg]5 .

-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd /flvPsf] dfWolds :6f088{nfO{ ;f]xL
pklgoddf tf]lsPsf] clws[tn] P]gsf] bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|To]s
% jif{df hf“rL ;f] :6f088{sf] Plsg kl/df0f ;lxtsf] clen]v /fVg'k5{ .
-#_ ===================
^= sfo{sf/L :6f088{sf] j:t' l8hfOg / ljj/0f M -!_ sfo{sf/L :6f088{sf] j:t',

l8hfOg / ljj/0f OG6/g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg ckm lnun d]6«f]nf]hL -cf]=cfO{=Pd=
Pn=_ sf] l;kmfl/z ;+Vof @) sf] Pkm–@ ju{ cg';f/ jf cg';"rL–# adf]lhd
x'g]5 / ;f] :6f088{ lg/LIfssf] lhDdfdf /xg]5 .
 rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] .

 klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
2
-@_ pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhd lg/LIfssf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] sfo{sf/L

:6f088{nfO{ lg/LIfsn] P]gsf] bkmf !* sf] pk–bkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|To]s jif{df
hf“rL 6f“rf ;d]t nufpg' k5{ .
-#_ ===================
&= lk|l;hg t/fh' -sf“6f_M -!_ lgoGqsn] tf]lslbPsf] clws[tn] cfjZos ;+Vofdf
/flvPsf lk|l;hg t/fh' -sf“6f_ sf] ;do ;dodf /]vb]v ug'{ k5{ .
-@_ pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] lk|l;hg t/fh' -sf“6f_ nfO{ ;f]xL pk–
lgoddf plNnlvt clws[tn] jif{df 36Ldf Ps k6s hf“r u/L hf“r u/]sf]
ldlt ;lxtsf] clen]v /fVg' k5{ .
*= dfWolds :6f088{ t/fh' -sf“6f_M -!_ lgoGqsn] tf]lslbPsf] clws[tn] cfjZos
;+Vofdf /flvPsf ;a} dfWolds :6f088{ t/fh' -sf“6f_ sf] ;do ;dodf
/]vb]v ug'{ k5{ .
-@_ pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] t/fh' -sf“6f_ x? ;f]xL pk–lgoddf
plNnlvt clws[tn] jif{df 36Ldf Ps k6s hf“r ug'{ k5{ .

-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf t/fh' -sf“6f_ x?sf cfjZostfx?
cg';"rL–# -s_ adf]lhd x'g]5 .
(= sfo{sf/L :6f088{ t/fh' -sf“6f_M -!_ lg/LIfsnfO{ sfo{sf/L :6f088{ hf“r
ug{sf] lgldQ cfjZos ;+Vofdf sfo{sf/L :6f088{ t/fh' -sf“6f_ pknAw u/fO{
lbg' k5{ .
-@_ pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhd sfo{sf/L :6f088{ t/fh' -sf“6f_ lg/LIfsn]
jif{df 36Ldf Ps k6s hf“r ug'{ k5{ .

 rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .
3

-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf t/fh' -sf“6f_ x?sf cfjZostfx?
cg';"rL # -v_ adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!)= Jofkfl/s gfk / tf}nM -!_ Jofkfl/s gfk -nDaf tyf u|flxtf_ / tf}nsf] ;+1f
j:t', cfsf/ / hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf] xs cg';"rL–$ adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 .
-@_ Jofkfl/s gfk / tf}n jf Jofkfl/s k|rngdf NofOg] gfKg] / tf}ng]
oGqsf] Ifdtf kbfy{ cfwf/ / hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf] xb cg';"rL–% adf]lhdsf]
x'g]5 .
-#_ ==============
-$_ Jofkf/Ln] Jofkfl/s n]gb]g jf k|rngdf Nofpg] b'O{kNn] t/fh'
-ljd–:s]n_ cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ ug]{ :yfgdf :6f08df jf l;qmLåf/f c+s';Ldf
em'08\ofO{ /fVg' k5{ .
t/ of] pk–lgod xf6, ;fKtflxs ahf/df cfpg] Jofkf/L / 3'dLlkm/L
Jofkf/ ug]{ lkm/Gtf Jofkf/LnfO{ nfu" x'g]5}g .

-%_ cfotg gfKg] oGqx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL–% -s_ adf]lhd tyf
nDjfO{ / ;do gfKg] oGqx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL–% -v_ adf]lhd x'g]5 .

-^_ kmf;nf gfKg] oGqx?sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL–% -u_ adf]lhd x'g]5 .

-&_ gfk / tf}nsf] cfwf/df Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu dfn;fdfg
laqmL ubf{ dfGotf lbOg] 36La9Lsf] xb cg';"rL–%-3_ adf]lhd / df]x/ aGb
ul/Psf Kofs]hx?sf] 36La9Lsf] xb g]kfn u'0f:t/ adf]lhd x'g]5 .
 bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk .
4
!!= Jofkfl/s gfk tf}n oGqsf] hf“rM -!_ Jofkfl/s n]gb]gdf k|rngdf NofOg] jf
To;/L k|rngdf Nofpg] clek|fon] /flvPsf] gfk, tf}n / tf}Ng] oGq b'O{ jif{df
Ps k6s P]g / oL lgodx? adf]lhd hf“r u/fO{ 6f“rf nufpg' k5{ .
t/ Jofkfl/s n]gb]gdf k|rngdf NofOg] jf To;/L k|rngdf Nofpg]
clek|fon] /flvPsf] ;j} gfKg] oGq tyf ;'g, rf“bL / d"Nojfg hjfx/ftdf jf
k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df jf sf/vfgfdf k|of]u ul/g] gfk, tf}n / tf}Ng] oGq jif{df
Ps k6s P]g / of] lgodx? adf]lhd hf“r u/fO{ 6f“rf nufpg' k5{ .

-!s_ s'g} Jofkf/L jf Joj;foLn] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb
gf3]sf] kf“r jif{leq 6f“rf nufpg cfPdf lgod !$ sf] pklgod -!s_
adf]lhd hl/jfgf lnO{ lgod !@ adf]lhd lg/LIfsn] 6f“rf nufO{ lbg ;Sg]5 .

-!v_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd 6f“rf nufpgsf] nflu lg/LIfsn] 8f]/
v6fpg ;Sg]5 . To;/L v6fOPsf] 8f]/n] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd 6f“rf nufpg'
kg]{ Dofb k'Ug'eGbf tLg dlxgf cufl8;Dd jf Dofb k'u]sf] tLg dlxgf
k5fl8;Ddsf] cjlwdf 6f“rf nufpg pklgod -!_ n] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg]5}g .

-@_ pk–lgod -!_ jf pklgod -!s_ adf]lhd hf“lrg] gfk tf}n /
gfKg] tf}ng] oGq ;kmf tyf k"0f{ cj:yfdf x'g'k5{ / To:tf] oGqsf] ;+1f jf
Ifdtf k"/f cl°t ePssf] gb]lvPdf cg';"rL–^ df lbOPadf]lhd 5f]6s/Ldf
;+1f jf Ifdtf cl°t x'g'k5{ .
!@= gfk tf}ndf 6f“rf nufpg] M -!_ lg/LIfsn] s'g} klg gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng]
oGqdf 6f“rf nufpg' cl3 To:tf gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq P]g / oL
lgodx?adf]lhd eP gePsf] x]g'{k5{ .
 bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

5
-@_ gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGqdf ;f] oGq agfpg] Jofkf/Lsf] 6f“rf
lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf;“u ldn]sf] x'g'x'“b}g .
-#_ lg/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] ;dIf hf“rsf] lgldQ NofPsf] gfk tf}n / gfKg]
tf}ng] oGqdf cg';"rL–& adf]lhdsf] 6f“rf nufpg' k5{ .
t/ gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq Jofkfl/s k|rngdf Nofp“bf lvOg] jf
l3l;g hfg] jf alnof] gePsf] eGg] nfu]df To:tf] gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng]
oGqdf 6f“rf nufpg' x'“b}g .
-$_ lg/LIfsn] pk–lgod -#_ adf]lhd 6f“rf nufp“bf sf“rsf], df6f]sf]
Ogfd]n kf]ltPsf] u|flxtf gfk afx]ssf gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGqdf
oyf;Dej hf“rsf] ldlt ;d]tsf] 6f“rf nufpg' k5{ .
-%_ lg/LIfsn] hf“r / 6f“rf nufpg] sfd ;s]kl5 ;DalGwt Jofkf/LnfO{
gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq hf“r u/]sf] cg';"rL–* adf]lhdsf] k|df0fkq lbg'
k5{ .
-^_ pk–lgod -%_ adf]lhd k|fKt k|df0fkq gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq
k|of]u ul/g] :yfgdf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L /fVg' k5{ / c:yfoL lkm/Gtf Jofkf/Ln]
o:tf] k|df0fkq cfkm\gf] ;fydf /fVg' k5{ .
!#= lg/LIfsnfO{ cfjZos ;fdfg lbOg] M lg/LIfsnfO{ oL lgodx?adf]lhd hf“r ug{
cfjZos ;+Vofdf :6f088{ gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq hf“r u/]kl5 nufpg]
6f“rf / c? cfjZos ;fdfgx? lbOg]5 .
!$= hf“r, 6f“rf cflbPsf] b:t"/M -!_ lg/LIfssf] ;dIf hf“rsf] nflu NofOPsf] gfk
tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGqdf hf“r / 6f“rf nufOP afkt cg';"rL–( adf]lhdsf]
b/n] b:t"/ lnOg]5 .
6

-!s_ lgod !! sf] pklgod -!s_ adf]lhd 6f“rf nufp“bf pklgod
-!_ adf]lhd nfUg] b:t"/sf] cltl/Qm Ps jif{leq eP Ps ;o ?k}of“;Dd, b'O{
jif{leq eP Ps ;o ?k}of“b]lv b'O{ ;o krf; ?k}of“;Dd, tLg jif{leq eP b'O{;o
krf; ?k}of“ b]lv rf/ ;o krf; ?k}of“ ;Dd, rf/jif{ leq eP rf/ ;o krf;
?k}of“ b]lv ;ft ;o ?k}of“;Dd / kf“r jif{leq ;ft ;o ?k}of“b]lv Ps xhf/
?k}of“;Dd hl/jfgf lnOg]5 .
-@_ gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq k|of]u ug]{n] cfkm\gf] k|of]u :yfgd}
hf“r u/fpg jf 6f“rf nufpg lg/LIfsnfO{ lgj]bg lbPdf cg';"rL–( df
plNnlvt b/df krf; k|ltzt yk b:t"/ / lg/LIfsnfO{ cfpg] hfg] vr{, hf“r
ug{ / 6f“rf nufpg rflxg] sfo{sf/L :6f088{ / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq Nofp“bf jf
n}hf“bf nfUg] 9'jfgL vr{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .
t/ b]xfosf j:t'x? hf“rkf; ubf{ of] pk–lgod adf]lhd cltl/St b:t"/
lnOg] 5}gM–

-s_ k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ af]Sg] uf8L, k]6«f]n kDk, tf}ng] k'n, crn
d~ro'Qm tf}ng] oGq / lgoGqsn] tf]lslbPsf cGo o:t}
oGqx?,
-v_ lgdf{tf / ljqm]tfn] laqmL ug{ /fv]sf gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng]
oGq .
-#_ pk–lgod -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvP tfklg hf“r u/L 6f“rf
nufOPsf] gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGqdf lgod !% adf]lhd 6f“rf gd]l6Psf]
jf lgod !! df plNnlvt cjlwleq nufOPsf] 6f“rf d]l6O{ ;f] cjlwleq k'gM
6f“rf dfg'{ kg]{ eP s'g} b:t"/ lnOg] 5}g .
7

-$_ s'g} klg gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq lgod !! adf]lhd hf“r
ubf{ 36La9L b]lvPdf To:tf] gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{
ldnfg ug{ lkmtf{ lbOg]5 / lghn] cfjZos ldnfg u/L ;ft lbgleq To:tf]
gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq k'gM hf“rsf] nflu NofPdf hf“r ul/lbg' kg]{5 /
7Ls b]lvP 6f“rf nufO lbg' kg]{5 .

-%_ pklgod -$_ adf]lhd gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq ldnfg ug{
lkmtf{ lb+bf b'O{ k6s;Dddf klg ldnfg ug{ g;s]df To:tf] gfk tf}n jf gfKg]
tf}ng] oGq k|of]udf Nofpg kfOg] 5}g .
!%= 6f“rf d]6\g ;lsg]M lg/LIfsn] b]xfosf cj:yfdf gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGqdf
nfu]sf] 6f“rf d]6L /2 ug{ ;Sg]5M–
-s_ gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq P]g / oL lgodx?adf]lhd gePsf],
jf
-v_ gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq ef“lrPsf] km'6]sf] jf rf]Ol6Psf] jf
c? s'g} sf/0fn] q'l6k"0f{ ePsf], jf
-u_ gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq oL lgodx?df tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq
k'gM hf“r / 6f“rf nufpgsf] lgldQ gNofOPsf], jf
-3_ gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGqdf 36La9Lsf] xb oL lgodx?df
tf]lsPsf] 36La9Lsf] xbeGbf a9L ePsf] .
t/ of] v08adf]lhd 36La9L xb ePsf gfKg] tf}ng] oGqnfO{
lg/LIfsn] !% lbgleq ldnfO{ Nofpg lnlvt cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 /
;f] cjlwleq ldnfO{ NofPsf gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq 7Ls
b]lvP 6f“rf d]6L /2 ug{ x'“b}g .

8
!^= gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq hkmt / /f]Ssf ug]{M -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf gfk
tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq hkmt ug{ jf To;af6 ul/g] sf/f]af/ /f]Ssf ug{
;lsg]5 M–
-s_ sLt]{ jf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf],
-v_ 5nsk6 u/L k|of]u ul/Psf],
-u_ 6f“rf gnufOPsf],
-3_ sLt]{ 6f“rf nufOPsf] jf Ps csf]{sf] 6f“rf ;fl/Psf] jf
-ª_ lgod !) sf] pklgod -!_ / pklgod -#_ adf]lhd gePsf] .
-@_ pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhd hkmt jf /f]Ssf ul/Psf gfk tf}n / gfKg]
tf}ng] oGq cbfntdf k]z ug{ cfjZostf gePdf /f]Ssf jf hkmt u/]sf] Ps
dxLgfkl5 lgoGqsn] lbPsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
!&= cg'dltkq lbg] ;DaGwdfM -!_ gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq k|of]u ug'{ cl3
To:tf] gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq v/Lb u/]sf] k}+tL; lbgleq lg/LIfs ;dIf
lgj]bg lbO{ P]gsf] bkmf @% adf]lhd cg'dltkq lng' kg]{5 .
-@_ pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 lg/LIfsn] ?= %.– b:t"/
lnO{ ;DalGwt Jofkf/L tyf Joj;foLsf] gfd 5'6[} /lhi6/ lstfadf btf{ u/L
cg';"rL–!) adf]lhdsf] cg'dltkq lbg'k5{ .

-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd cg'dltkq k|fKt ug]{ Jofkf/L jf Joj;foLn]
gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGqdf 6f“rf nufpg' kg]{ Dofbleq cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ jf
Joj;fo 5f8L ;f] gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq cGo s'g} Jofkf/ jf Joj;fo

9
ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lbPdf ;f] k|fKt ug]{ Jofkf/L jf Joj;foLn] lgod !! adf]lhd
6f“rf nufpg' kg]{5 .

-$_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{ Jofkf/L jf Joj;foLx?n]
cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fo 5f]8\bf To;sf] ;"rgf sfof{nonfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .

-%_ pklgod -$_ adf]lhd ;"rgf k|fKt ePdf jf lgod !! sf]
pklgod -!s_ sf] Dofbleq klg 6f“rf gnufPdf To:tf Jofkf/L jf Joj;foLn]
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] cg'dltkq /2 x'g]5 .
!*= Ohfhtkq ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq agfpg, dd{t
ug{, laqmL ug{ jf ;]jf k|bfg ug{ rfxg] Jofkf/Ln] Ohfhtkqsf] nflu gfk tf}n
jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq agfpg cg';"rL !! -s_, dd{t ug{ cg';"rL–!! -v_, laqmL
ug{ cg';"rL–!! -u_ / ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cg';"rL–!! -3_ adf]lhdsf] 9f“rfdf
lg/LIfs ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .

-@_pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5
lg/LIfsn] ;DalGwt Jofkf/LnfO{ cg';"rL–!! -ª_ adf]lhdsf] w/f}6L /sd /
b:t"/ lnO{ cg';"rL–!@ adf]lhdsf] Ohfhtkq lbg]5 .
-#_ pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhd k|fKt Ohfhtkq k|To]s jif{ gjLs/0f ug{

cg';"rL–!# adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f;lxt lgj]bg lg/LIfs;dIf lbg' k5{ .

lg/LIfsn] klg pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] b:t"/ lnO{ Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f u/L
lbg'k5{ .
10
-$_ pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] Ohfhtkq Jofkf/L tyf Joj;foLn]

cfkm\gf] agfpg] dd{t ug]{ laqmL ug]{ jf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ :yfgdf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L
/fVg'k5{ .
-%_ pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhd Ohfht k|fKt Jofkf/L tyf Joj;foLn]
cfk"mn] agfPsf], dd{t u/]sf] jf ljqmL ug{ /fv]sf] gfk tf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng]
oGqsf] ljefuåf/f lgwf{l/t t/Lsfdf clen]v /fVg'k5{ / To:tf] clen]v
lg/LIfsn] dfu]sf] avt lgh;dIf k]z ug'{k5{ .
-^_ lg/LIfsn] pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhd Ohfhtkq k|fKt Jofkf/L tyf

Joj;foLn] rflxg] js{zk / :6fkmsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s]df jf P]g / oL
lgodx? pNn+3g u/]df To:tf] Jofkf/L tyf Joj;foLsf] Ohfhtkq vf]:g],
:ylut ug]{ jf gjLs/0f gug]{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 / w/f}6L /sd ;d]t hkmt
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/, To:tf] Jofkf/L tyf Joj;foLnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf glbO{
To:tf] cfb]z lbOg] 5}g .
-&_ lg/LIfsn] pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhd Ohfhtkq k|fKt Jofkf/L tyf

Joj;foLsf] clen]v cg';"rL–!$ adf]lhdsf] 9f“rfdf /fVg jf /fVg
nufpg'k5{ .

!(= cg';"rLdf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]M oL lgodx?sf cg';"rLx?df g]kfn ;/sf/n]

cfjZostf cg';f/ yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .

b|i6Jo M s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^# åf/f ?kfGt/ ePsf zAbx? æ>L %sf] ;/sf/Æ sf] ;§f æg]kfn ;/sf/Æ .
11
cg';"rL–!

-lgod $ sf] pklgod -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
k|d'v :6f088{ tf}nx?M–
-!_ lsnf]u|fd >]0fL u|fd >]0fL ldlnu|fd >]0fL

j:t'M– lsnf] u|fd ldlnu|fd
@) %)) %))
!) @)) @))
% @)) @))
@ !)) !))
@ %) %)
! @) @)
@) @)
!) !)
% %
@ @
@ @
! !

12
-@_ kbfy{M @) lsnf]b]lv !) ldlnu|fd ;Ddsf] tf}nx? :6]gn]; :6Lnsf] x'g]5g\ / %

ldlnu|fdb]lv ! ldlnu|fd;Ddsf] tf}nx? z'4 cfn'ldlgodsf] x'g]5g\ .
-#_ @) lsnf]b]lv !) u|fd;Ddsf] tf}nx?df ldnfg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g]5 . ldnfg ug]{
kbfy{sf] ?kdf ;L;f k|of]u ul/g] 5}g .
-$_ dfGotf lbOPsf] xbM–
dfGotf lbOPsf] 36La9Lsf xbx? g]kfn ;/sf/ gfk tf}n ljefun] lgwf{l/t u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 . t/, oL xbx? dfWolds :6f088{sf] xbeGbf 36L x'g]5 .
13
cg';"rL–@
-lgod % sf] pklgod -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_

dfWolds :6f088{ tf}nx?M–
-!_ ;+1fM–
lsnf]u|fd >]0fL -lsnf]_ u|fd >]0fL -u|fd_ ldlnu|fd >]0fL
-ld=u|fd_
!) %)) %))
% @)) @))
@ @)) @))
@ !)) !))
! %) %)
@) @)
@) @)
!) !)
% %
@ @
@ @
! !

14
-@_ kbfy{M– -c_ !) lsnf]b]lv ! lsnf];Ddsf tf}nx? lgDg adf]lhdsf] lg:t's

efusf] sf“;af6 9fn]/ agfOPsf x'g]5g\ .
lg:t's efu k|ltzt
/f“u (=%)–!)=%)
h:tf !=%–@=%
;L;f - a9Ldf_ )=%
lgSs]n -a9Ldf_ !=)
c? tTj )=!
tfdf af“sL
-cf_ %)) ld=u|f= b]lv %) ld= u|f= ;Ddsf] tf}nx? lgDgcg';f/ lg:t's
efusf] So"k|f]lgs]nsf] x'g]5g\ .
tfdf &(–*! k|ltzt
lgSs]n !(–@! P]=
c? tTj !=% k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
-O_ @) ld= u|f= b]lv ! ld=u|f= ;Ddsf] tf}nx? Joj;flos z'4
cfn'ldlgod kftfaf6 ag]sf x'g]5g\ . ;f] z'4 cfn'ldlgoddf tfdf, kmnfd /
l;lnsg )=# k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
-#_ cfsf/M– -c_ lsnf]u|fd / u|fd >]0fLsf tf}nx? dfly r]K6f] u§fjfn,
l;lnl08«sn cfsf/sf x'g]5g\ . !) lsnf]b]lv !)) u|fd;Ddsf] tf}nx?df
ldnfg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g]5 . ldnfg ug]{ kbfy{sf] ?kdf ;L;f k|of]u ul/g] 5}g .
-cf_ ldlnu|fd >]0fLsf tf}nx? Ps s'gf ;dsf]0f kg]{ u/L df]l8Psf]
juf{sf/sf x'g]5g\ .
-O_ tf}nx?df ;+1fx? cl°t ul/Psf x'g]5g\ .
15
-$_ dfGotf lbOPsf] xbM–

dfGotf lbOPsf] 36La9Lsf] xbx? lgDg adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
;+1f xb ;+1f xb
36L a9L 36L a9L
!) lsnf] @% ldu|f %) ldu|f %)) ldu|f )=@ ldu|f )=$ ldu|f
% ,, !@=% ,, @% ,, @)) ,, )=! ,, )=@ ,,
@ ,, &=% ,, !% ,, !)) ,, )=! ,, )=@ ,,
! ,, % ,, !) ,, %) ,, )=)% ,, )=! ,,
%)) u|fd @=% ,, % ,, @) ,, )=)% ,, )=! ,,
@)) ,, @ ,, $ ,, !) ,, )=)@ ,, )=)% ,,
!)) ,, !=% ,, # ,, % ,, )=)@ ,, )=)% ,,
%) ,, ! ,, @ ,, @ ,, )=)@ ,, )=)% ,,
@) ,, )=&% ,, !=% ,, ! ,, )=)@ ,, )=)@ ,,
!) ,, )=% ,, ! ,,
% ,, )=$ ,, )=* ,,
@ ,, )=# ,, )=^ ,,
! ,, )=@ ,, )=$ ,,
16
v08 @
dfWolds :6f08{8{ cfotg gfkx?M–

!= ;+1fM–
ln6/ >]0fL -ln_ ldlnln6/ >]0fL -ldln_
% %))
@ @))
! !))
%)
@)
@= kbfy{M– dfWolds :6f088{ cfotg gfkx? dfWolds :6f088{ tf}nx? tof/ ug{
k|of]u ul/Psf] lg:t's efusf] sf“;af6 9nfg u/L agfOPsf x'g]5g\ .
#= cfsf/M– -s_ % ln6/sf] gfk l;lnlG8«sn x'g]5 / o;sf] leqL Jof;sf] gfk
prfO a/fa/ x'g]5 . o;df b'Oj6f xfG8nx? bfof“afof“ hl8Psf] x'g]5 .
-v_ @ ln6/ / ;f]eGbf d'lgsf] gfkx?sf] cfsf/ dflysf] ;/x x'g]5g\ t/,
xfG8nx? x'g] 5}gg\ .
-u_ gfkx?sf] ;+1f aflx/L ;txdf cl°t ul/Psf] x'g]5 .
$= dfGotf lbOPsf] xbM–
dfGotf lbOPsf] 36L a9Lsf] xbx? tn lbOPadf]lhdsf x'g]5 .
17
;+1f dfGotf lbPsf] 36La9Lsf] xb

% ln= @ ldln
@ ,, ! ,,
! ,, )=* ,,
%)) ldln )=% ,,
@)) ,, )=$ ,,
!)) ,, )=# ,,
%) ,, )=@ ,,
@) ,, )=! ,,
18
v08 #
dfWolds :6f088{ nDafO gfkM–
!= kbfy{M– %* k|ltzt lgSs]n :6Ln .
@= v08 -;]Szg_M– #) ld=ld=×  !% ld=ld= sf] ;dsf]0f rt'e'{h cfsf/sf]

cg'k|:y v08 ePsf] x'g]5 . dflyNnf] ;txdf nDjfOlt/ b'Oj6f ;dsf]0f
rt'e'{h cfsf/sf] vf8nx? x'g]5g\ .
#= hDdf nDafOM– !)#) ldld
$= /]vfl°t nDafOM– !)!) ldld
%= tof/LM– rxlsnf] Hofb} 6NsfOPsf] .
^= /]vfl°tM– ;a} nDafO{df ldlddf /]vfl°t .
&= /]vf°gsf] df]6fOM– #) dfOqmf]g eGbf sd %) dfOqmf]g eGbf a9L gePsf] .
*= q'l6sf] xbM– /]vf°gdf dfGotf lbPsf] ;aeGbf a9L q'l6 -c_ s'g} b'O{j6f
;“u;“u}sf ldld lrGxsf] aLrdf @% dfOqmf]g / ;fy} ;f] q'l6 s'g} b'O{ ;“u;“u}sf
;]dL lrGxsf] aLrdf klg @% dfOqmf]geGbf a9L gePsf] / -cf_ !) ;]dLeGbf
a9L s'g} b'O{ lrGxx?sf] aLrdf %) dfOqmf]geGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
19
cg';"rL – #
-lgod ^ sf] pklgod -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_

v08 !
sfo{sf/L :6f088{ tf}nx?
-!_ ;+1fM–
lsnf]u|fd >]0fL -lsnf] u|fd >]0fL -u|fd_ ldlnu|fd >]0fL -

ld=u|fd_
@) %)) %))
!) @)) @))
% @)) @))
@ !)) !))
@ %) %)
! @) @)
@) @)
!) !)
% %
@ @
@ @
! !

20
-@_ kbfy{M– -s_ @) lsnf]b]lv ! u|fd;Ddsf] tf}nx? tn n]lvPadf]lhd wft'x?sf]

lg:t's efusf] sf“; jf So"k|f]lgSs]naf6 9nfg u/L tof/ ul/Psf x'g]5g\ .
sf“;
lg:t's efu k|ltzt
/f“u (=%)–!)=%)
h:tf !=%)–@=%)
;L;f -a9Ldf_ )=%)
lgSs]n -a9Ldf_ !=))
c? tTj )=!%
So"k|f]lgSs]n
tfdf &(–*! k|ltzt
lgSs]n !(–@! P]=
c? tTjx? -a9Ldf_ !=% k|ltzt
-v_ %)) ldu|fb]lv !)) ldu|f;Ddsf] tf}nx? sf“;sf] -dflysf] lg:t's
efusf]_ k]n]/ tof/ u/]sf] kftfaf6 ag]sf x'g]5g\ .
-u_ %) ldu|fb]lv ! ldu|f;Ddsf tf}nx? Jofj;flos z'4 cfnldlgod
kftfaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] x'g]5 . ;f] cfnldlgoddf tfdf, l;lnsg /
kmnfd )=# k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g]5}g .
-#_ cfsf/M– -s_ @) lsnf] / !) lsnf]sf 9sx? l;lnlG8«sn cfsf/sf x'g]5g\ /
b'O{ efu u/L 9flng] 5g\ h;sf] dflyNnf] efu tNnf] efudf 7LSs ldNg] u/L
k]råf/f sl;g] x'g'k5{ . prfNgsf] nflu dflyNnf] efu x}08n cfsf/df
9flnPsf] x'g'k5{ . b'j} efunfO{ ldnfPkl5 k]råf/f grNg] u/L aGb u/L
To;dfly hf“r ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] 6f“rf nufOg'k5{ .
21
-v_ % lsnf]b]lv @)) u|fd;Ddsf ;a} 9sx? b'O{ efu u/L 9flng] 5g\ /
dflyNnf] cfwf efu tNnf] cfwf efudf k]råf/f 7LSs ldNg] u/L sl;g]
x'g'k5{ . prfNgsf] lglDt dflyNnf] cfwf efudf u§f -gj_ /xg] u/L
9flnPsf] x'g'k5{ . ldnfPkl5 k]råf/f grNg] u/L aGb u/L To;dfly
hf“r ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] 6f“rf nufOg'k5{ .
-u_ !)) u|fdb]lv !) u|fd;Ddsf] 9sx? dfly -v_ df h:t} x'g]5g\ t/,
ltgLx?df k]råf/f aGb ug]{ s'g} k|aGw x'g]5}g .
-3_ % u|fdb]lv ! u|fd;Ddsf] 9sx? k"0f{?kn] 7f]; x'g]5g\ .
-ª_ %)) ldlnu|fdb]lv ! ldlnu|fd;Ddsf] 9sx? juf{sf/sf x'g]5g\ / k|of]u
ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] lgldQ Psflt/sf] 5]psf] efu ;tx b]lv ;dsf]0f x'g] u/L
p7fOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-r_ 9sx?df ;+1f cl°t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-$_ dfGotf lbPsf q'l6x?M– dfGotf lbOPsf] q'l6sf] 36La9Lsf] xb lgDg
adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 .
dfGotf lbOg] q'l6x?
;+1f 36La9Ldf -ldu|f_

@) lsnf] @))
!) ,, !))
% ,, %)
@ ,, #)
! ,, @)
%)) u|fd !)
22
@)) ,, *
!)) ,, ^
%) ,, $
@) ,, #
!) ,, @
% ,, !=^
@ ,, !=@
! ,, )=*
%)) ld= u|fd )=*
@)) ,, )=$
!)) ,, )=$
%) ,, )=@
@) ,, )=@
!) ,, )=!
% ,, )=!
@ ,, )=!
! ,, )=)%
23
v08 @
sfo{sf/L :6f08{8{ u|flxtf gfkx?M–
!= ;+1fM–
ln6/ >]0fL -ln=_ ldlnln6/ >]0fL -ldln_
!) %))
% @))
@ !))
! %)
@)
@= kbfy{M– sfo{sf/L :6f088{ u|flxtf gfkx? clS;hg Uof“; /lxt g/d
;fwf/0ftof tGsfp“bf klg gr'“l8g] vfnsf] tfdf kftfaf6 agfOg' k5{ .
#= cfsf/M– -!_ !) ln6/sf] sfo{sf/L :6f088{ u|flxtf gfk b'j}kl§ /fd|/L x}08n
/flvPsf] l;lnlG8«sn cfsf/sf] x'g'k5{ .
-@_ c? ;a} sfo{sf/L :6f088{ u|flxtf gfkx? l;lnl08«sn cfsf/sf
x'g]5g\ . t/, ltgLx?df x}08n rflx x'g]5}g . x/]s u|flxtf gfksf] Jof; /
prfO s/Lj s/Lj a/fa/ x'g'k5{ / u|flxtf gfkx? alnof agfOg'k5{ .
-#_ sfo{sf/L :6f088{ u|flxtf gfkx?sf] ;+1f aflx/L ;txdf s'“lbPsf]
x'g'k5{ .
-$_ sfo{sf/L :6f088{ u|flxtf gfksf] aflx/L c· clS;8fOH8 u/]/
;tx lrKnf] / sfnf] kfl/Psf] x'g'k5{ / leqL ;txdf /f“un] kf]Tg'k5{ .
-%_ x/]s sfo{sf/L :6f088{ u|flxtf gfkdf vf;u/L To;}sf] el/Psf]
kfgLsf] ;tx ldnfpg] u/L 5flgPsf Ps Ps j6f P]gf x'g'k5{ / u|flxtf gfkx?
/ tL P]gf /fd|/L dvdnn] df]l/Psf] sf7sf] afs;df /fd|f];“u /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
24
$= dfGotf lbOg] q'l6x?M–

;+1f dfGotf lbOg] q'l6x?M–
36L jf a9Ldf -ldln_
!) ln6/ *
% ,, $
@ ,, @
! ,, !=%
%)) ld=ln6/ !=)
@)) ,, )=*
!)) ,, )=^
%) ,, )=$
@) ,, )=@
25
v08 #
sfo{sf/L :6f088{ nDafO gfkM–
!= kbfy{M– sfo{sf/L :6f088{ gfk z'4 lgSs]nsf] -(( k|ltzt t/ sf]jfN6
gePsf]_ agfOg' k5{ .
@= cfsf/ / cfofdM–
:6f088{ nDafO{ gfk cfotfsf/ cg'k|:y v08 ePsf] x'g'k5{ / pQm cg'k|:y
v08sf] cfofd #) ldld  !% ldld x'g'k5{ . hDdf nDafO !)#) ldld
x'g'k5{ . :6f088{ nDafO{ gfk rlDsnf] x'g'k5{ .
#= -s_ /]vf°gM– :6f088{ nDafO{ gfk !)!) ldld;Dd ) /]vfeGbf !) ldld
cl3b]lv !))) ldld;Dd /]vfl°t ul/g'k5{ . ± !) ldldb]lv –!) ldld;Dd
x/]s ldlnld6/df / !) ldlnld6/b]lv !))) ldld;Dd x/]s % ldlddf
/]vfl°t ul/g'k5{ .
-v_ /]vfx?sf] rf}8fO %) b]lv *) dfOqmf]gsf] aLrdf x'g'k5{ .
-u_ /]vfx?sf] nDafO .
x/]s ldlnld6/df # ldld
x/]s % ldlddf % ldld
x/]s ;]lG6ld6/df * ldld
$= 36La9Lsf] xbM– ) ldldb]lv !))) ldld;Dddf ;aeGbf a9L dfGotf lbOg]
q'l6 )=! ldld x'g]5 / x/]s ;“u}sf] ldld % ldld x/]s ;]ld / !)
;]G6Lld6/df )=)% ldld x'g]5 .
%= cl°t ug]{ t/LsfM– :6f088{ gfkdf agfpg]sf] lrGx x'g'k5{ . lrGx nufOPsf]
c° / cIf/sf] prfO s/La # ldlnld6/sf] x'g'k5{ .
26
^= 6f“rf nufpg] Joj:yfM :6f088{ gfkdf 6f“rf nufpg] k'mnLsf] lgldQ t];f]{ k/L
leq uPsf] Kjfn x'g'k5{ .
&= :6f088{ gfk 6Lssf] sf7sf] afs;df /flvg'k5{ / Nofpg n}hfg ;'ljwf x'g]
u/L afs;df x}G8n klg x'g'k5{ .
27

cg';"rL– # -s_
-lgod * sf] pklgod -#_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
dfWolds :6f088{ t/fh' - sf“6f_ x?sf] cfjZostfx?
!= dfWolds :6f088{ t/fh' eGgfn] sfo{sf/L :6f088{x? hf“rsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]
t/fh' ;Demg'k5{ . ;f] dfWolds t/fh'df To;sf] Ifdtf / ;]G;L6LeL6L pNn]v
u/L lgDg tflnsf adf]lhdsf cfjZostfx? k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
tflnsf
Ifdtf ;]G;L6LeL6L Go"gtd ;]G;L6LeL6Lsf] gfksf] Go"gtd oyfy{tf

ld=u|f=÷l8lehg :s]n÷l8lehg clwstd
kl/jt{g -ePsf]
cg'kftdf_
@) lsnf] @% !=% ldld !) k|ltzt @% ld=u|f= !) lsnf]df
% lsnf] &=% !=) ,, ,, &=% ld=u|f= @ lsnf]df
! lsnf] !=% !=) ,, ,, !=% ld=u|f= %))
u|fddf
@)) u|fd )=% !=) ,, ,, )=% ld=u|f= %) u|fddf
@) u|fd )=! !=) ,, ,, )=! ld=u|f= % u|fddf
@ u|fd )=)@ )=&% ,, ,, )=)@ ld=u|f= !
ld=u|fddf
@= k|To]s dfWolds t/fh'sf] !) qmlds lj>fd laGb'x?sf] :6f088{ 8]lePzg !

:s]n l8lehgeGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
28
#= ;dfg afx' ePsf dfWolds t/fh'x?sf] afx' ;dfg jf a/fa/ gePdf

;]G;L6LeL6LnfO{ k"0f{ ef/n] efu ubf{ cfpg] leGgf+z eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
leGgf+zsf] lx;fa ubf{ OsfO{ ;dfg x'g'kb{5 .
$= ljleGg ef/df dfWolds t/fh'x?sf] rfn" cjlw -Time Period_ sf] km/s
-Variation_ @)∞ eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
%= dfWolds t/fh' sfd glnOPsf] cj:yfdf To;sf] b'j} rSs'wf/ ;DalGwt
laol/+usf] ;dtnaf6 cnu x'g ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
^= dfWolds t/fh'x? ;fdfGotM k|of]uzfnfdf dfq k|of]u ul/g'k5{ .
29

cg';"rL # -v_
-lgod ( sf] pklgod -#_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
sfo{sf/L :6f088{ t/fh' - sf“6f_ x?sf] cfjZostfx?
!= sfo{sf/L :6f088{ t/fh' eGgfn] Jofkfl/s jf cGo If]qdf k|of]u ul/g] tf}nx?
hf“Rg k|of]u ul/g] t/fh' ;Demg'kb{5 .
oL b'O{ lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ M–
-s_ k|of]uzfnfdf /xg]M– k|of]uzfnfdf /xg] sfo{sf/L t/fh'x?df :ki6 ?kn]
Ifdtf / ;]G;L6LeL6L pNn]v ePsf] x'g'sf ;fy} lgDg tflnsf adf]lhdsf]
cfjZostf k"/f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
Ifdtf ;]G;L6LeL6L ;]G;L6LeL6Lsf] gfksf] Go"gtd oyfy{tf

ld=u|f=÷l8lehg clwstd kl/jt{g
-ef/sf] cg'kftdf_
%) lsnf] !)) @) k|ltzt !)) ld=u|f= !) lsnf]df
% ,, !) ,, !) ld=u|f= %)) u|fddf
@)) u|fd ! ,, ! ld=u|f= !)) u|fddf
%) ,, )=$ ,, )=$ ld= u|f= % u|fddf
@ ,, )=)% ,, )=)% ld=u|f= ! ld= u|fddf
-v_ afx\o k|of]udf cfpg] sfo{sf/L t/fh'x?df :ki6 ?kn] Ifdtf / ;]G;L6LeL6L
pNn]v ePsf] x'g'sf ;fy} lgDg tflnsf adf]lhdsf] cfjZostf k"/f u/]sf]
x'g'k5{ .
30
tflnsf
Ifdtf ;]G;L6LeL6L ;]G;L6LeL6Lsf] gfksf] Go"gtd oyfy{tf

ld=u|f=÷l8lehg clwstd kl/jt{g -
ef/sf] cg'kftdf_
%) lsnf] %) ld=u|f= @) k|ltzt %) ld=u|f= !) lsnf]df
@)) u|fd ^ ld=u|f= ,, % ld=u|f= % u|fddf
@= k|To]s sfo{sf/L t/fh'sf] !) qmlds lj>fd ljGb'x?sf] :6f088{ 8]lePzg !

:s]n l8lehgeGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
#= ;dfg afx' ePsf sfo{sf/L t/fh'x?sf] afx' ;dfg jf a/fa/ gePdf
;]G;L6LeL6LnfO{ k"0f{ ef/n] efu ubf{ cfpg] leGgf+z eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
$= ljleGg ef/df sfo{sf/L t/fh'sf] rfn" cjlw -Time Period_ sf] km/s
-Variation_ @)∞ eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
%= sfo{sf/L t/fh' sfd glnOPsf] cj:yfdf To;sf] b'j} rSs'wf/ ;DalGwt
laol/+usf] ;dtnaf6 cnu x'g ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
^= k|of]uzfnfdf /xg] sfo{sf/L t/fh'x? ;fdfGotM k|of]uzfnf d} dfq k|of]u ul/g'
k5{ .
&= a'lnog / Sof/]6 tf}nx?sf] hf“rsf] xsdf lg/LIfsn] cfjZos 7fg]df
k|of]uzfnfdf /xg] sfo{sf/L t/fh'af6 hf“r u/fpg' kg]{5 .
31
cg';"rL–$
-lgod !) sf] pk–lgod -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
Jofkfl/s tf}nx? / u|flxtf tyf nDafO{ gfkx?sf] ljj/0f
v08 !
Jofkfl/s tf}nx? -o; v08 ! df Sof/]6 tf}n ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g_
!= ;+1f -l8gf]ldg]zg_M–
Jofkl/s n]gb]gdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg k|sf/sf tf}nx?sf] ;+1fx? lgDg
adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
-s_ wft'af6 ag]sf tf}nx?M–
lsnf]u|fd >]0fL u|fd >]0fL
kmnfd jf lkQnsf sf“;sf kmnfd / :6Lnsf lkQnsf jf sf+;sf
:6Lnsf] tf}nx? tf}nx? tf}nx?
lsnf]u|fd lsnf]u|fd u|fd u|fd
%) @) %)) %))
@) !) @)) @))
!) % !)) !))
% @ %)
@ ! @)
! !)
%
@
!
32
-v_ wft' kftfsf tf}nx?

ldlnu|fd >]0fLM– %)),@)),!)),%),@),!),%,@ / ! x/]s >]0fLdf Jojxfl/s
;'ljwfsf] lgldQ @,@), / @)) ;+1fsf tf}nx? b'O{j6f x'g'k5{ .
kmnfd / :6Lnsf tf}nx?
@=-s_ kbfy{M– %) lsnf]u|fdb]lv !) lsnf]u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx? sf:6 cfO/gaf6 ag]sf]
x'g'k5{ . % lsnf]u|fdb]lv !)) u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx? sf:6 cfO/g jf kmf]h{8
dfON8 :6Lnsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ cfsf/ cfofdM– sf:6 cfO/gaf6 jf dfON8 :6Lnaf6 ag]sf tf}nx?sf] cfsf/
lrq g+= ! / @ adf]lhd / cfofd tfnLsf g+= ! / @ adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-u_ %) lsnf]u|fdb]lv !) lsnf]u|fd;Ddsf sf:6 cfO/g tf}nx?df dfON8 :6Lnsf]
x}G8n x'g'k5{ .
-3_ ldnfg ug]{ KjfnM– %) lsnf]b]lv !) lsnf];Ddsf] tf}nx?df ldnfg ug]{ Kjfn
Psfkl§sf] Anssf] dflykl§ cfotfsf/sf -/]S6f+u'n/_ x'g]5g\ / tn uPsf]
x'g]5g\ / % lsnf]b]lv !)) u|fd;Ddsf] tf}nx?df ldnfg ug{ Kjfn dflykl§
9sx?sf] aLrdf uf]nfsf/sf x'g]5g\ .
9s ldnfg ubf{ oxL Kjfndf ;L;f e/]/ ldnfO{g' k5{ . hf“rsf] 6f“rf /
;fnsf] 6f“rf dfly Kjfn y'Gg] ;L;fdf nufpg' k5{ Kjfnsf cfofdx? lrqx?df
lbOPs} x'g'k5{ .
33

lrq g+= !

34

tflnsf g+= !
tf}n s v u 3 ª r 5 h em ` 6 7 8 9 0f t y b w
!)) u|fd @) *=% & ^=* $=% !# @@ ! @=% $=% #) @ #=% ^=% !=% @ @ @ !
@)) ,, @% !#=% !@ !! & !^ @* ! @=% % $) @=@% $ !)=% !=% @=% @ #=@ !=%
%)) ,, #$ !#=% !@ !! & @@ #* ! @=% % %) # %=% !)=% !=% @=% @ #=@ !=%
! lsnf] $# !&=% !^ !% !) @& $* ! @=% % ^% $ & !$=% !=% @=% @ % @
@ ,, %$ @^ @$ @@ !$ #^ ^) !=% $ ( *) % ( @!=% !=% % # % @
$ ,, &@ @^ @$ @@ !^ $^ *) !=% $ ( !@) ^=% !@ @!=% !=% % # !) @
;a} cfofd ldlnld6/df cfofdsf] 36La9L xb % k|ltzt .
35

lrq g+= @
36

tflnsf g+= @
tf}n s v u 3 ª r 5 h em ` 6 7 8 9
!) lsnf] $^ @$ @) !# @) @% $^ !(# !)( !() @% #@ @* @@
@) ,, ^! @$ @) !# @) #) ^! @#$ !#( @#) @( #@ @* @@
%) ,, *# @$ @) !# @) $) *# #!$ !(@ #!) $) #@ @* @@
tf}n 0f t y b w g k km a e d o c
!) lsnf] !^ #% !) ! &) *! (& (% * #* @% !^ ^
@) ,, !^ %) !) ! (% !)^ !!& !!% !@ %@ #) @) *
%) ,, !^ &) !) ! !$* !%( !%& !%% !^ &$ $) @% !)
;a} cfod ldlnln6/df cfofdsf] 36La9L xb % k|ltzt .

37
-ª_ kmnfd / :6Lnsf 9sx?

Ohfht lbOPsf] hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf] xbM–
;+1f hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf] xb

%) lsnf] @) u|fd
@) æ !) æ
!) æ % æ
% æ @ æ
@ æ !=% æ
! æ ! æ
%)) u|fd %)) u|fd
@)) æ $)) æ
!)) æ #)) æ
%) æ @)) æ
t/, gof“ tf}nx? hf“r ubf{ tf}nsf] ;+1fg';f/ Ohfht lbOPsf] 36Lsf] xbsf]
%) k|ltzt eGbf tf}n 36L ePsf] x'g'x'“b}g .
#= lkQn / sf“;sf tf}nx? M
-s_ oL tf}nx? 9fn]sf] lkQnsf jf sf“;sf 5l8nfO{ bafP/ jf tf5]/ tof/
ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ cfsf/ / cfofd M–
a|f; / a|f]+h tf}nx? tn n]lvPsf lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ M–
38
a'lnog tf}nx?
-!_ @) lsnf]u|fdb]lv @ lsnf]u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx? l;lnG8/ cfsf/sf] x'g'k5{ .
@) lsnf]b]lv !) lsnf];Ddsf] tf}nx?df x}G8n /xg' k5{ / af“sL @
lsnf];Ddsf tf}nx?df dfly u§f ePsf] x'g'k5{ . cfsf/ / cfofd qmdzM
lrq g+= # / $ tflnsdf g+= # / $ cg';f/ x'g'k5{ . @) lsnf]b]lv @))
u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx?df a'lnog O{+6sf] cfsf/ leq lrqdf lbOP cg';f/
n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ / !)) u|fdb]lv ! u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx?df O{6sf] cfsf/
dfq s'+lbPsf] x'g'k5{ .
39
lrq g+= #
tflnsf g+= #
x}08n ePsf] a'lnog tf}nx?sf] cfofd
;+1f s v u 3 ª r 5 h em ` 6 7
@) lsnf] !## !%& &! !)^ $! !^ %% ^! @% @^ !$ @%
!) lsnf] !)^ !#) ^$ *% ## !$ %) $( @% @^ !# @%
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdsf] 36La9Lx? % k|ltzt .
40
lrq g+= $
tflnsf g+= $
u§fjfn a'lnog tf}nx?sf] cfofdx?
;+1f s v u 3 ª r 5 h em `
% lsnf] *^ ** $! %^ #&=% @@=% !*=% #* !( @)
@ æ ^$ ^& @& #( @$ !$ !# @& !& !&=%
! æ %) %) @#=% ## @! !@ !!=% @% !^ !&
%)) u|fd $! #( @) @% !& !)=% *=% !( !^ !&
@)) æ #@ @( !& @) !@ ( & !#=% !# !#=%
!)) æ @$ @$ !@ !& (=% ^ ^ !! !! !@
%) æ !( !( !) !$ * % % ( (=% !)
@) æ !$ !$ ^ !) ^ # # ^ ^ &
!) æ !! !! % * % # @
% æ ( ( $ ^ $ @ @
@ æ ^ ^ # $ @ !=% !=%
! æ ^ ^ @ # ! ! !
41
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdsf] 36La9Lsf] xb –

-s_ ! lsnf]eGbf a9Lsf] lgldQ ± % k|ltzt
-v_ ! lsnf] / ;f] eGbf 36Lsf] lgldQ ± !) k|ltzt
-@_ u§f g/flvPsf] / ! lsnf]u|fd b]lv ! u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx? RofK6f] l;lnG8/ cfsf/sf]
x'gk' 5{ / Ps csf]{ dfly ldnfP/ /fVbf Psgf;n] ldNg] x'g'k5{ . ! lsnf] b]lv @)
u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx?df O{6sf] cfsf/leq æa'lnogÆ / lrq % df lbP cg';f/ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] 5fk s'+lbPsf] / tflnsf g+= % adf]lhdsf] x'g'k5{ .
lrq g+= %
42
tflnsf g+= %
lkQnsf] l;lnlG8«sn a'lnog tf}n
r]K6f] l;lnlG8«sn a'lnog tf}nx?sf] cfofdx?
;+1f s v u 3 ª r 5 h
! lsnf] *@=% ^^=% !^ !^ # *=) @$ !&
%)) u|fd ^% $(=% !^ !# @=% &=&% !( !&
@)),, $*=) #*=% !# (=% @=% $=&% !$ !$
!)),, #&=% @(=% !! & @ $ !!=% !@
%) ,, @*=% @@=% (=% ^ !=% # !)=% !)
@) ,, @^=% !&=% * $ !=% @=) & *
!),, !^=% !#=% ! !=% ^
%,, !@=% !)=% ! ! %
@,, !) * )=% ! $
!,, &=% @=%
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdx?sf] xb ± !) k|ltzt

a'lnog afx]ssf lkQnsf tf}nx?
kmnfd / :6Lnsf] tf}nx?sf >]0fLsf k"/s tf}nx? M–
!= lsnf]u|fdb]lv ! u|fd;Ddsf] tf}nx? RofK6f] cfsf/sf dflyb]lv tn;Dd
:ki6;“u ;f“3'l/+b} uPsf] x'g'k5{ . cfsf/ cfofd qmdzM lrq g+= ^ / tflnsdf g+= ^
adf]lhd x'g'k5{ .
43
lrq= g+= ^
tflnsf g+= ^
r]K6f] l;lnl08«sn tf}nx?sf] cfofdx?
;+1f s v u 3 ª r 5 h
! lsnf] *$=% %* !^ &^ $ !% @%=% @)
%)) u|fd ^$ $^=% !^ %^ # !$ @# @)
@)) ,, %) #$=% !# $% @=% (=% !% !%
!)),, #* @^ !! ##=% @ (=% !# !#
%) ,, @( @)=% !) @% @ * !!=% !@
@) ,, @@ !^=% * !(=% ! $ * !)
!) ,, !&=% !@=% !^ ! ^
% ,, !# !) !! ! %
@ ,, !) &=% ( )=% #=%
! ,, * ^=% @=%
44
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdx?sf] ± !) k|ltzt

-u_ ldnfg ug]{ Kjfn M–
@) lsnf]u|fdb]lv @) u|fd;Ddsf tf}nx?df lk+wsf] s]Gb|af6 ;f“3'l/+b} uPsf]
uf]nf] Kjfn lrq g+= ^ cg';f/ /flvg' k5{ .
-3_ Ohfht lbOPsf] hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf xbx? M–
hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf xbx? M
a'lnog 9s a'lnog afx]s c? 9n
;+1f ldlnu|fd ldlnu|fd
@) lsnf] %))
!) ,, #%)
% ,, @))
@ ,, !))
! ,, %) !)))
%)) u|fd #) %))
@)) ,, @% @%)
!)) ,, @) !%)
%) ,, !% !))
@) ,, !) %)
!) ,, * $)
% ,, ^ #)
@ ,, $ @)
! ,, @ !)
45
t/ gof“ hf“r ubf{ tf}nsf] ;+1f cg';f/ Ohfht lbOPsf] 36L xbsf] ;os8f
%) eGbf tf}n 36L ePsf] x'g'x'“b}g .
$= wft'kftfsf] tf}nx?
-s_ ;+1f M– wft'kftfsf tf}nx?sf] ;+1f !-v_ adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-v_ kbfy{M– oL tf}nx? :6]Gn];:6Ln, Pn'ldlgod lkQn jf lgSs]n l;Ne/sf
kftfx?af6 tof/ ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
cfsf/ / cfofd
-u_ ;fwf/0f tf}nx? tflnsf g+= & cg';f/ cfofdsf] / lrq g+= & cfsf/sf]
x'g'k5{ . Ps 5]p s]xL dflylt/ df]8]sf] x'g'k5{ .
46
lrq g+= &
tflnsf g+= &

wft'kftfsf tf}nx?sf] cfofd
;+1f v! v@ v# p df}
%)) ldu|f – – !@ $ @
@)) ,, – (=) – #=% @
!)),, (=) – – #=% @
%),, – – (=% # !=%
@),, – ^=$ – @=% !=%
!),, ^=$ – – @ !=%
%,, – – ^=# @ !
@,, – #=^ – @ !
!,, #=^ – – @ !
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df .
cfofdsf] 36L a9Lsf] xb ± !) k|ltzt
-3_ a'lnog tf}nx? uf]nfsf/ x'g'k5{ / Psfkl§ lrq g+= * df lbP e}+m df]l8Psf]
x'g'k5{ . cfsf/ / cfofd qmdzM lrq g+= * df tflnsf g+= * df adf]lhd x'g'k5{ .
47
lrq g+= *
tflnsf g+= *
wft'kftfsf a'lnog tf}nx?sf] cfofdx? M–
;+1f 3 Hf Uf
ldlnu|fd
%)) !! @ @
@)) !) @ @
!)) ( @ @
%) * !=% @
@) ^=# !=% !=^
!) %=^ !=% !=^
% %=) !=) !=)
@ $ ! !
! #=@ ! !
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df . cfofdx?sf] 36L a9Lsf] xb ± !)k|ltzt
48
-ª_ Ohfht lbOPsf 36La9Lsf xbx? M

;+1f hf“rsf] 36L a9Lsf] xb
j'lnog 9sx? j'lnog afx]s c? 9sx?
ldlnu|fd ldlnu|fd ldlnu|fd
%)) !=@ !)=)
@)) !=@ &=)
!)) !=) %=)
%) )=% @=)
@) )=% @=)
!) )=% !=)
% )=@% )=%
@ )=@ )=@
! )=! )=!
t/ gof“ hf“r ubf{ ;+1f cg';f/ Ohfht lbOPsf] 36Lxbsf] ;os8f %) eGbf tf}n
36L ePsf] x'g'x'“b}g .
%= -s_ agfj6M 9flnPsf tf}nx?sf] 9nfg ;kmf x'g'k5{ / vfN8f, Kjfn / c?
q'l6x? ePsf] x'g'x'“b}g .
d]lzgåf/f v/fh u/]/ tof/ ul/Psf tf}nx? ;kmf;“u v/fh x'g'k5{ /
5\ofs6], v;|f] x'g'x'“b}g . sf:6 cfO/gsf tf}nx? tyf ttfO{ lk6]/ agfPsf
tf}nx? pko'Qm sfnf] /· cyjf jflg{:fn] Psgf;“u kftnf] u/L kf]ltPsf]
x'g'k5{ .
49
-v_ tf}ndf p7]sf ;+s]t cyjf lrGxx? :ki6 / a'lemg] / ulx/f] x'g'k5{ . o;/L
dfl/Psf 6f“rfx? w]/} ;do;Dd gd]l6g] x'g'k5{ . t/ o:tf tf}nx?df ;°]t
lrGx cflbsf 6f“rfx? ulx/f] u/L nufp“bf kftf 6'6\g] jf ef“lrg] x'g'x'“b}g .
-u_ tf}nx?sf] ldnfg ug{ ;L;f k|of]u ubf{ ;fwf/0f k|of]usf] cj:yfdf gv:g]
u/L nufpg'k5{ .
-3_ sf:6 cfO/gsf tf}nx?df x}08n grNg] u/L nufOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
^= ;°]t c°g M–
-s_ @) u|fd / ;f] b]lv tnsf ;a} tf}nx? afx]s c? lgdf{tfsf] gfd cyjf
6«]8dfs{ gd]l6g] u/L 9nfg ul/Psf] cyjf 6f“rf dfl/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ lsnf]u|fd ;°]t ug{ lsnf], u|fd ;+°]t ug{ u|fd / ldlnu|fd ;°]t ug{ ldu|f
cflb ;+1f ;a} tf}nx?df gd]l6g] u/L c°g ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . %) ldlnu|fd /
;f]b]lv d'lgsf] 9sx?df ;+1f cIf/df c°g gul/Psf] eP klg x'G5 . ;+1f
;°]t ug{ c° / cIf/sf] cfsf/ lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf 6]«]8dfs{sf] cIf/sf]
cfsf/ eGbf bf]Aa/ 7"nf] x'g'k5{ tyf ;+Vof / cIf/ g]kfnL tyf c+u|]hL
lnlkdf x'g'k5{ .
-u_ lg/LIfssf] ;a} 6f“rfx? nufpg ;lsg] ;aeGbf ;fgf] tf}n %) u|fdsf]
x'g]5 . %) u|fdb]lv dflysf ;a} Jofkfl/s tf}nx?df lg/LIfs gDa/ ;fn /
hf“rsf] 6f“rfx? nufpg' k5{ . !)) ldlnu|fd;Ddsf] tf}ndf ;fnsf] 6f“rf
dfq nufpg'k5{ . %) ldlnu|fdb]lv d'lgsf tf}nx?df s'g} 6f“rf nufpg'
x'“b}g . olb ltgLx?nfO{ a§fdf /fv]sf] eP Tof] a§fdf 6f“rf nufO{ k|dfl0ft
ul/g' k5{ . olb a§f geP hf“r u/]sf] k|df0fkqåf/f o:tf tf}nx? k|dfl0ft
ul/g' k5{ .
50

gf]6 M hf“rsf] 6f“rf eGgfn] ljz]if lsl;dn] g]kfnsf] lg;fgf 5fk s'+lbPsf] 6f“rfnfO{
;Demg'k5{ .
&= ldnfgM–
ldnfg ug]{ Kjfn, /flvPsf tf}nx?nfO{ ldnfg ubf{ rflxP hlt ;L;f jhg u/L
xfn]/ Kjfndf ldNg] ;L;fn] aGb u/]sf] x'g'k5{ / ;L;fsf] ;tx 36Ldf # ldld
Kjfnsf] leq x'g'k5{ .
 kf“rf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

51
v08 @
Jofkfl/s Sof/]6 tf}nx?
!= ;fwf/0f M
-s_ Jofkfl/s Sof/]6 tf}nx? dl0f, df]tL tyf ax'd"No hjfx/ft cflb tf}ng
k|of]u ul/G5 .
-v_ u0fgf tyf Jojxfl/s ;'ljwfsf] x]t'n] ;fwf/0f M Ps Sof/]6 ;o a/fa/
efudf pkvl08t x'g]5 / k|To]s efunfO{ ;]G6 elgg]5 . o;/L ! ;]G6
eGgfn] @ ldlnu|fd a/fa/ x'G5 . Sof/]6 tf}nx?df leGgf+z jhgx? eP
pQm leGgf+znfO{ k|lt;o ;]G6df olt efu egL ;+1f n]Vg] k|0ffnL cg';f/
ul/G5 h:tf] )=% Sof/]6nfO{ %).!)) Sof/]6 n]lvG5 .
@= ;+1f
Sof/]6 tf}nx?sf] ;+1f tn lbOP cg';f/ x'g]5 .
-s_ u§f ePsf
tf}nx? M–
;+1f ;dd"Notf
Sof/]6df u|fddf
%)) !))
@)) $)
!)) @)
%) !)
@) $
!) @
% !
52
-v_ wft' kftf ;dd"Notf

tf}nx?
;+1f Sof/]6 ldlnu|fd
@ $))
! @))
%).!)) !))
!).!)) $)
%.!)) @)
@.!)) !)
!.!)) @
)=%.!)) !
Jojxf/df k|of]u ul/g] tf}nx?sf] jf:tljs >]0fLdf @), @)) / @.!)), @).!))
sf tf}nx? b'O{ b'O{ j6f x'g'k5{ .
u§fbf/ 9sx? M
-s_ kbfy{ M
oL 9sx? k]lnPsf]], tflgPsf] jf lyr]/ lgsflnPsf] kbfy{af6 tof/ ul/g'
k5{ / 9fn]/ tof/ ul/Psf] x'g'x'“b}g . 9sx? lkQn, sf“;, lgSs]n, l;Ne/,
cr'DjsLo lgSs]n, qmf]ldod jf cr'DasLo :6]gn];:6Lnaf6 tof/ ul/Psf]
x'g'kb{5 .
#= -s_ cfsf/ / cfofd M–
cfsf/ tyf cfofd lrq g+= ( / tflnsf g+= ( adf]lhd x'g]5 .
53
lrq g+= (
tflnsf g+= (
u§fjfn Sof/]6 tf}nx?sf] cfofdx?
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df
;+1f s v Uf 3 ª Rf 5 h em
Sof/]6 -Sof_
%)) !@ @=% !=@% % !=% * #@=@ !#=@^ )=$)
@)) !) @=@ !=!) $=% !=% ^=% @$=$ (=^) )=#)
!)) ( @=) !=)) $=) !=) ^=) !(=! &=^# )=#)
%) * !=* )=() #=% !=) %=% !%=) %=(% )=@%
@) & !=& )=*% #=) !=) %=) !)=* $=!# )=@%
!) ^ !=^ )=*) @=% !=) $=% *=@ #=@^ )=@)
% % !=% )=&% @=) !=) $=) ^=# @=$( )=@)
54
dflysf cfofdx? 3gTj *=$ u|fd k|lt 3g ;]dL ePsf] kbfy{;“u ;DalGwt 5g\
pTkfbg ubf{ / kbfy{df km/ssf] b[li6sf]0faf6 u, ª / em df afx]s c?
cfofdx?df 36La9Lsf] xb ± % k|ltzt dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 .
;+1f hf“rsf] Ohfht lbOPsf] 36L
Ohfht a9L xb
lbOPsf 36L a9Lsf xbx?M–

%)) Sof/]6 * ldlnu|fd
@)) ,, ^ ,,
!)) ,, % ,,
%) ,, $ ,,
@) ,, # ,,
!) ,, @ ,,
% ,, ! ,,
t/ klxnf] hf“r ubf{ 36L xbsf] ;os8f %) eGbf 36L ePsf] x'g'x'“b}g .
$= wft' kftfdf tf}nx? M–
-s_ kbfy{ M–
!).!)) Sof/]6 / ;f]b]lv d'lgsf tf}nx? cfn'ldlgod kftfaf6 agfOg'k5{
o;b]lv dflysf tf}nx? lkQn, cfn'ldlgod, lgSs]n l;Ne/, lgSs]n
qmf]ldod jf sf“;sf kftfaf6 tof/ ul/g'k5{ .
-v_ cfsf/ tyf cfofd M–
cfsf/ lrq g+= !) / cfofd tflnsf g+= !) ad]lhd x'g]5 .
55
lrq g+= !)
tflnsf g+= !)
wft' kftfsf] Sof/]6 tf}nx?sf] cfofdx?
;+1f gfk -s_
Sof/]6 -Sof_ lddL
@ !@
! !)
%).!)) (
@).!)) *
!).!)) &
%.!)) ^
@.!)) %
!.!)) $
)=%.!)) #
36L a9Lsf] xb ± !) k|ltzt
wft' kftfsf] tf}nx? rnfpg ;'ljwfsf] lglDt lrq g+= !) adf]lhd s'gf p7fOPsf]
x'g'k5{ .
56
-u_ Ohfht lbOPsf 36L a9Lsf xbx?M–

;+1f hf“rsf] 36L a9Lsf] xb
Sof/]6 ldlnu|fd
@ )=*
! )=^
%).!)) )=$
@).!)) )=@
!).!)) )=@
%.!)) )=!
@.!)) )=!
!.!)) )=!
)=%.!)) )=!
t/ klxnf] hf“r ubf{ 36L xbsf] ;os8f %) eGbf 36L ePsf] x'g'x'“b}g .
%= lgdf{0f tyf agfj6 M–
-s_ oL 9sx?sf] ;tx oyfzSo lrNnf] x'g'k5{ . wft'kftf tf}nx? oyfzSo
/fd|/L sfl6Psf] x'g'k5{ / kmf]sfx? gePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ Hofbf :yfloTjsf] / lrNnf]kgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] oL tf}nx?df lgSs]n, qmf]ldod,
;'g jf /f]l8od wft'sf] luN6L nufOg ;lsg]5 .
^= c°g M–
-s_ %) Sof/]6 / ;f]b]lv d'lgsf tf}nx? afx]s x/]s tf}ndf lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf
6«]8dfs{ / ;+1f gd]l6g] u/L cl°t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
57
-v_ ;+1fsf] ;+Vofsf c°g, cufl8 / k5fl8 b]jgfu/L / c+u|]hL cIf/sf] aLrdf
ul/g' k5{ . ;+Vofsf] c°g b]jgfu/L tyf c+u|]hL b'j} lnlkdf lrqdf b]vfOP
cg';f/ qmdzM tn / dfly n]lvg'k5{ . lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf 6«]8dfs{ lnlksf]
cfsf/eGbf tf}nsf] ;+1f tyf lnlk bf]Aa/ 7"nf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ tf}ndf p7]sf ;°]t cyjf lrGxx? :ki6 a'lemg] x'g'k5{ . wft'kftfdf 6f“rf
dfl/Psf ;°]t jf lrGxx? :ki6 a'lemg] / ulx/f] x'g'k5{ . o;/L dfl/Psf
6f“rfx? w]/} ;do;Dd gd]l6g] x'g'k5{ . t/ o:tf tf}nx?df ;°]t lrGx
cflbsf 6f“rfx? ulx/f] u/L nufp“bf kftf k'm6\g] jf ef“lrg] u/L x'g'x'“b}g .
&= KoflsªM–
-s_ x/]s Sof/]6 tf}nsf] ;]6df @ df tf]lsPsf] ;+1fsf] >]0fLb]lv afx]s
@,@),@)) / @.!)), @).!)) Sof/]6sf Ps Ps yk 9sx? ;d]t x'g'k5{ .
-v_ tf}nx? leq dvdnsf] sk8fn] df]l/Psf] a§fdf /flvg'k5{ . ;fgf ;fgf
wft'kftfsf tf}nx? cfk\mgf] :yfgaf6 x6\g g;Sg] u/L sf“r jf kf/bz{s
kbfy{n] 9flsPsf] x'g'k5{ . tf}nx? p7fpgsf] lgldQ afs;df Ps lrD6L
;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
58
v08 #
t/n kbfy{ gfKg] Jofkfl/s u||flxtf gfkx?
;fwf/0f
o; v08df tLg lsl;dsf Jofkfl/s u|flxtf gfkx? kb{5g\ M–
-!_ 8'afpg] l;lnlG8«sn
-@_ vGofpg] l;lnlG8«sn
-#_ j[Qfsf/ -sf]lgsn_
l;lnlG8«sn gfkx? b"w, vfg] t]n cflb h:tf j:t'x? / sf]lgsn gfkx?–
vlgh t]nx? cflb h:tf gfKg]df k|of]u ul/G5g\ .
;+1f
o:tf ljleGg gfkx?sf] ;+1f lgDg n]lvP adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
l;lnlG8«sn vGofpg] l;lnlG8«sn 8'afpg] sf]lgsn vGofpg]
@ ln6/ @ ln6/ @) ln6/
! ,, ! ,, !) ,,
%)) ldlnln6/ %)) ldlnln6/ % ,,
@)) ,, @)), @ ,,
!)) ,, !)) ,, ! ,,
%) ,, %) ,, %)) ldlnln6/
@) ,, @) ,, @)) ,,
!)) ,,
59
#= cfsf/ / cfofdM–
-s_ l;lnlG8«sn 8'afpg] / vGofpg] gfksf] cfsf/ / cfofd qmdzM lrq g+= !! -s_,
-v_ / tflnsf g+= !! adf]lhd x'g'k5{ .
lrq g+= !!
tflnsf g+= !!
l;lnlG8«sn cfotg gfksf] cfofdx?
;+1f s v 3 u
a9L 36L 36L
@ ln= !@) !*) #^) @%) !=^)
! ,, (% !$@ @%$ @!) !=^)
%)) ldln &% !!$ @@$ !^) !=^)
@)) ,, %%=% *# !^^ !@) !=@%
!)) ,, $$ ^^ !#@ !)) !=@%
%) ,, #% %@ !)$ *) !=@%
@) ,, @^ #* &^ ^) !=))
;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df .
36L a9Lsf] xb ± !) k|ltzt
60
-v_ sf]lgsn gfksf] cfsf/ / cfofd qmdzM lrq g+= !@ tflnsf g+= !@ adf]lhd
x'g'k5{ .
lrq g+= !@
tflnsf g+= !@
sf]lgsn cfotg gfksf] cfofdx?
;+1f s v u 3 ª r 5 h em ` 6
@) ln= (& #** #** @)* !($ #() !=)) #% *^ @( #)
!) ,, && #)* #)& !&$ !%$ #)( !=)) #) &% @^ @%
%,, ^! @$$ @$% !$& !@@ @$& )=*)) @% ^%=% @$ @)
@,, $% !*) !*) !!* () 
!*@ )=*)) @) %^ @@ !^
! ,, #^ 
!$# !$# (%=% &@ !$% )=^#) @) $% !* !^
%))ldln @* !!$ !!# &$ %^ !!% )=^#) !% #% !$ !@

@)) ,, @! *$ *$ %# $@ *^ )=^#) !) @$=% !) *
!)),, !& ^^ ^& $! #$ ^( )=^#) !) !*=% & *

61
cfofdsf] 36L a9Lsf] xb !) ln= / @) ln= sf] lgldQ

% k|ltzt / c? ;a}sf] lgldQ !) k|ltzt x'g]5g\ .
;a} cfofdx? lddLdf .
$= kbfy{ M–
-s_ l;lnG8«sn u|flxtf gfd M–
cfn'ldlnod jf cfn'ldlgod ld> wft'kftf, lkQn cyjf :6]gn];
:6Ln kftf 9nfO{ tof/ ug'{k5{ . kftfsf] Go"gtd df]6fO{ tflnsf adf]lhd
x'g'k5{ .
-v_ sf]lgsn u|flxtf gfk UofnegfOH8 :6Ln kftf jf 6Lg Kn]6af6 tof/
ul/g'k5{ . kftfsf] Go"gtd df]6fO tflnsfdf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g'k5{ .
-u_ u|flxtf gfksf] leqL ;txdf bfu nfu]sf] x'g'x'“b}g / la6 Psgf;;“u ldn]sf]
x'g'k5{ .
-3_ vGofpg] ;'ljwfsf] lgldQ u|flxtf gfkx?df /fd|f] / cg'kflts cfs[ltsf]
6'6L ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ sf]lgsn u|flxtf gfkx?df kbfy{ gkf]lvg] u/fpgsf] lgldQ Ps l/6]lgª
lnk ;d]t /flvg' k5{ / lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf nufpgsf] nflu Ps ;L;f;lxtsf]
k'mnL klg x'g'k5{ .
-r_ l/6]lgª lnksf] k]mbdf % ldlndL6/ Aof;sf] Ps Kjfn /x]sf] x'g'k5{ / t/n
kby{ ebf{ ;f]xL Kjfnsf] tNnf] efu;Dd dfq eg'{k5{ . o:tf] Kjfn x}08nl;t
;dsdf]0f kf/L /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . sf]lgsn u|flxtf gfk lk+wdf pko'Qm
tj/n] ;dsf]0f;“u /flvPsf] kftfåf/f dha"t u/fOg' kb{5 .
62
-5_ sf]lgsn u|flxtf gfknfO{ nDaaf6 !@)0 9Nsfp“bf ;a} t/n kbfy{ kf]lvg]
x'g'k5{ .
-h_ sf]lgsn u|flxtf gfkx? w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sg] u/L k|z:t dha"t
x'g'k5{ .
dfGotf lbOPsf hf“rsf] 36L a9Lsf xbx?
8'afpg], vGofpg] l;lnlG8«sn / sf]lgsn u|flxtf gfkx?sf] 36L a9Lsf] xb
;+1f sf]lgsn l;lnlG8«sn

!) ldln ! ldln
@) ,, @ ,,
%) ,, # ,,
!)) ,, # ldln % ,,
@)) ,, % ,, !) ,,
%)) ,, *,, !% ,,
! ln6/ !) ,, @) ,,
@ ,, !% ,, #) ,,
% ,, @% ,, %) ,,
!) ,, %) ,, !)) ,,
@) ,, !)) ,, @)) ,,
%) ,, !%) ,, #)) ,,
63
%= c°gM–
-s_ x/]s l;lnG8«sn u|flxtf gfkx?df gd]l6g] u/L lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf 6«]8dfs{
cl°t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . -sf]lgsn u|flxtf gfkx?sf] ;DaGwdf o:tf] ;+1f
gfd jf 6«]8dfs{ c+udf g} s'+lbPsf] jf 5'6[} kftfdf cl°t u/L gemg]{ u/L
h8]sf] x'g'k5{ ._
-v_ ;+1fsf] ;+Vofdf c°g b]jgfu/L / c+u|]hL cIf/ b'j}df qmdzM b]a|] /
bflxg]kl§ lbOg'k5{ .
-u_ ;+Vofsf] c°sf] tbg'?k tnlt/ qmdzM b]jgfu/L / c+u|hL lnkLdf ln= jf=
ldln tyf -m._ jf -1._ cl°t ul/Psf] x'gk' 5{ .
-3_ ;+Vofsf] c° / ;+1fsf] cfsf/ lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf 6«]8dfs{eGbf sd;]sd bf]Aa/
7"nf] x'g'k5{ .
64

v08 # -s_
7"nf ef“8fx?sf] u|lxtf dfkf°g ug]{ pks/0f
!= If]q M–
7"nf 7"nf Jofkfl/s aNs d]h/, e]lxsn 6}+s, aNs ld6/ cflb dfkf°g ug{ k|of]u
ul/g] pks/0fx? kb{5g\ .
@= kl/efiff M–
dfkf°g ug]{ pks/0fsf] Ifdtf M– dfkf°g ug]{ pks/0fsf] Ifdtf eGgfn] gflkg]
t/n kbfy{ pks/0fdf ebf{ ;f]df c+l°t lrGx;“u t/n kbfy{x?sf] d]lg:s;
lgDgtd ljGb';“u ldn]sf] IfdtfnfO{ hgfp“b5 .
#= ;+1f -l8gf]ldg]zg_ M–
dfkf°g ug]{ pks/0fsf] Ifdtf %), !)), @)), %)), !))), !%)), @))),
%))) ln6/ x'g]5 .
65

lrq g+= !@ -s_
dfkf°g d]h/sf] 9f“rf
tflnsf gDa/ !@ -s_
;+1f s v u 3 ª r 5 h
%) ln6/ $$) @&# !)) $)) ^@ ^@ $) !))
!)) ,, %$) #^* !@% $)) &^ *) %) !))
@)) ,, ^*) $^$ @)) $)) ** !)% ^) !))
%)) ,, (@) ^#& #)) $)) !!# !$( &% !))
!))) ,, !!^) *)! $)) $)) !#* !(# () !))
!%)) ,, !##) (!% %)) $)) !%! @@@ (* !))
@))) ,, !$*) (&( ^)) $)) !^) @%) !)% !))
%))) ,, @)@) !#!! !))) $)) !*^ #%) !@% !))

66
;a} cfofd ld=ld= df ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . cfofdsf] 36La9L xb % ± k|ltztdf gfKg]

pks/0fsf] q'l6 To;sf] s'n Ifdtfsf] )=! k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
$= -s_ gfKg] pks/0f dfON8 :6Lnsf] kftf / kfOkaf6 agfOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ kftfsf] df]6fO lgDgadf]lhdsf] x'g'k5{ .
Ifdtf Go"g df]6fO
%)) ln6/;Dd !=* ld=ld=
!))) ln6/b]lv !%)) @=% ld=ld=

ln6/;d
@))) b]lv %))) $=) ld=ld=

ln6/;Dd
%= lgdf{0f tyf agfj6

-s_ gfKg] pks/0f dha't;“u aflx/L efuaf6 j]lN8· u/L hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ /
leqL ;txdf s'g} lsl;dsf] pa8–vfa8 tyf cGo s'g} v/faL x'g'x'“b}g .
-v_ gfKg] pks/0fsf] leqL efu Okf]S;L /]lhg h:tf k|lt/f]w Ifdtf ePsf
kbfy{åf/f kf]ltPsf] / aflx/L efu /f]ug ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ 7Ls Ifdtf osLg ug{ gfKg] pks/0fsf] dflyNnf] efu -ub{g_ df u]h Unf;
-Gauge Glass_ gfk /]vfl°t P]gf jf P]gf em\ofn -Glass window_
df cf]e/ km\nf] kfOksf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-3_ gfKg] pks/0fsf] tNnf] efu;Dd k'Ug] u/L lkmln· kfOk pknAw
u/fpg'k5{ .
67
-ª_ t/n kbfy{ ebf{ jf lg:sf;g ubf{ x'g cfpg] e"d/L tyf cGo c:yL/tfx?
/f]Sgsf nflu gfKg] pks/0fsf] lgsf;åf/f dfly Jofkmn Kn]6 h8fg
ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . t/n kbfy{sf] axfanfO{ afwf glbg] tyf xfjf jf cGo
t/n kbfy{nfO{ k:g glbg] u/L Jofkmn Kn]6 agfOPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
-r_ gfKg] pks/0fsf] lgsf; t/n kbfy{ vGofp“bf ef“8f] k"/} l/lQg] u/L lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-5_ :yfO{ ?kdf h8fg ePsf] gfKg] pks/0f hldgdf dha't ;fy 78\ofpgsf
nflu pko'Qm 9f“rfsf] :6of08 x'g'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lrq g+= !@ -v_
/ !@ -u_ df b]vfOPsf 5g\ .
-h_ v'6[Låf/f c8\ofOPsf] rn gfKg] pks/0fsf] xsdf To;nfO{ 78\ofpg ;dtn
hldg / ;tx ldnfpg rflxg] :qmLph]s, :kL/L6 n]en cflb To;};fy
;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-em_ gfKg] pks/0f ldnfg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Ps jf b'O{ ldnfg ug]{ ;fwg -
Adjusting device_ pQm pks/0fdf ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ . To; ;fwgaf6
ef“8f]sf] Ifdtfsf] )=% k|ltzt;Dd ldnfg ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . gfKg]
pks/0fdf ;dfj]z ePsf ldnfg ug]{ ;fwgx?nfO{ l;naGbL ug{ 5]pd}
l;lnª nu Joj:yf x'g'k5{ ;fy} u|lxtf cl°t lrGxnfO{ ldnfg u/L ;s]kl5
tndfly gkfg{ ;Sgsf nflu l;n ug{ ;Sg] 7fp“ x'g'k5{ .
-`_ cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf gfKg] pks/0fsf] leqL efu /·fpg jf lg/LIf0f ug{
dflg; jf xft k:g ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
^= dfkf°g sfo{ljlwM–
!= ljt/0f ul/g] gfKg] pks/0f dfkf°g ljlw
68
-s_ gfKg] pks/0f s'g} 7fp“af6 gr'lxg] x'g'sf ;fy} lvof tyf lu|h gnfu]sf]
;kmf 5 5}g /fd|/L hf“r ug'{k5{ .
-v_ gfKg] pks/0fdf u]h Unf; -Gauge glass_ sf] Joj:yf ePdf t/n
kbfy{ ebf{ u|lxtf cl°t lrGx;Dd / cf]e/ km\nf] kfOk -Over flow
pipe_ sf] Joj:yf ePsf] cf]e/ km\nf] x'g] u/L el/g'k5{ .
@= dfqf gfKg' kg]{ gfKg] ef“8f]sf] dfkf°g ljlwM–
-s_ gfKg] pks/0f s'g} 7fp“af6 gr'lxg] x'g'sf ;fy} lvof tyf lu|h gnfu]sf]
/ ;kmf eP gePsf] /fd|/L hf“r ug'{k5{ .
-v_ k"j{ dfkfl°t pks/0fdf kfgL e/L ;f] kfgL hf“r ul/g] pks/0fdf
vGofO{ ;f]af6 u|lxtf x]g'{k5{ . s]xL u/L pks/0fsf] u|lxtf gfKg] cl°t
lrGxdf ;f]eGbf 36La9L ePdf ldnfg u/L ldnfpg'k5{ / l;naGbL
ug'{k5{ .
&= c°gM–
k|To]s gfKg] pks/0fdf To;sf] Ifdtf cl°t x'g'k5{ . lgdf{tfsf] gfd / 6]«8dfs{
gd]l6g] u/L c°g ePsf] x'g'k5{ . ;fy} ;+1f b]jgfu/L jf c+u]|hLdf c°g ePsf]
x'g'k5{ .
69

lrq g+= !@ -v_
e]lxsn 6}+s dfkf°g ug{ ul/g] Joj:yf

lrq g+= !@ -u_
aNs ld6/ dfkf°g ug{ h8Lt 9f“rf .

70

v08 # -v_
k]6«f]lnod jf c? t/n kbfy{ af]Sg] e]lxsn 6}° dfkf°g
!= kl/efiffx? M–
-s_ e]lxsn 6}°M– e]lxsn 6}° eGgfn] cfjZos kfOk eNjx?, ld6/x? cflb
;lxtsf] uf8L hgfp“b5 .
-v_ v08 M– v08 eGgfn] ljefhg ePsf] cj:yfdf t/n kbfy{ /xg] s'g} Ps
v08 / ljefhg gePsf] cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ 6}°nfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 .
-u_ dfkf°g M– dfkf°g eGgfn] ;Dk"0f{ 6}°sf] cyjf o;sf v08x?sf] Ifdtf
hf“rL 6f“rf nufpg] sfo{ a'emfp“b5 .
-3_ l8k:6Ls -Dip stick_ M– l8k:6Ls eGgfn] 6}°df /x]sf] t/n kbfy{sf]
ulx/fO{ gfKg k|of]u ul/g] lkQn jf c? s'g} pko'Qm s8f kbfy{sf] rf/kf6]
808L a'emfp“b5 .
-ª_ cn]h :6Ls -Ullage stick_ M– cn]h :6Ls eGgfn] k'|km n]enaf6 t/n
kbfy{sf] ulx/fO{ lglZrt ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lkQn jf c? s'g} pko'Qm s8f
kbfy{sf] 6L (T) cfsf/sf] 808L a'emfp“b5 .
-r_ cn]h ;+s]ts -Ullage indicator_ M– cn]h ;°]ts eGGffn] t/n kbfy{
sxf“;Dd eg]{ ;f] ;°]t ug]{ oGqnfO{ a'emfp“b5 .
-5_ k'|kmn]en -Proof level_ M– k'|kmn]en eGgfn] ;a} ulx/fOsf] gfk;“u
;DaGw x'g] k|;· laGb' -Reference level_ a'emfp“b5 .
-h_ l8k kfOk -Dip pipe_ M– l8k kfOk eGgfn] t/ kbfy{sf] pRrtd ;tx
eGbf dfly Kjfn ePsf] / 6}°sf] dflyNnf] efuaf6 dha'tLsf ;fy nDa
71
?kdf lk+waf6 s/La !% ;]=dL= dfly;Dd kg]{ u/L h8fg ul/Psf] kfOknfO{
a'emfp“b5 .
@= hf“Rg] dfWod M–
-s_ v08 hf“r M– e]lxsn 6}°sf] v08x?sf] Ifdtf lglZrt ug{ kfgL jf cGo
pko'Qm t/n kbfy{ k|of]u ul/g]5 .
-v_ ld6/ hf“rM– e]lxsn 6}°sf] ld6/ hf“r ubf{ ld6/n] gfKg] t/ kbfy{ h:t}
u'0fx? ePsf cGo t/n kbfy{ k|of]u ul/g]5 .
#= pks/0f / cf}hf/x? M
e]lxsn 6}° dfkf°g ug{ lgDglnlvt pks/0f / cf}hf/x? k|of]u ul/g]5g\ .
-s_ k'|leª gfkx? M o:tf gfkx?sf] cfjZostf k/]df logLx?sf] oyfy{tf -
Accuracy_ pko'Qm sfo{sf/L gfkx?af6 hf“r ug'{kb{5 .
-v_ dfkfl°t aNs ld6/ M pko'Qm sfo{sf/L gfkaf6 oyfy{tfsf]
-Accuracies_ hf“r ul/Psf lk|;]6 eNj, Po/ Olnldg]6/ / :6«]g/ h8fg
ePsf] ld6/ .
-u_ Jofkfl/s gfkx?sf] ;]6 .
-3_ xf]h kfOk, :sLj/, k~r, 6«fO:Sjfo/, 6fo/k|];/ u]h / 3g cflb c?
pks/0f / cf}hf/x? .
$= dfkf°g sfo{ljlw M
-s_ e]lxsn 6}°sf] dfkf°g u|lxtf gfk ;/x ul/g]5 . ld6/ h8fg ePsf
6}°sf] xsdf ld6/nfO{ dfkf°g ubf{ 5'6[} gfKg] oGq ;/x dfgL dfkf°g
ul/g]5 .
72
-v_ v08sf Ifdtf lx;fa ubf{ Od/h]G;L, ;]k\m6L jf dfi6/ eNj 5'6[} cfpg]
8]lne/L nfOgb]lv lgisfzg eNj -Discharge Valve_ ;Ddsf]
Ifdtfsf] lx;fa ul/g]5 .
t/ Pp6} 8]lne/L kfOknfOgaf6 cfp6n]6 eNj -Outlet Valve_
;Dd hf]l8Psf] v08sf] xsdf v08sf] Ifdtf eGgfn] 8]lne/L kfOksf]
Ifdtf eGgfn] 8]lne/L kfOksf] Ifdtf afx]ssf] Ifdtf hgfp“b5 . lgDg
s'/f :yfoL ?kdf l:ylt cg';f/ gd]l6g] u/L b]vfOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
cl°t Ifdtfn] 8]lne/L nfOgsf] Ifdtf ;d]t hgfp“b5 .
jf
cl°t Ifdtfn] 8]lne/L nfOgsf] Ifdtf afx]ssf] IfdtfnfO{ hgfp“b5 .
lgsf; -Outlet_ sf] ;aeGbf tNnf] :yfgdf ;]k\m6L jf dfi6/ eNj h8fg
ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ e]lxsn 6}° dfkf°g ubf{ k|of]u x'g] s+lqm6sf] ;dtn d~rsf] s'g} pko'Qm
7fp“df drfg jf To:t} k|]mdjs{ -Frame work_ dfly k|'leª gfk jf
aNs ld6/ h8fg ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
-3_ v08 dfkf°g ubf{ 6}° ;dtnaf6 Go"g e'msfj x'g] u/L /flvPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
o:tf] e'msfj h'g v08sf nflu Go"g x'g cfp+5 ToxL v08af6 qmlds ?kdf
eg]{ sfo{ x'g'[k5{ .
-ª_ uf8Lsf kf“u|fx?sf rfk plrt x'gsf ;fy kf“u|fx?sf] lvofj6n] dfkf°
ul/g] 6}°sf ;dtndf c;/ gkfg]{ x'g'k5{ .
-r_ 6}° v08 ;kmf ug]{ / hf“Rg] sfo{ cfjZostfg';f/ ul/g' k5{ .
-5_ e]lxsn 6}° dfkf°g ug'{ cl3 ;f] e]lxsn 6}°sf s'g} c·af6 r'xfj6
gePsf] olsg ug{ pko'Qm dfqfdf kfgL e/L hf“r ug'{kb{5 . dfkf°g ubf{
73
6}° v08sf leqL ;tx / kfOknfOg k"/f leHg] u/L rflxg] dfqfdf pko'Qm
t/n kbfy{sf] k|of]u x'g'kb{5 .
-h_ pk/f]Qm ;fjwfgLx? ckgfOPkl5 dfkf°g ul/g] 6}° v08df cl°t
Ifdtf;Dd pko'Qm k|'leª gfk jf aNs ld6/åf/f -v_ cg';f/ eg'{ k5{ .
l8k cn]h 808Ldf ;fjwfgLk"j{s gfksf] lrGx lnO{ o:tf lrGxx?df
gd]l6g] u/L /]vf sf6\g' kb{5 . cn]h ;+s]ts k|of]u ePdf o;nfO{ 7Ls;“u
h8fg u/L l;naGbL ug'{kb{5 .
-em_ l8k:6Lsdf k'|kmn]en b]vfpg Pp6f lrGx cl°t x'g'k5{ . cn]h :6Lssf]
xsdf cn]h ljGb'af6 l6 -T_ HjfOG6;Ddsf] b"/L To;df cl°t x'g'k5{ .
-`_ qmdfg';f/ v08x? ebf{ cl3Nnf el/Psf v08x? el/Ps} cj:yfdf
x'g'kb{5 .
%= dfGotf lbOg] q'l6x? M
-s_ k'|leª gfksf] Ifdtf / q'l6x? lgDg tflnsfadf]lhd x'g]5 .
Ifdtf ln6/ q'l6x? ld=ln=
%) %)
!)) !))
@)) @))
%)) %))
!))) !)))
!%)) !%))
@))) @)))
%))) %)))
74
-v_ e]lxsn 6}°df /x]sf v08x?df clwstd q'l6 cl°t IfdtfeGbf a9Ldf
)=)% k|ltzt x'g]5 .
^= -s_ e]lxsn 6}°df lg/LIfssf] 5fk nufpg lkQnsf] kftf l/lk6 -
Rivetted_ ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . pQm kftfdf tflnsf adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f
v'nfOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ v08sf] Ifdtf d]gxf]nsf] lasf]{df gd]l6g] u/L cl°t ePsf] x'g'k5{ / b]lvg]
u/L 6}°sf] b'j}kl§ /·n] n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ . PseGbf a9L v08 ePsf]
cj:yfdf dfly e}+m k|To]s v08df To;sf] Ifdtf cl°t x'g'k5{ / k|To]ssf]
qmdfg';f/ ;+Vof n]lvg'k5{ . v08;“u hf]l8Psf] lgisfzg eNjdf ;DalGwt
v08sf] c° x'g'kb{5 .
-u_ l8k cn]h :6Lssf] 6'Kkfdf uf8Lsf] btf{ g+= / v08sf] Ifdtf ge]l6g] u/L
cl°t ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . PseGbf a9L v08 ePdf :6Lsdf /x]sf] kftfdf
uf8Lsf] gDa/, v08sf] qmd ;+Vof, v08sf] k'|km / l8k/]vf / v08sf]
Ifdtf cl°t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
&= qmd ;+Vof ^ adf]lhdsf] l/kL6 -Rivetted_ ul/Psf] lkQnsf] kftfdf lgDg
adf]lhdsf s'/f lgDg ad]flhd cl°t x'g'k5{ .
75
g]kfn ;/sf/
pBf]u dGqfno
g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n sfof{no
==================================g]kfn
:6f088{ gfktf}n P]g, @)@%
uf8L wgLsf] gfd M–
6}° uf8Lsf] ;+Vof M–
v08 ;+Vof v08 Ifdtf -ln6/df_ lg/LIfssf] 5fk
76
v08 $
Jofkfl/s nDafO{ gfk -gbf]la|g]_
!= ;fwf/0fM–
wft'sf nDafO{ gfkx? sk8f l/ag / sf7sf] gfkx? sf7sf] Joj;fodf k|of]u
ul/g'k5{ .
@= ;+1f M–
nDafO{ gfksf] ;+1f lgDgk|sf/ x'g]5g\ M–
! dL6/
)=% ld6/
#= -s_ kbfy{ M
oL gfkx? :6]gn];:6Ln, lgSs]n / qmf]ldod Kn]6 ul/Psf] lkQn jf dfON8
:6Lnaf6 tof/ ul/g' k5{ .
-v_ cfsf/ / cfofdM–
cfsf/ / cfofd lrq g+= !# adf]lhd x'g'k5{ .
lrq g+= !#
%) *
77
-u_ c°g M–
-c_ klxnf] !) ;]lG6dL6/;Dd x/]s ;]lG6dL6/sf] w;f{x? cl°t x'g'k5{ .
o;af6 %–% ;]lG6dL6/sf] w;f{x? cl°t ul/g'k5{ . x/]s !)
;]lG6dL6/sf] w;f{ b]jgfu/L c°n] cl°t x'g'k5{ . ;]lG6dL6/ ;+1fsf]
w;f{sf] nDafO{ gfksf] rf}8fOn] cfwf efu;Dd k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ / x/]s
% ;]lG6dL6/ ;+1fsf] w;f{ rf}8fOsf] ;Dk"0f{ efu;Dd sf]l/Psf] x'g'k5{
. )=% ld6/sf] gfkdf lrqdf e}+m @% ;]lG6dL6/sf] w;f{df Ps qm;
lrGx cl°t x'g'k5{ / ! dL6/sf] gfkdf lrq g+= !# df e}+m @%=%)
/ &% /f}+ w;f{x?df qm; ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-cf_ nDafO gfkx?df w;f{x?sf] c°g gfksf] Psfkl§ dfq x'g'k5{ .
-3_ dfGotf lbOPsf 36La9Lsf xb M–
x/]s %.% ;]lG6dL6/sf] w;f{] )=@% ldlndL6/eGbf 36L jf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
;fy} k"/f nDafO tn lbOPadf]lhdsf] xbaf6 36La9L gx'g] u/L z'?b]lv
s'g} w;f]{ !=) ldlndL6/eGbf a9Ln] km/s kg]{ x'g'x'“b}g .
;+1f gof“ hf“r k'gM tyf 58\s] hf“r

a9L 36L a9L 36L
dL6/df ldlndL6/df ldnLdL6/df
! !=) )=% !=) !=)
)=% )=% )=@% )=% )=%
6f“rf nufpg] Joj:yf

-ª_ lrq g+= !# adf]lhd x/]s gfksf] k|To]s 5]\psf] glhs /flvPsf] Kjfndf
Ps tfdfsf] lsnf b'j}kl§ b]lvg] u/L alnof];“u 6f“rf nufpgsf] lgldQ
78
7f]lsPsf] x'g'k5{ nDafO{ 36fpg a9fpg g;lsg] ug{, gfksf] b'j} 5\]pdf
lrq g+= !# df b]vfOP e}+m tL/fsf/ cl°t x'g'k5{ .
$= lgdf{0f / tof/L M–
-s_ nDafO gfk ;dfg ?kn] tof/ ul/Psf] x'gk5{ / d'gfl;j dflkms ;f]emf]
x'g'k5{ .
-v_ nDafO{ gfkdf c°g ul/Psf /]vfx? / qm; lrGxx? a'lemg] / Jojxf/df
k|of]u ubf{ d'gfl;j ;do;Dd gd]l6g] u/L ulx/f];“u jfl·g] u/L vf]Kg'
x'“b}g .
%= c°gM–
-c_ w;f{ gsf]l/Psf] df]x8fkl§ z'?sf] 5]paf6 ;Dk"0f{ nDafOsf] s/La Ps
ltxfO{ kmf;nfdf nDafOsf] ;+1f cl°t x'gk5{ / lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf 6«]8dfs{
klg csf]{ 5]paf6 TolQs} kmf;nfdf cl°t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-cf_ nDafO{ gfksf] kl/df0f / ;+1f qmdzM b]jgfu/L / c+u|]hL lnlkdf tn lbOP
cg';f/ cl°t ul/g'k5{ / oL c° jf cIf/sf cfsf/ lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf
6«]8dfs{ eGbf bf]Aa/ 7"nf] x'gk' 5{ .
! ld6/ -1. metre_
)=% ,, -0.5 metre_
:6Ln 6]k gfk -a]g]{vfnsf]_

!= ;+1f M–
o:tf 6]kx?sf] ;+1f M– !, @, !), !%, @), #) / %) dL6/sf] x'g]5 .
79
@= 6]kM–
-s_ 6]kx? :6Ln of :6]gn]; :6Lnsf x'g]5g\ / lgDglnlvt cfofdsf] x'g]5g\ .
-v_ 6]k ghf]l8Psf l;·} x'g'k5{ / rf}8fO 36Ldf % ldlndL6/ df]6fO )=!
ldlndL6/ x'g'k5{ .
-u_ 6]ksf 5]px? clnslt uf]nf] kfl/Psf] x'g'k5{ . 6]k /fd|/L kfln; ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{ / 5ofs6] x'g'x'“b}g . 6]kdf lvof gnfuf]; eGg] x]t'n] lvof cj/f]ws
kbfy{ nufOg' k5{ .
-3_ tfGgsf] ;'ljwfsf] lgldQ 6]ksf] aflx/L 5]pdf 6]k a/fa/ rf}8fO ePsf]
wft' kftfdf hl8Psf] /L· jf c? ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
#= /]vf°g M–
-s_ ;Lwf /flvPsf] cj:yfdf 6]ksf] nDafO cf}+nf /fVg] wft'sf] l/· ;d]tb]lv
dflgg'k5{ .
-v_ 6]ksf] /]vf°g nDafOsf] klxnf] !) ;]=ld= ;Dd ! lddLsf] kmf;nfdf ul/g'
kb{5 . af“sL efudf % lddLsf] cGt/df c°g ul/g' kb{5 . /]vf°g
lrGxx?sf] nDafO lgDgadf]lhdsf] x'g'k5{ .
PsfO{ /]vf°g lrGxsf]

Go"gtd nDafO{ lddL
ldlndL6/ @
kf“r ldlndL6/ #
;]lG6dL6/ $
dL6/ 6]ksf] ;Dk"0f{ rf}8fO
80

-u_ x/]s !) ;]=dL= / dL6/ b]jgfu/L jf c+u|]hL c°4f/f cl°t ul/g' kg]{5 .
;fy} dL6/ /]vf dL= jf m åf/f n]lvg' kg]{5 . klxnf] !) ;]=dL= ;Dd x/]s
;]= dL= b]jgfu/L jf c+u|hL c°4f/f lrlGxt ul/g' kg]{5 . !), !%, @), #),
/ %) ;+1fsf] 6]kx?sf] cGtdf ld6/ jf metre åf/f cl°t ul/g' kg]{5 .
$= dfGotf lbOPsf 36L a9L xbx? M–
-s_ sfo{sf/L :6f088{;“u bf“Hbf ! / @ dL6/ nDafOsf 6]ksf] xsdf @ lsnf]
/ !), !%, @), #) / %) dL6/ nDafOsf 6]ksf] xsdf % lsnf]
tgfjdf ;dtn ;txdf 6]k /fVbf 36L a9Lsf] xb lgDgadf]lhd eGbf
Hofbf x'g'x'“b}g .
-c_ ;“u;“us
} f] s'g} @ lddL /]vf jf qmlds ;]dL /]vfx? )=@ lddLn] eGbf
km/s kg'{ x'“b}g . qmlds s'g} !) ;]dL /]vfx? jf s'g} qmlds dL6/
/]vfx? )=$ eGbf Hofbfn] km/s kg'{ x'“b}g .
-cf_ 6]ksf] z'?b]lv gfKbf hDdf nDafOdf 36L a9Lsf] xb tn lbOPsf]
eGbf km/s kg'{ x'“b}g .
-!_ ! dL6/ /]vf )=% lddL
-@_ @ ,, )=* ,,
-#_ % ,, !=) ,,
-$_ % dL6/b]lv c? s'g} dL6/ -klxnf] % dL6/nfO{ !=) lddL /

/]vf x/]s dL6/ jf dL6/sf] c+zsf]
lgldQ )=% ldld_
-v_ gof“ hf“r / 58\s] hf“r b'j}sf] lgldQ 36L a9Lsf] xb pxL x'g]5g\ .
81
%= c°g M–
/]vf°g gul/Psf] ;txkl§ tyf 6]ksf] a§fdf b]lvg] u/L lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf
6«]8dfs{ c+u|]hL jf b]jgfu/L jf b'j}df n]lvg'kb{5 . ;+1f qmdzM b]jgfu/L jf
c+u|]hLdf n]lvg' kb{5 . ;fy} a§fdf a]g]{ lbzf b]vfOPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
^= 6f“rf nufpg] M–
6]k gfkx?df gfksf] z'?sf] ghLs /]vf°g ;tx kl§ 6f“rf nufOg' kb{5 .
82
cg';"rL – %
-lgod !) sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
Jofkfl/s tf}ng] oGqx?sf] ljj/0f
v08 ! ;fwf/0f cfjZostfx?
!= o;df lgDglnlvt lsl;dsf tf}ng] oGqx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ M–
-s_ ;fwf/0f t/fh'
-v_ t'nf]
-u_ d~ro'Qm tf}ng] oGq
-3_ sfp06/ d]zLg
-ª_ sdfgLbf/ t/fh'
-r_ tf}ng] k'n
-5_ :jo+ ;°]ts / cw{ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGq
-h_ dflg; hf]Vg] oGq
@= -s_ tf}ng] oGqx? ;fwf/0f sfdsf] cj:yfdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx? k'¥ofpg]
u/L j:t' 9f“rf jf agfj6sf x'g'k5{ M–
-c_ 7Ls 7Ls tf}n b]vfpg] .
-cf_ a/fa/ agfpg' gkg]{ u/L kf6{k"hf{x? lg/Gt/ ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd lbg] .
-O_ ldnfgx? d'gfl;j xb;Dd :yfoL /xg] .
-O{_ d'Vo d'Vo k"hf{x?df cg'lrt bjfj pTklQ gx'g] .
83
-v_ ;a} tf}ng] oGqx? ;fwf/0ftM xNng] -efOj|]l6ª_ lsl;dsf x'g'k5{ .

æefOj|]l6ªÆ lsl;dsf] oGq eGgfn] ;°]ts ;Gt'ng :yfgsf] b'j}lt/ xNng]
oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ tf}ng] oGqx? c;n sflnu9L tyf lgdf{0fsf] x'g'k5{ / ;kmf ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf hf“lrg' kb{5 .
-3_ kf6{k"hf{ ;lxt ePsf tf}ng] oGqx? h'g kf6{k"hf{n] oGqsf] ;RrfOdf c;/
kg]{ x'g\ ;f] lagf rng ug{ g;lsg] u/L lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 .
o:tf k"hf{x? h'g hf]Vg] oGqsf kf6{k"hf{ x'g\ ;f]xL oGqsf cf+lzs c· x'g\
eGg] yfxf x'g] u/L olsg ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ s'g} oGqdf ;f6\g x'g] jf pN6fpg x'g] c·x? 5g\ eg] o:tf] c· ;f6\bf jf
pN6fp“bf oGqsf] ;RrfOdf c;/ kg'{ x'“b}g .
-r_ rSs'wf/ / ljol/·M– tf}ng] oGqx?df k|of]u ul/g] rSs'wf/ -gfOkm Ph_ /
ljol/·x? Pu]6 jf ;'xfp“bf] s8f j:t' jf ;'xfp“bf lsl;dsf] :6Lnaf6
ag]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-5_ hf]Vg] oGqx?df ;a} /]vf°gx? Psgf;sf yf]Knfx? jf /]vfx?åf/f ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{ .
#= c°g M–
-s_ ;a} tf}ng] oGqx?df /fd|/L b]lvg] k9\g ;lsg] tyf gd]l6g] u/L lgdf{tfsf]
gfd jf /lhi68{ 6]«8dfs{ Ifdtf / >]0fL n]Vg h?/t kg]{df >]0fL;d]t cl°t
x'g'k5{ .
-v_ -s_ df atfOPsf] lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf 6«]8dfs{ hf“r kf; ug]{ clwsf/Lsf]
6f“rf jf df]x/ h:tf] eO{ e|d kg]{ x'g'x'“b}g .
84

-u_ tf}ng] oGqx?sf] Ifdtf tn n]lvP cg';f/ b]vfOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
======= 6g ====== 6g;Dd hf]Vgsf] nflu jf -t._
===== lsnf] ===== lsnf];Dd hf]Vgsf] nflu jf -Kg._
===== u|f ===== u|fd;Dd hf]Vgsf] nflu jf -g._

$= df]x/ nufpg] Joj:yf M–
;a} tf}ng] oGqx?df lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf jf df]x/ nufpgsf] lgldQ g/d wft'sf]
k'mnL jf 7]8L -:68_ h8]sf] x'g'k5{ . o:tf k'mnL jf 7]8L oGqsf] b]lvg] c·df
hl8Psf] x'g'k5{ / lg/LIfssf] df]x/ gd]6fO{ lemSg jf x6fpg g;lsg] tj/n]
hl8Psf] x'g'k5{ .
%= hf“rM–
-s_ ;+ej eP;Dd ;a} tf}ng] oGqx? ;fwf/0f Jojxf/ ul/Psf] cj:yfdf hf“lrg'
k5{ . laq]mtf / lgdf{tfx?sf] :yfgdf ul/g] hf“rx?sf] afx]s af]Sg g;lsg]
vfnsf tf}ng] oGqx? ltgLx? /x]sf] df}lns :yfgdf hf“lrg'k5{ .
-v_ ;+ej x'g] ;a} cj:yfdf ;a} tf}ng] oGqx?sf] ;]lG;l6e\g];\ tyf clwstd
q'l6k"0f{ ef/df hf“lrg'k5{ .
-u_ jfSof+z -v_ df b]vf k/]sf ;]lG;l6e\g];\ / q'l6sf] kl/efiff tn lbOP
cg';f/ ;Demg'k5{ .
æ;]lG;l6e\g];\Æ eGgfn] ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf tf}ng] oGqsf] ;°]tsnfO{ cf“vfn]
b]Vg ;lsg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg kNnf jf
d+rdf /fVg' kg]{ Go"gtd tf}nnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

85
æq'l6Æ eGgfn] ;°]tsnfO{ c;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfaf6 ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf

Nofpg kNnf jf d+rdf yKg' jf lemSg' kg]{ Go"gtd tf}nnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
v08–@
-b'O{ kNn] ;fwf/0f t/fh' -ljd :s]n_
!= kl/efiff M–
-s_ ;fwf/0f b'O{kNn] t/fh' eGgfn] ;dfg jfx' ePsf], tLg rSs'wf/ ePsf], #
jf a9L ljol/ª ePsf], jfx'x?sf] aLrdf ;°]ts ePsf] / 5]psf
rSs'wf/x?af6 kNnfx? e'ml08Psf] tf}ng] oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
@= ;fwf/0f t/fh'sf >]0fLM– ;fwf/0f t/fh' tn n]lvPsf rf/ >]0fLdWo] s'g} Ps
>]0fL cGtu{t kb{5 .
-s_ >]0fL æsÆM– o:tf t/fh'x? /f;folgs, cf:;] / b'O{kNn] t/fh'x? h;df
rSs'wf/ / ljol/·x?nfO{ cnu ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] tyf tflnsf !$, !%
sf cfjZostfx? k"/f ug]{ c? ;fwf/0f t/fh'x? ;d]t kb{5g\ .
-v_ >]0fL ævÆM– o;df ;'g, rf“bL, j'lnog, Jofkf/df k|of]u ug]{ tyf tflnsdf
g+= !$ / !% sf cfjZostfx? k"lt{ ug]{ t/fh'[x? kb{5g\ .
-u_ >]0fL æuÆM– oL t/fh'x? tflnsf g+= !$ / !% sf cfjZostfx?
adf]lhdsf x'g]5g\ .
-3_ >]0fL æ3ÆM– o:tf t/fh'x? tflnsf g+= !$ / !% sf cfjZostf k"/f ug]{
x'g'k5{ / >]0fL æuÆ sf] sf“6fx?b]lv 5'6fpg aLrsf] rSs'wf/sf] b'j}lt/sf
kftfdf Ps Ps j6f Kjfn % b]lv !) lddL Jof;sf] x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ ;fwf/0ftM ljleGg lsl;dsf] Jofkf/df k|of]u x'g] t/fh'x?sf] lsl;d tn
lbOP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ M–
-c_ >]0fL æsÆ sf t/fh'x? cf:;] tyf ;'Id tf}nfOdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
86
-cf_ >]0fL ævÆ sf t/fh'x? lgDglnlvt Jofkf/df k|of]u ul/G5 M–

-!_ ;'g rf“bL .
-@_ ax'd"No wft', ax'd"No kTy/ tyf dfl0fSoflbdf .
-#_ s]z/ tyf c? o:tf dx“uf] j:t'x? .
-$_ /;fog tyf cf}iflwx? .
-%_ cQ/fbL ;'uGwsf j:t'x? .
-O_ >]0fL æuÆ sf t/fh'x? lgDglnlvt kbfy{x? tf}ng k|of]u ul/G5 M–
-!_ tfdf, lkQnh:tf ;fwf/0f wft'x? .
-@_ ;fwf/0ftM dx+uf] kbfy{x? lrof, skmL, ;'tL{, ;'vf kmnk"mn,
t]n, l3p, cGo OToflbdf .
-O{_ >]0fL æ3Æ sf t/fh'x? ;fwf/0ftM ;:tf vfnsf kbfy{x? h:tf]
kmnfd, bfp/f, sf7, uf]n, sfd gnfUg] skf;, ;fukft OToflb
tf}ng k|of]u ul/G5 .
#= kbfy{ M–
-s_ t/fh'x? ;'ln; kmnfd jf lkQn jf sf“; jf cfn'ldlgod ld>wft' jf
:6]gn]; :6Lnaf6 tof/ ul/g'k5{ .
-v_ kNnfx? ;'ln; kmnfd, :6]gn];:6Ln, lkQn jf sf“;, s8f sf7af6 tof/
ul/g' kb{5 . æuÆ / æ3Æ >]0fLsf t/fh'x?df dfq sf7sf kNnfx? k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ t/fh'sf] 808Laf6 kNnfx? wft'sf] l;qmLn] cyjf wft'af6 ag]sf] l/sfj -
l:6/k_ åf/f e'm08\ofOg' k5{ . t/ !)) u|fdb]lv d'lgsf ævÆ >]0fLsf
t/fh'df kNnfx? /]zdsf] 8f]/Låf/f e'm08\ofOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
87
808L h8fg
$= t/fh'x?df k|of]u ul/g] rSs'wf/ tyf Jol/· lgDglnlvt lsl;dx? dWo] s'g} Ps
x'g'k5{ .
-s_ æPu]6 jS;Æ -Agate box_M– o;df Pu]6 ljol/· lkQn jf kmnfdsf]
a§fdf hl8Psf] x'G5 / a§fsf] 5]pdf Kjfnx? kfl/Psf x'G5g\ tfls
rSs'wf/sf aflx/ lg:s]sf rf];fx?nfO{ afs;leq k:g lbO{ ljol/·df a:g
jf p7\g lbg ;lsof];\ .
-v_ æ8r P08ÆM– o;df 5]psf ljol/·x? 808Ldf æs8LÆ -Shackle_
agfpg k]råf/f 808Ldf sl;Psf kftfx?leq hl8Psf] x'G5 .
-u_ æ:jfg g]sÆM– o;df 808Lsf] 5]px? nDafOsf] ;dsf]0f kf/L km/flsnf]
kfl/Psf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ Kjfnsf] cfwf/ aLrsf] rSs'wf/;“u ;dfGt/ /xg
;S5 .
-3_ c6"6 rSs'wf/M– o;df rSs'sf] ;Dk"0f{wf/ ljol/·sf] k"/f nDafOdf /xg]
x'G5 .
88
%= lgdf{0f M–
-s_ t/fh'x?df dfno'Qm kNnf x'g'x'“b}g .
-v_ æsÆ >]0fLsf t/fh'x?df c6'6 rSs'wf/ x'g'k5{ / ;a} rSs'wf/x?nfO{
ljol/+uaf6 d'Qm u/L /fVg] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . t/fh' P]gfsf]
afs;df /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . æsÆ >]0fLdf x/]s oGqx?df n]en ldnfpg]
k]rx? / n]en ;+s]ts x'g'k5{ .
-u_ ævÆ, æuÆ / æ3Æ >]0fLsf t/fh'x?df ;+t'ng uf]nf jf ;+t'ng afs;
e'mG8\ofpg] l;qmL jf kNnfdf ;'/lIft ;fy ;+nUg ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-cf_ sf7sf kNnf ePsf t/fh'x?df æ;Gt'ng uf]nfÆ jf ;+t'ng afs;
x'g'k5{ .
-O_ t/fh'sf] ldnfgsf] lgldQ /flvPsf] s'g} klg ;+nUg c· l:y/tf;“u
hl8Psf] x'g'k5{ / ;do ;dodf ldnfg ug{sf] lgldQ ;+t'ng uf]nf
89
jf ;+t'ng afs; k|of]u ul/Psf]df h8fg dha'lt;fy Iflt k'¥ofpg

g;Sg] lsl;dn] ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-O{_ æ;+t'ng uf]nfÆ cyjf æ;+t'ng afs;sf] cfsf/Æ %) lsnf] d'lgsf]
t/fh'sf] xsdf, Ifdtfsf] ! k|ltzt tyf %) lsnf] / ;f]eGbf
dflysf] t/fh'sf] xsdf, ! lsnf]eGbf a9L s'g} kbfy{ -n'h d]6]l/on_
c6fpg] u/L 7"nf] x'g'x'“b}g .
^= c°g M t/fh'x?df >]0fL, Ifdtf, lgdf{0fsf] gfd jf gfdsf] zAbsf] klxnf cIf/x?
jf 6«]8dfs{ b]lvg] u/L :ki6;“u / gd]l6g] u/L cl°t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . t/fh'sf]
Ifdtf tyf >]0fL b]jgfu/L tyf c+u|]hL b'j} lnlkdf lbOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
&= hf“r M– -s_ t/fh'x? k"0f{ ef/df jf ljgf ef/df x'“bf ;]lG;l6e\g];\ / k"0f{ ef/df
clwstd q'l6 b'j} hf“lrg'k5{ .
;]lG;l6e\g];\ / q'l6 tflnsf adf]lhdsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ cfwf Ifdtfsf] ef/df klg t/fh'x? hf“lrg'k5{ . o; ef/df t/fh'x?sf
rSs'wf/ / ljol/·x? ultsf] otfptf ug{ ;lsg] ;Ldfleq kfZj{lt/
rnfO“bf k"0f{ ef/sf] lgldQ dfGotf lbOPsf] q'l6 -36L–a9Lsf] xb_ sf]
krf; k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g . o;}u/L ef/nfO{ kNnfsf] s'g} klg
efudf ;fbf{ k"0f{ ef/sf] lgldQ dfGotf lbOPsf] q'l6sf] %) k|ltzteGbf
a9L q'l6 x'g'x'“b}g .
*= 6f“rf dfg]{ M– ;fwf/0f b'O{ kNn] t/fh'x?df hf“rsf] 6f“rf nufpgsf] lgldQ a'hf]
jf 7]8L x'g'k5{ . o:tf] a'hf] jf 7]8L t/fh'sf] b]lvg] efudf x'g'k5{ / 6f“rf
glaufl/sg lemSg gx'g] tl/sfn] h8]sf] x'g'k5{ .
90
tflnsf g+= !$
b'O{ kNn] ;fwf/0f t/fh'x?sf] hf“rsf] lgldQ dfGotf lbOPsf] ;]lG;l6e\g];\ /
clwstd q'l6sf] xb M–
>]0fL s=
k"0f{ ef/ jf ljgf ef/df :s]nsf] k|lt
Ifdtf ljefhg /]vfsf] k"0f{ ef/df q'l6
;]lG;l6e\g];\ 36L jf a9L
-ld=u|f_ -ld=u|f_
@ u|fd )=)^ )=)*
% ,, )=!% )=@)
!) ,, )=#) )=$)
@) ,, )=^) )=*)
%) ,, !=%) @=))
!)) ,, #=)) $=))
@)) ,, ^=)) *=))
%)) ,, !%=)) @)=))
! lsnf] #)=)) $)=))
@ ,, ^)=)) *)=))
% ,, ()=)) !@)=))
!) ,, !%)=)) @))=))
@) ,, #))=)) $))=))
%) ,, ^))=)) *))=))
91
>]0fL v=
Ifdtf k"0f{ef/ jf ljgf ef/df k"0f{ ef/df clwstd q'l6

;]lG;l6e\g];\ -ld=u|f_ 36L jf a9L -ld=u|f_
@ u|fd # $
% ,, ^ *
!) ,, ( !@
@) ,, !% @)
%) ,, #) $)
!)) ,, ^) *)
@)) ,, () !@)
%)) ,, !%) @))
! lsnf] #)) $))
@ ,, ^)) *))
% ,, ()) !@))
!) ,, !%)) @)))
@) ,, #))) $)))
%) ,, ^))) *)))
!)),, !%))) @))))
@)),, #)))) $))))
92
>]0fL u=

;]lG;l6e\g];\ -ld=u|f_ 36L jf a9L -ld=u|f_
!)) u|fd #)) ld=u|f $)) ld=u|f
@)),, ^)) ,, *)) ,,
%)) ,, !=% u|fd @ u|fd
! lsnf] # ,, $ ,,
@ ,, ^ ,, *,,
% ,, ( ,, !@ ,,
!) ,, !% ,, @) ,,
@) ,, #) ,, $) ,,
%) ,, $% ,, ^) ,,
!)) ,, &% ,, !)) ,,
@)) ,, !%) ,, @)) ,,
#)) ,, @@% ,, #)) ,,
%)) ,, #)) ,, $)) ,,
!))) ,, $%) ,, ^)) ,,
93
>]0fL 3=

;]lG;l6e\g];\ 36L jf a9L
-lsnf]_ -u|fd_ -u|fd_
! # $
@ ^ *
% !% @)
!) #) $)
@) ^) *)
%) () !@)
!)) !%) @))
@)) #)) $))
#)) $%) ^))
%)) ^)) *))
!))) ()) !@))
b|i6JoM– ;a} >]0fLsf t/fh'x?sf] klxnf] hf“rsf] xb plNnlvt xbx?sf] %) k|ltzt

dfq x'g]5 .
94
tflnsf g+= !%
b'O{ kNn] ;fwf/0f t/fh'x?sf] 808Lsf] dfu{bz{s cfofdx? –
>]0fL ævÆ -;+s]t 808Ldfly ePsf]_
Ifdtf b'O{ 5]p aLrsf] nDafO{ s]Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ s]Gb|sf] kftfsf] df]6fO{
n u d
-ld=dL=_ -ld=dL=_ -ld=dL=_
RofK6f] 808L ePsf]
@ u|fd &) !) @
% ,, *% !@ @
!) ,, !!) !% @
@) ,, !@) @) #=!%
%) ,, !#% @@ #=!%
!)) ,, !%) @% $
@)) ,, !&) @% %
%)),, @)) #) %
! lsnf] @%) $) ^
@ ,, #)) $% ^
% ,, $%) %) ^
!) ,, %)) %* *
@) ,, ^)) %* !)
95
%) ,, &%) !)) !%
!)) ,, !))) !!) !*
@)) ,, !@%) !@% @%
vf]n]sf] RofK6f] 808L ePsf] -a|Lh_ lsl;dsf]
@)) u|fd !&) @% %
%)) ,, @^) #& %
! lsnf] #!) $$ %
@,, #%) $* %
% ,, $%) ^) ^
!) ,, %)) &) *
@) ,, ^)) *) !)
%) ,, &%) !@) !%
!)) ,, !))) !%) @)
>]0fL æuÆ -:jfg g]s lsl;dsf]_

Ifdtf b'O{ 5]p aLrsf] s]Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ s]Gb|sf] rSs'wf/
nDafO /x]sf] kftfsf]
df]6fO{
Nf u d
!)) u|fd !%) #) $
96
@)) ,, @)) $) %
%)) ,, #)) $) ^
! lsnf] #%) $% ^
@ lsnf] $)) $% ^
% ,, %%) &) ^
!),, ^)) *) ^
@) ,, &%) !)* *
%) ,, ()) !!^ *
!)) ,, !@)) !#* !$
@)) ,, !#%) !$* !^
#)) ,, !^%) !%$ !*
%)) ,, !*)) !&* @%
!))) @))) @)) #@
97
>]0fL æuÆ -8r P08 lsl;dsf]_

Ifdtf b'O{ 5]psf s]Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ s]Gb|sf] rSs'wf/ /x]sf]
rSs'wf/ aLrsf] kftfsf] df]6fO{
nDafO
n u d
!)) u|fd !%) #% $
@)) ,, @)) $) %
%)) ,, #)) $) ^
! lsnf] #%) $% ^
@ lsnf] $)) $% ^
% ,, $%) &) ^
!) ,, $%) &% *
@) ,, ^)) &% *
%) ,, &%) *) *
!)),, ()) !@) !$
@)) ,, ()) !## !^
#)) ,, !)%) !$@ !^
%)) ,, !#%) !(@ @)
!))) ,, !^%) @)# @%
98
>]0fL æ3Æ
Ifdtf b'O{ 5]psf rSs'wf/ s]Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ s]Gb|df kftfsf]
aLrsf] nDafO df]6fO{
n u d
-lsnf]_ -ld=dL=_ -ld=dL=_ -ld=dL=_
crn RofK6f] c+s';L
ePsf] :jfg g]s
808L
! #%) $% ^
@ $)) $% ^
% %%) &) ^
!) ^)) *) ^
@) &%) !)* ^
%) ()) !!^ *
!)) !@)) !#* !$
@)) !#%) !$* !^
#)) !^%) !%$ !*
cnu ug{ ;lsg] RofK6f]
c+s';L ePsf] :jfg g]s
808L
%)) !*)) !&* @%
!))) @))) @)) #@
b|i6JoM– ;f+s]lts gfd ænÆ æuÆ ædÆ n] 808Lx?sf] lrqdf lglb{i6 ul/lbPsf]
cfofdx?nfO{ a'emfp“5 .
99
v08 #
sfp06/ d]zLg -lrq g+= !%_
!= kl/efiff M sfp06/ d]zLg eGgfn] b'O{ afx' a/fa/ ePsf] %) lsnf]eGbf Ifdtf
a9L gePsf] tyf kNnfx? 808L -lad_ dfly ePsf] hf]Vg] oGqnfO{ hgfp+5 .
@= Ifdtf M– o:tf oGqx? lgDglnlvt Ifdtfsf x'g ;Sb5g\ M– %)) u|fd, ! lsnf],
@ lsnf], # lsnf], % lsnf], !) lsnf], !% lsnf], @) lsnf] / %) lsnf] .
#= ;fwf/0f cfjZostfx? M–
-s_ 808L jf d'Vo c· -a8L_ sf] b'O{ efu ePdf tL efux? sd;]sd b'O{ qm;
jf/åf/f hf]l8g'k5{ . kNnfx? dha"t kftfx? ePsf] dha"t k"hf{df h8]sf]
x'g'k5{ . aLrsf 6'qmfx? jf sf“6fx? gaf“lug] tyf cfk\mgf] 7fp“af6 gx6\g]
u/L hl8Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ c8fgx? -Stays_ c+s';Lx? tyf ;'s{gLx? -n'K;_ sf ;a} ljol/· ;txx?,
rSs'wf/x? tyf ;Dks{ laGb"x? s8f :6Ln jf Pu]6sf] x'g'k5{ .
rSs'wf/x? / ljol/·x? 808LnfO{ :jtGqtf;“u rNg lbg] u/L h8fg
ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . rSs'wf/x? cfk\mgf] sfo{efusf] ;Dk"0f{ nDafO{;“u
ljol/·df /x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ ;fgf ldnfgx?sf] lgldQ sfp06/ d]zLgdf Ps ;+t'ng afs; x'g ;Sg]5 .
o; cj:yfdf ;+t'ng afs; :yfoL tj/n] 9s xfNg] kNnf d'lg /flvg'kb{5
/ oGqsf] Ifdtfsf] Ps k|ltzt;Dd s'g} kbfy{ c6fpg] u/L 7"nf] x'g'kb{5 .
ldnfgsf] c? s'g} Joj:yf x'g'x'“b}g .
-3_ kNnfx? ;'ln; kmnfd, :6]gn]; :6Ln, lkQn jf sf“; h:tf s'g} pko'Qm
kbfy{sf] x'g ;Sg]5g\, tyf s'g} Jojxfl/s cfsf/sf] x'g;Sg]5g\ .
-ª_ sfp06/ d]zLgsf b'j} kl§sf kNnf tn emg]{ Go"gtd ulx/fO{ lgDg adf]lhd
x'g'kg]{5 .
100
Ifdtf ulx/fO
%)) u|fd,! lsnf] / @ lsnf] ^ ld=dL=
# lsnf], % lsnf], !) lsnf] / !% lsnf] !) ld=dL=
@) lsnf] / @% lsnf] !@ ld=dL=
%) lsnf] !# ld=dL=
hf“rM–
$=-s_ ;a} sfp06/ d]zLgsf] ;]lG;l6e\g];\ / q'l6, oGqn] k"0f{ef/ jxg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
;dtn ;txdf /fvL hf“lrg' k5{ / k|fKt kl/0ffdx? tflnsf g+= !^ df lbOPsf]
cfjZostfg';f/ xg'k5{ .
-v_ ;]lG;l6e\g\];\ tyf q'l6 M–
-c_ o:tf] oGqsf] ;]lG;l6e\g];\ 808L ;dtn /x]sf] l:yltdf, k"0f{ ef/sf]
Ifdtfdf hf“lrg]5 / o;/L hf“Rbf tflnsfdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf] tf}nsf]
kl/df0fnfO{ kNnfdf /fVbf ;+s]tsn] cfk\mgf] ultsf] If]qsf] xb;Dd
tn jf dfly rNg'k5{ .
-cf_ sfp06/ d]zLgsf] q'l6 eGgfn] b'j} kNnfx?df k"0f{ ef/ /fVbf
808LnfO{ ;dtn l:yltdf Nofpg, olb cfjZostf k/]df, rflxg]
a9L jf 36L tf}nnfO{ hgfp+5 . o:tf] tf}n tflnsf !^ sf] snd #
jf % df k|;“ufg';f/ tf]lsPsf] tf}neGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
-u_ ;]lG;le6\g];\sf] hf“r kNnfx?df k"0f{ ef/ /flvPs]f cj:yfdf dfq ul/g'
kb{5 .
-3_ dfn xfNg] kNnf cwf{sf/ -:s"k_ ePsf] cj:yfdf k"0f{ ef/sf] cfwf tf}n
cfwf{sf/ kNnfsf] k5fl8 kl§ aLrdf /fVbf tyf af“sL tf}n kNnfsf] h'g;'s}
101
:yfgdf /fVbf oGqn] tf]lsPsf] q'l6sf] 36L a9Lsf] xbleq /xL 7Ls
x'g'kg]{5 .
-ª_ dfn xfNg] kNnf cwf{sf/ 5}g eg] sfp06/ d]zLgsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf ef/sf]
s]Gb| kNnfsf] s]Gb|af6 kNnfsf] clwstd nDafOsf] Ps ltxfO{
kmf;nf;Dddf /fVbf jf kNnfsf] 7f8f] 5]p ePb]lv To; 5]psf] aLr;“u
hf]l8P/ tyf ;f] ef/ kNnfdf s'g} l:yltdf To;leq kg]{ u/L /flv+bf
sfp06/ d]zLgn] tf]lsPsf] q'l6sf] xbsf] cfwfeGbf a9L tf}ndf km/s
b]vfpg' x'“b}g .
-r_ k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf ef/x? kNnfx?df /x]sf] cj:yfdf rSs'wf/
Jol/·x?nfO{ 5]plt/ cufl8 jf k5fl8 rNg ;Sg] xbleq rnfp“bf oGqn]
;RrfOdf s'g} ljz]if km/s b]vfpg' x'“b}g .
tflnsf g+= !^
sfp06/ d]zLgx?sf] lgldQ ;]lG;l6e\g]; tyf q'l6
Ifdtf gof“ jf k'gM hf“r 58\s] hf“r

;Dk"0f{ k"0f{ ef/df k"0f{ ef/df k"0f{ ef/df
ef/df dfGotf lbOg] ;]lG;l6e\g];\ dfGotf lbOg]
;]lG;l6e\g];\ 36L jf a9L q'l6 -u|fd_ 36L jf a9L
-u|fd_ q'l6 -u|fd_
! @ # $ %
%)) u|fd !=% @=@ $=% $=%
! lsnf] @=) #=) ^=) ^=)
@ ,, #=) $=% (=) (=)
102
# ,, $=) ^=) !@=) !@=)

% ,, ^=) (=) !*=) !*=)
!),, &=) !)=) @!=) @!=)
!% ,, *=) !@=) @$=) @$=)
@)= ,, (=) !#=% @&=) @&=)
@%,, !)=) !%=) #)=) #)=)
%) ,, !%=) #)=) $%=) ^)=)
%= 6f“rf nufpg] M–
6f“rf nufpgsf] nflu, x/]s oGqsf 808L jf d'Vo c·df Kjfn kf/]/ g/d wft'sf]
Ps a'hf] -Knu_ jf k'mnL -:68\_ /flvPsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] a'hf] jf k'mnL s'g}
pko'Qm tl/sfåf/f cfk\mgf] :yfgaf6 gx6\g] ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
103
v08 $
t'nf]
!= kl/efiffM t'nf] eGgfn] afx'x? a/fa/ gePsf] t/fh'nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
@= Ifdtf M t'nf]x? lgDg Ifdtfsf x'g ;Sg]5g\–
%, !), @), %), !)), !%), @)), @%), #)), %)) / !))) lsnf] .
#= cfsf/ tyf agf}6 M
-s_ t'nf]sf] cfsf/ ;fwf/0ftof lrq g+= !^ df e}+m x'g]5 .
-v_ t'nf]x? :6]gn];:6Ln jf ;'ln; kmnfdaf6 ag]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ t'nf]sf] 8f“7 -zfGs_ k"0f{ ?kdf ;Lwf x'g'k5{ . t/ 8f“7sf] cg'k|:y v08 -
qm; ;]Szg_ nDafOsf] ;a} :yfgdf plQg} x'g' cfjZos 5}g . 8f“7df /xg]
/]vf°g jf bf“tLx? Ps} ;tx -Kn]g_ df x'g'kb{5 / /]vf°g wf;f{x? 8f“7sf]
;dsf]0fdf ul/g' kb{5 .
-3_ ;fg]{ ;+t'nssf] rf];f] bf“tLdf grNg] u/L a:g] x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ 8f“7nfO{ cfjZostfeGbf a9Ldf rNg glbgsf] lgldQ t'nf]x?df cj/f]ws
-:6k_ sf] jf c? pko'Qm aGbf]a:t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-r_ ;fg]{ ;+t'ns tyf e'm08\ofpg] c+s';Lx? oGqdf dha"t;“u /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
;fg]{ ;+t'ns -KjfOh_ t'nf]aflx/ hfg glbg hl8Psf lsnf] -g6_ cflb
5]plt/sf h8fgx? dha"t;“u 8f“7df hl8Psf] x'g'k5{ . ;fg]{ ;+t'ns
:jtGq;“u ;g]{ x'g'k5{ tyf z"Gosf] lrGx eGbf k5fl8 hfg glbgsf] lgldQ
Ps cj/f]wssf] ;d]t aGbf]a:t ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . t'nf]df ;+t'ns jf ;fg]{
;+t'ns eP ;f] ;+t'ns jf ;fg]{ ;+t'nsdf eljiodf ldnfgsf] lgldQ sf6]/
Kjfn kfl/Psf] jf c? s'g} Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'k5{ . ;fg]{ ;+t'nsdf 6'qmf
kbfy{x? /flvPsf] eP v:g g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
104
-5_ pN6fpg x'g] -OGel;{jn_ jf tLg c+s';L ePsf jf sfp06/ vfnsf t'nf]x?
k|of]u ug{ x'g]5}g .
-h_ ;+t'ng 7Ls;“u b]vfpgsf] lgldQ t'nf]x?df ækmnqmdÆ sf] 7Ls dfl:t/ Ps
7f8f] ;+s]ts /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-em_ lemSg x'g] c+s';L, ls:tL jf aflN6gsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] l:yltdf o:tf] c+s';L
ls:tL jf aflN6g t'nfsf] cfjZos c·x? x'g]5 / ;f] lagf t'nf] ;+t'ngdf
cfpg g;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
$= hf“rM–
-s_ t'nf]x? k"0f{ ef/df ;]lG;l6e\g\]; tyf q'l6sf] lgldQ hf“lrg' kb{5 tyf
tflnsf g+= !& sf] cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug]{ x'g'k5{ .
-c_ ;]lG;l6e\g];\sf] k"0f{ ef/df t'nf] ;dtn ePsf] l:yltdf hf“lrg' kb{5
. tflnsfsf] snd -@_ jf -$_ df tf]lsPsf] tf}n yKbf t'nf] rn]sf]
b]lvg] x'g'[kb{5 .
-cf_ t'nf]df k"0f{ ef/ /fVbf, olb cfjZos k/], To;nfO{ ;dtn l:yltdf
Nofpg, kg]{ tf}n jf q'l6 k|;“ufg';f/ tflnsfsf] snd # jf % df
tf]lsPsf] xb aflx/ x'g'x'“b}g .
-v_ x/]s ;+Vof c+lst ljefhg lrGx hf“lrg' k5{ / ef/ a9fp“b} tyf 36fp“b}
nu]/ hf“lrbf ;d]t oGq 7Ls x'g'k5{ .
-u_ aLrsf ljefhg lrGxx? klg 7Ls kmf;nfdf 5g\ eGg] olsg ug{ hf“r
ul/g' k5{ .
-3_ dfly n]lvPsf] eGbf sd ef/df ;]lG;l6e\g];\sf] jf c? hf“r ul/g] 5}g .
105
tflnsf g+= !&

t'nf]x?sf] lgldQ ;]lG;l6e\g];\ tyf q'l6
gof“ 58\s] hf“r

hf“r
Ifdtf k"0f{ ef/df k"0f{ ef/df dfGotf k"0f{ ef/df k"0f{ ef/df dfGotf
;]lG;l6e\g];\ lbOg] clwstd q'l6 ;]lG;l6e\g];\ lbOg] clwstd q'l6
! @ # $ %
% lsnf] @=% u|fd #=* u|fd &=%u|fd &=% u|fd
!) ,, % ,, & ,, !% ,, !% ,,
@) ,, !) ,, !% ,, #) ,, #) ,,
%) ,, @% ,, %) ,, &% ,, !)) ,,
!)) ,, $) ,, *) ,, !@) ,, !^) ,,
!%) ,, ^) ,, !@) ,, !*) ,, @$) ,,
@)) ,, *) ,, !^) ,, @$) ,, #@) ,,
@%) ,, !)) ,, @)),, #)),, $)) ,,
#)) ,, !@) ,, @$) ,, #^) ,, $*) ,,
%)) ,, @)),, $)) ,, ^)) ,, *)) ,,
!))) ,, $)),, *)),, !@)),, !^)),,
106
%= 6f“rf dfg]{M–
hf“r ug]{ lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf nufpgnfO{ t'nf]sf] sf“w cufl8 kl§sf] ;txdf g/d
wft'sf] Ps a'hf] jf k'mnL /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . o:tf] a'hf] jf k'mnL 808Ldf vf]b]/ jf
c? pko'Qm tl/sfn] cfk\mgf] :yfgaf6 gx6\g] ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
107
v08–%
d~ro'St tf}ng] oGq -Kn]6kmd{ j]O· d]zLg_
!= kl/efiff M–
-s_ d~ro'St tf}nn] oGq eGgfn] ld> -sDkfp08_ lne/x? k|of]u ul/Psf] tyf
dfn /fVg] u|fxs ;fwf/0ftM d~r -Kn]6kmd{_ cfsf/ ePsf] oGqnfO{ hgfp“5
. o:tf oGqx?sf] Ifdtf # 6g eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g tyf tf}nsf] ;+s]t t'nf] jf
c? lsl;dsf] ;°]tx?åf/f b]vfpg] x'g]5 .
@= IfdtfM–
d~ro'St tf}nn] oGqx? lgDglnlvt Ifdtfsf x'g ;Sg]5g\ M–
%), !)), !%), @)), @%), #)), %)), !))), !%)), @))), #))) lsnf] .
#= ;fwf/0f cfjZostfx? –
-s_ t'nf] M–
-c_ d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] t'nf]sf] cg'kflts tf}nx? /fVg] cf>o -;kf]{6_
afx]s c? s'g} ;lhn};“u x6fpg x'g] efu x'g] 5}g . ;g]{ ;Gt'ns jf
;Gt'nsx?nfO{ z'Go /]vf k5fl8 ;g{ glbgsf] lgldQ Ps jf a9L
5]s]jf/x? x'g'k5{ . d~ro'Qm tf}ng] oGqdf t'nf]sf] ult tn dfly
b'j}lt/ !) ld= dL= eGbf a9L x'g]5}g .
-cf_ k|bz{s -ufO8_ sf] tn / dfly jf k|bz{sdf ;g]{ t'nf]sf] efudf
r'DjsLo j:t' hl8Psf] x'g'kg]{5 / t'nf]df bf“tLsf] Joj:yf eP
ltgLx?nfO{ arfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-O_ t'nf]sf] ;xfos 808Ldf ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ljefhg To; Ifdtfsf] lgldQ
dfGotf lbOPsf] 36L a9Lsf] xbeGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g . t/ @)) lsnf]u|fd
jf sd Ifdtf ePsf] xsdf ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ljefhg /]vfsf]df -EofNo"_
108
To; Ifdtfsf] lgldQ tf]lsPsf] q'l6eGbf a9L x'g;Sb5 t/ !)) u|fd

eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
-O{_ 8fon, ;xfos 808L / ;+ej x'g] l:yltdf d'Vo 808Lsf] /]vf°gsf]
Go"gtd ljefhg ! u|fd jf tL ef/x?sf] !) jf !) sf] s'g} 3ft -
kfj/_ sf] u'gf x'g'k5{ .
-v_ d~r M–
-c_ km}lnPsf] d~r /flvPsf] cj:yfdf d~rsf] afs;sf] b'j}lt/ dfGotf
lbOg] km}nfj6 afs;sf] nDafOsf] @% k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g]5}g .
-cf_ olb rnfpg x'g] afs;, af/, k|m]d jf aflN6g ;fwf/0f Kn]6kmfd{sf]
;fydf k|of]u ul/Psf] v08df o:tf] j:t' oGqsf] clgjfo{ efu x'g]5
/ of] lagf oGq ;Gt'ng ug{ ;+ej x'g'x'“b}g . o:tf] afs;, af/, k|m]d
jf jflN6g of] oGqsf] xf] eGg] 5'l§g' kb{5 / d~rdf k|of]usf]
cj:yfdf /x“bf oyf;+ej aLrdf x'g'kb{5 .
-u_ ;Gt'ng Joj:yf M–
-c_ t'nf]df ;Gt'ng uf]nfsf] k|aGw ul/Psf] eP, To:tf] ;Gt'ng uf]nf
;lhnf] kx'“r aflx/ x'g'kb{5 .
-cf_ oGqsf] b}lgs k|of]uaf6 x'g cfpg] q'l6sf] ldnfgsf] lgldQ oGqdf
Ifdtf )=% k|ltzteGbf ga9\g] u/L tyf b'a}lt/ )=!@% k|ltzt
eGbf g36\g] u/L ;Gt'ng Joj:yf x'g'k5{ -tflnsf x]g'{xf];\_ ;Gt'ng
uf]nf /xg] ;Gt'ng afs; t'nf]df x'g ;s];Dd afs;af6 t'nf]sf]
808L;Dd lsnf] 7f]sL dha't;“u hl8Psf] x'g'k5{ . Pp6f k'm:sfpg
x'g] ;f“rf]åf/f ;Gt'ng uf]nf rnfpg ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
109
-3_ 8fonsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] d~ro''St tf}ng] oGqx? M–

-c_ æ/}sÆ / ælklgogÆ pko'St s8f glvOg] j:t'sf] x'g'k5{ / ;kmf;“u
tof/ ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-cf_ ;°]tssf] 6'Kkf] s'g} l:yltdf klg 8fonsf] /]vfl°t ;txb]lv %
ld=ld= eGbf dfly x'g'x“'b}g ;fy} ;°]tssf] 6'Kkf] 8fonsf] /]vfl°t
efudf x'g'k5{ t/ 6'Kkf]n] /]vf°gx? k9\g gldNg] u/L 5f]Kg' x'“b}g .
-O_ 8fon a/fa/ efudf ljeflht ePsf] x'g'k5{ / ljefhg lrGxx?sf]
aLrdf sd;]sd @ ld= dL kmf;nf x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ oGqdf æ6}/Æ gfKg] /]vf°g ;dfj]z ul/g ;Sg]5 -æ6}/Æ eGgfn] ;°]tsn]
z"Gosf] lrGx gb]vfPsf]df ;f] b]vfpg d~rdf ylkg] t/ osLg ug{
cfjZos gePsf] ef/nfO{ ;Demg'k5{_ .
-r_ cg'kflts tf}nx? gx'g] oGqx?df oGqsf] Ifdtf eGgfn] d'Vo 808Ldf
ul/Psf] /]vf°gsf] dflyNnf] c°nfO{ hgfp“5 .
$= cg'kflts tf}nx? M–
-s_ d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqdf ;j} k[ys\ -n'h_ cg'kflts tf}nx? gd]l6g] c° jf
c? pko'St lrGxåf/f ;f] oGqsf] xf] egL lrlgg] Joj:yf x'gk5{ . o:tf]
;Gt'ng tf}nx?df lrq !* df em} ltgLx?n] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ tf}nx? cl°t
ul/g'kb{5 .
-v_ cg'kflts tf}nx? if6sf]l0fs jf af6'nf] x'g]5g\ / ;Gt'ns -sfp06/
Jofn]G;_ df /fVgsf] lgldQ ;'xfp“bf] lsl;d;“u lrq !* df em} sfl6Psf]
x'g'k5{ .
-u_ cg'kflts tf}nx? sf:6 cfO/g jf lkQnsf] x'g'k5{ .
110
-3_ cg'kflts tf}nx?df ldnfg u/]kl5 dha't;“u ;L;f c8fpgsf] lgldQ

vf]lnPsf] jf jflx/lt/ ;f“u'l/b} cfPsf] ldnfg ug{ cfotfsf/ Kjfn x'g'k5{ .
vf]lnPsf] Kjfn ldnfgnfO{ rflxg] ;L;f c6fpg ;Sg] u/L d'gfl;j;“u 7"nf]
x'g'k5{ . ldnfg eO;s]kl5 cg'kflts tf}nsf] ldnfg ug{] Kjfnleq ;L;fsf]
tx, tf}nsf] tNnf] ;txaf6 sd;]sd # ld=ld= leq /xg'k5{ .
-ª_ cg'kflts tf}nx? /x]sf d+ro'St tf}ng] oGqx?df ;a}eGbf yf]/} ;+1fsf]
cg'kflts tf}nsf]df -EofNo"_ t'nf]df /x]sf] /]vf°gsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] c°
a/fa/ x'g'k5{ .
-r_ cg'kflts tf}nx?sf] ;+1f ! lsnf], @ lsnf], % lsnf], jf !) jf !) sf]
ckjTo{ jf !) sf] k"0f{ 3ft x'g'k5{ .
Dffly pNn]v ul/Psf] ;+1fsf] hlt;'s} klg cg'kflts tf}nx? k|of]u ug{
;lsg] 5 t/ cg'kflts tf}nx?åf/f hgfOg] hDdf tf}n ;DalGwt tf}ng]
oGqsf] Ifdtf eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
b|i6Jo M–
s'g} d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] Ifdtf lx;fa ubf{ k[ys\ tf}n ePsf]df t'nf]df
tyf k[ys\ tf}n gePsf]df ;xfos 808Ldf b]vfPsf] clwstd /]vf°g
;dfj]z ul/g] 5}g .
-5_ /]vfl°t æ6}/Æ 808L jf 808Lx? ePsf]df d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] Ifdtf
eGgfn] ;f] æ6}/Æ 808L jf 808Lx?df ePsf] /]vf°g ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/g'
kb{5 .
b|i6JoM–
z"Go lrGx afx]s c? /]vf°g gePsf] æ6}/Æ 808Lx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf]
v08df oGqsf] Ifdtf lx;fa ubf{ æ6}/Æ 808L ;dfj]z ul/g] 5}g .
111
/]vf°g gul/Psf æ6}/Æ 808Ldf z"Go lrGx x'g'k5{ .

%= hf“rx? tyf hf“rsf cfjZostfx?M–
-s_ z"Go ef/df d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] t'nf] ;dtn /xg'kb{5 .
-v_ d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqx? k"0f{ Ifdtf;Ddsf] /]vf°g jf bf“tLx? 7Ls 5g\ eGg]
osLg ug{sf] lgldQ hf“r ul/g]5g\ .
-u_ ;a} k[ys\ cg'kflts tf}nx? /flvPsf] eP lxgfldgfaf6 arfj6sf] lgldQ
hf“r]/ pko'Qm tj/n] ltgLx?df 6f“rf dfl/g] 5g\ .
-3_ k"0f{ ef/sf] Ps rf}yfO{ -jf To;sf] oyfzSo glhs_ tf}nx? d~rsf] aLrdf
jf s'g} s'gfdf /fVbf d~ro'St tf}ng] oGq 8fon lsl;dsf] eP tflnsfsf]
snd $ df lbOPadf]lhd tyf 8fon afx]s c? lsl;dsf] eP tflnsfsf]
snd # df lbOP adf]lhdsf q'l6x?sf] cfwf xbleq /xL 7Ls tf}n
b]vfpg'k5{ .
-ª_ t'nf] ePsf] d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] ;]lG;l6e\g];\ tyf q'l6k"0f{ ef/df jf
To;sf] oyfzSo glhsdf dfq hf“lrg] 5 . o:tf] ;]lG;l6e\g];\ tyf q'l6
qmdzM tflnsfsf] snd @ / # df tf]lsPsf] xb aflx/ x'g'x'“b}g .
-r_ oL oGqx?sf] d'Vo d'Vo ljefhg jf bf“tLx?nfO{ hgfOPsf] ef/x?df
hf“lrg'k5{ / o;/L hf“Rbf s'g} d'Vo ljefhg jf bf“tLsf] dfg a/fa/sf] yk
tf}n /fVbf 7Ls;“u b]vfpg] x'g'k5{ .
-5_ -ª_ df plNnlvt ;]lG;l6eg];\sf] hf“r afx]s, 8fon ePsf] d~ro'Qm tf}ng]
oGqx?df klg dfly j0f{g ul/Psf hf“rx? p:t} 9+uaf6 ul/g' kb{5 . o:tf
oGqx? tflnsfsf] snd $ sf cfjZostfx?sf] k"lt{ ug]{ x'g'k5{ .
112
^= 6f“rf dfg]{ t/LsfM–

-s_ 8fon lsl;dsf d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqx?df hf“r ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] 6f“rf
k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ g/d wft'sf] Ps a'hf] k|aGw ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ / ;+ej
ePdf o:tf] a'hf] k|m]d / 8fonaf6 5]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . 8fondf /flvPsf]
o:tf] a'emf] jf k'mnL, oGqnfO{ s'g} xflg gx'g] t/Lsfn] /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ 8fon lsl;dsf afx]s c? d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqx?df Pp6f a'hf] jf km'nL
;°]ts lne/ jf t'nf]sf] s'g} b]lvg] :yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
tflnsf g+= !*
;Gt'ng lj:tf/ Joj:yf
Ifdtf ;Gt'ng lj:tf/ Joj:yf
clwstd Ifdtfsf] Go"gtd Ifdtfsf]
)=% k|ltzt )=@% k|ltzt
! @ #
%) lsnf] @%) u|fd !@) u|fd
!)) ,, %)) ,, @%) ,,
!%) ,, &%) ,, #&) ,,
@)) ,, !))) ,, %)) ,,
@%) ,, !=# lsnf] ^@) ,, #)) ,, !=% ,,
&%) ,,
%)) ,, @=% ,, !=@% lsnf] !))) ,, %=) ,,
@=%) ,,
!%)) ,, &=% ,, #=&% ,,
@))) ,, !)=) ,, %=)) ,,
#))) ,, !%=) ,, ^=%) ,,
113
Tfflnsf g+= !*-s_

d~ro'St oGqsf] lgldQ ;]lG;l6e\g];\ tyf q'l6sf] hf“rsf] xb
36La9L dfGotf lbOg] k"0f{ ef/df clwstd q'l6,
Ifdtf k"0f{ef/df 8fon gePsf] 8fon ePsf]

;]lG;l6e\g]; d+ro'St tf}ng] d~ro'St tf}ng]
oGqnfO{ oGqnfO{
-lsnf]_ -u|fd_ -u|fd_ -u|fd_
%) #) ^) b'O{ qmlds /]vf°gsf]
!)) %) !)) aLrsf] kmf;nfdf
!%) ^) !@) hlgg]
@)) &) !$) ef/ a/fa/
@%) *) !*)
#)) !)) @))
%)) !*) #^)
!))) #)) ^))
!%)) $)) *))
@))) %)) !)))
#))) !))) @)))
b|i6JoM– klxnf] hf“rsf] xb plNnlvt xbx?sf] %) k|ltzt dfq x'g]5 .
114
v08–^
sdflgbf/ t/fh' -l:k|° Jofn]G;_
!= kl/efiffM–
sdfgLbf/ t/fh' eGgfn], dfn /fVbf, sdfgLsf] tgfj jf lyrfOåf/f dfnsf] k"/f
tf}n, 8fondf /x]sf] ;°]tsf] dfWodåf/f b]vfpg] oGqnfO hgfp“5 .
@= IfdtfM–
sdfgLbf/ t/fh' tflnsf !( df lbOP dWo] s'g} Ps Ifdtfsf] x'g ;Sg]5 .
#= ;fwf/0f cfjZostfx?M–
-s_ o; cg';"rLsf] v08 ! df lbOPsf ;fwf/0f cfjZostfx? afx]s sdfgLbf/
t/fh'x?n] lgDgfl°t cfjZostfx?sf] ;d]t k"lt{ ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ dfn /fVg] kNnf sdfgL d'lg x'g] sdfgLbf/ t/fh' :yfoL ?kn] s'g} cf>o
jf a|fs]6af6 em'l08Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ t/fh'df kNnfsf] Joj:yf eP o:tf] kNnf lkQn, sf“;, sf:6 cfO/g, ;'ln;
kmnfd jf :6]gn];:6Lnaf6 agfOg'k5{ . kNnfx? e'm08\ofOg] eP wft'sf]
l;qmL jf wft'sf] cf>o ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ . ;'ln; kmnfd k|of]u ul/Psf]
v08df pko'St tj/n] lvof nfUg'af6 arfOg'k5{ .
-3_ ;°]tsf] 6'Kkf] ! ld=dL eGbf a9L df]6f] x'g'x'+b}g tyf 8fOnsf] /]vf°gaf6 #
ld=dL= eGbfdfly x'gx' +'b}g .
-ª_ 8fon ;dfg kmf;nfsf /]vf°gåf/f ljeflht x'g'k5{ tyf s'g} b'O{ ljefhg
lrGxx? !% lsnf];Dd Ifdtf ePsf]df @ ld =dL @) lsnf] jf ;f] eGbf
j9L Ifdtf ePsf]df # ld=dL= eGbf glhs x'g'x'“b}g .
115
-c_ b'O{ ;“u;“u}sf ljefhg lrGxx?n] hgfpg] tf}n, tflnsf !( df

lbOPsf] dfgeGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
-cf_ s'g} lgwf{l/t ef/b]lv 8fondf /]vf°g z'? ul/Psf] eP, dfn
g/fVbfsf] ;+°]tssf] l:ylt :ki6;“u z"Gosf] lrGxåf/f b]vfOg]
x'g'k5{ .
-r_ ldnfpg x'g] ;°]tssf] Joj:yf ePdf ldnfgsf] lj:tf/ oGqsf] Ifdtfsf] !
k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g]5}g t/ vlhg kbfy{ hf]Vg] sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf k|of]u
x'g] oGqdf o:tf] lj:tf/ @ k|ltzt;Dd x'g ;Sg]5 .
-5_ sdfgLbf/ t/fh'x?sf] sdfgLnfO{ IfdtfeGbf clws ef/sf] tgfjaf6
arfpg oGqsf] c·d} s'g} pko'St ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'gk5{ .
-h_ sdfgLbf/ t/fh'x?sf] c· lkQn, sf:6 cfO/g, ;'ln; kmnfd jf c?
pko'St j:t'af6 agfOPsf] x'g'k5{ / d'gfl;j ?kdf dha't;“u ag]sf]
x'g'k5{ .
$= hf“rM–
-s_ kNnf sdfgL d'lg ePdf, dfnnfO{ To;df hxf“;'s} /fVbf klg q'l6 tf]lsPsf]
xbeGbf aflx/ x'g'x'“b}g .
-v_ kNnf cwf{sf/ ePdf k"0f{ ef/sf] cfwf tf}n kNnfsf] s]Gb«af6 ;a eGbf
6f9f / af“sL cfwf tf}n h'g;'s} :yfgdf /fVbf, q'l6 tf]lsPsf] xbleq
x'g'kb{5 .
-u_ kNnf cwf{sf/ gePdf, sdfgLbf/ t/fh'sf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf ef/sf] s]Gb|
kNnfsf] s]Gb|af6 To;sf] clwstd nDafOsf] Ps ltxfO{ kmf;nfleq /fVbf
jf kNnfsf] 7f8f] 5]p eP To;sf] 5]psf] aLr;“u hf]8]/ af“sL tf}n kNnfsf]
116
s'g} klg :yfgdf To;leq kg]{ u/L /fVbf sdfgLbf/ t/fh'sf] q'l6 tf]lsPsf]
xbsf] cflw xbleq x'g'k5{ .
-3_ sdfgLbf/ t/fh'df x/]s ljefhg lrGx hf“lrg'k5{ .
-ª+_ sdfgLbf/ t/fh'n] tf}n lg/Gt/ a9fp“b} nu]/ jf 36fp“b} nu]/ hf“Rbf ;d]t,
7Ls tf}n b]vfpg'k5{ . t/ o;/L tf}n lgwf{l/t ug{ cl3 oGqnfO{ :jfefljs
rfndf rNg lbg'k5{ .
-r_ sdfgLbf/ t/fh' @$ 306f;Dd k"0f{ef/ /fv]/ ;f] ef/ x6fPsf] rf/
306fkl5 t/fh' ef/ /fVg' cl3sf] l:yltdf kms{g'k5{ / -ª_ df em} hf“Rbf
7Ls /xg'k5{ .
-5_ sdfgLbf/ t/fh'x?df ;]lG;l6e\g];\sf] hf“r ul/g] 5}g .
% 6f“rf nufpg]M–
sdfgLbf/ t/fh'x?df, lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ g/d wft'sf] Ps
a'hf]sf] k|aGw ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ / ;+ej ePdf o:tf] a'emf] k|m]d jf 8fonaf6
5]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . o:tf] a'hf] jf k'mnL, oGqnfO{ s'g} xflg gx'g] u/L /flvPsf]
x'g'k5{ .
117
tflnsf g+ !(
sdfgLbf/ t/fh'x?sf] lgldQ clwstd q'l6x?
Ifdtf ;“u}sf b'O{ ljefhg clwstd q'l6 s}lkmot

lrGxx?n] hgfpg]
clwstd tf}n
! @ # $
! lsnf] % u|fd ;“u ;“u}sf] b'O{ laefhg ;°]ts Ps rSs/dfq
@Æ @) Æ lrGxx?n] hgfpg] 3'Dg] 8fnox?sf]
%Æ @) Æ tf}nsf] @% k|ltzt k|of]hlgs a[Qsf] Jof;
lgwf{/0f ubf{
!) Æ %) Æ
/]vf°gsf] cGtdf !%
!% Æ %) Æ
ldld kmf;nf vfnL
@) Æ !)) Æ
/xg' k5{ ;°]lts
#) Æ !)) Æ
8fondf Ps eGbf
%) Æ @)) Æ a9L rSs/ 3'Dg] u/L
!)) Æ %)) Æ agfOPsf sdfgLbf/
!%) Æ !=) lsnf] t/fh'x?sf] nflu of]
@)) Æ !=) Æ s'/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .
#)) Æ !=) Æ
%)) Æ @=) Æ
b|i6JoM– k'gM hf“r / 58\s] hf“rsf] lgldQ 36La9Lsf xbx? snd # df tf]lsPsf
kl/df0fsf] bf]Aa/ x'g]5g\ .
118
v08–&
tf}ng] k'n -j] lj|h_
! kl/efiffM–
tf}ng] k'n eGgfn] ;°]tg k|aGw lne/ Joj:yfb]lv leGb} hudf :yfkgf u/L,
cg'kflts tf}nx? jf c? ;°]tssf] dfWodåf/f !))) lsnf] -Ps 6g_ jf ;f]
eGbf dfly tf}ngsf] lgldQ k|of]u ul/g] sDkfp08 lne/x?åf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
tf}ng] oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
@= IfdtfM–
tf}ng] k'nx? lgDglnlvt Ifdtfsf x'g ;Sg]5g\M–
!, @, #, %, !), !%, @), @%, #), $), %), ^), *), !)), !%), @)), #)) /
$)) 6g .
!= -s_ d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] ;DaGwdf v08 % df bzf{OPsf ;fwf/0f
cfjZostfx? afx]s tf}ng] k'nx?n] lgDglnlvt cfjZostfx?sf] k"lt{
ug'k{ g]{5 .
-v_ k|m]dsf] 9f“rfM– -k|m]djs{_ tf}ng] k'nsf] k|]d ePsf] v08df o:tf] k|m]d ;'ln;
kmnfdsf] kftf jf sf:6 cfO/g jf sf:6 :6Lnaf6 agfpg' k5{ . o:tf] k|m]d
Hofbf wSsf jf ysf{j6 k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] alnof] vfnsf] / lne/ Joj:yf
otfplt x'g g;Sg] lsl;d;“u pko'St tj/n] dha't x'g] u/L alnof];“u
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ tf}ng] k'nx?sf] t'nf]sf] Go"gtd ult b'j}lt/ !# ld=dL= x'g]5 .
119
@= d~r rf/vfg] -r]s8{_ jf ;fbf x'g;S5 / sf:6 cfO/g jf :6Lnsf] kftfaf6

ag]sf] / k"0f{ ef/;Dd u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L alnof] x'g'kb{5 . vfN6f]leq ;lhnf];“u
k:g ;'ljwfsf] nflu Pp6f dfG5] k:g] Kjfn x'g'k5{ .
$= hf“r tyf hf“rsf cfjZostfx?M–
tf}ng] k'nsf] hf“rsf] t/Lsf v08 % df plNnlvt d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] ;/x
x'g]5 tyf ;]lG;l6e\g];\ / q'l6sf] xbx? tflnsf @) adf]lhd x'g]5 .
%= efux? 5'6ofpg]M–
oGqsf] ;RofOdf c;/ kg]{ 5'6\ofpg x'g] efux? o; oGqsf x'g\ eGg] 5'6ofpg
gd]l6g] u/L c° jf c? pkfoåf/f cl°t ul/g' kb{5 .
^= 6f“rf dfg]{M–
-s_ 8fon lsl;dsf oGqx?df lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ g/d
wft'sf] Ps a'hf]sf] k|aGw ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ / ;+ej ePdf o:tf] a'hf] k|m]d jf
8fonaf6 5]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . o:tf] a'hf] jf k'mnL oGqnfO{ s'g} xflg x'g]
;+efjgfaf6 arfj6 x'g] u/L /x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ 8fon lsl;dsf afx]sx? tf}ng] k'ndf Pp6f k'mnL, ;°]ts ælne/Æ jf
t'nf]sf] s'g} b]lvg] :yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
120
tflnsf g++M– @)
;Gt'ng lj:tf/ Joj:yf
Ifdtf clwstd Ifdtfsf] Go"gtd Ifdtfsf]
)=% k|ltzt )=@% k|ltzt
! @ #
@ 6g % lsnf] @=% lsnf]
@ ,, !) ,, %=) ,,
#= ,, !% ,, &=% ,,
% ,, @% ,, !@=% ,,
!) ,, %) ,, @%=) ,,
!% ,, &%,, #&=% ,,
@) ,, !)),, %)=) ,,
@% ,, !@% ,, ^@=% ,,
#) ,, !%) ,, &%=) ,,
$) ,, @)),, !))=) ,,
%) ,, @%) ,, !@%=) ,,
^) ,, #)) ,, !%)=) ,,
*) ,, $)), @))=) ,,
!)) ,, %)) ,, @%)=) ,,
!%) ,, &%) ,, #&%=) ,,
@)) ,, !))) ,, %))=) ,,
#)) ,, !%)) ,, &%)=) ,,
121
$)) ,, @))) ,, !)))=),,
TfflnsfM– @) -s_
Tff}ng] k'n lgldQ ;]lG;l6e\g]; tyf q'l6
Ifdtf k"0f{ ef/df 36L jf a9Ldf dfGotf lbOg]
;]lG;l6e\g];\ hf“r k"0f{ef/df clwstd q'l6
8fon gePsf] tf}ng] 8fon gePsf] tf}ng] k'n
k'n
6g lsnf] lsnf]
! @ # $
! !=! !=@ b'O{ ;“u;“u}sf ljefhg
@ !=@ !=$ lrGxn]
# !=# !=^ hgfpg] tf}nsf] cfwf
% !=% @=)
!) @=) #=)
!% @=% $=)
@) #=) %=)
@% #=% ^=)
#) $=) &=)
$) %=) &=)
%) %=@ &=*
^) %=% *=%
*) ^=) !)=)
122
!)) ^=% !!=%

!%) &=* !%=@
@)) (=) !(=)
#)) !%=) #)=)
$)) @)=) $)=)
b|i6JoM–
k'gM hf“r / 58\s] hf“rsf lgldQ 36L a9Lsf xbx? snd @ df tf]lsPsf
kl/df0fsf] t]Aa/ / snd # tyf $ df tf]lsPsf kl/df0fsf] bf]Aa/ x'g]5g\ .
123
v08–*
dflg; tf}ng] oGq
! kl/efiffM–
dflg; tf}ng] oGq eGgfn] sDkfp08 lne/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] tyf tf}n lnOg]
dflg;nfO{ u|x0f ug]{ d~r ePsf] / t'nf]åf/f jf c? s'g} ;°]tg Joj:yfåf/f cyjf
l6s6 5fKg] s'g} oflGqs ;fwgåf/f dflg;sf] tf}n b]vfpg] oGqnfO{ a'emfp“5 .
@= IfdtfM–
dflg; tf}ng] oGqsf] Ifdtf !@) lsnf] eGbf 36L x'g'x'“b}g .
-s_ d~rM–
d~rsf] clwstd cfsf/ $)) ld=dL=  #%) ld=dL= sf] x'g'k5{ / k|m]d
aflx/ d~rsf] s'g} efu lg:s]sf] x'g'x'“b}g .
-v_ t'nf]o'Qm oGqM–
-!_ cg'kflts tf}nx? c8\ofpg] cf>o afx]s t'nf]df c? s'g} ;lhn};“u
lemSg ;lsg] c·x? /x]sf] x'g'x'“b}g . t'nf]sf] tn dfly clwstd ult
!) ld=dL= sf] x'g'k5{ .
-@_ k|bz{s -ufO8_ sf] tn / dfly jf k|bz{sdf kg]{ t'nf]sf] efu
kmnfdsf] eP logLx?df cr'DasLo kbfy{ hl8Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-#_ t'nf]df bf“tLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP o; bf“tLsf] ;'/Iff x'g] pko'St
Aoj:yf x'g'kg]{5 .
-$_ t'nf]sf] Go"gtd ljefhgsf] dfg %) u|fd eGbf a9Lsf] x'g'x'“b}g /
t'nf]df % lsnf]  %) u|fd ljefhgx?åf/f /]vfl°t ePsf] x'g'k5{
124
-%_ ;Gt'ng Joj:yfM– v08 % df jl0f{t d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] ;/x

x'g]5 . ;Gt'ng uf]nfdf k;]sf] u§fbf/ k]råf/f ;Gt'ng uf]nf rnfOg]
Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-u_ 8fono'St oGqM– oGqdf 8fon /flvPsf] eP 8fonsf] Joj:Yff d~ro'St
tf}ng] oGqsf] ;/x x'g]5 t/ ljefhg /]vfx? !=% ld=dL= eGbf 36L
kmf;nfdf /xg' x'“b}g / Go"gtd /]vfsf] dfg %)) u|fd eGbf a9L x'g'x'“b}g .
-3_ l6s6 5fKg] lsl;dsf] oGqM– -!_ oGqdf ePsf ¥ofs / lklgog pko'Qm
s8f glvOg] j:t'af6 ag]sf] x'g'k5{ tyf lrNnf] kf/L tof/L ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{ .
-@_ l6s6df tf}n a'lemg] u/L cl°t ul/g] x'g'k5{ .
$= cg'kflts tf}nM k[ys\ cg'kflts tf}nx? d~ro'St tf}ng] oGqsf] ;/x pko'St
lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ t/ ldnfg ug]{ Kjfndf /x]sf] ;L;fsf] ;tx tf}nsf] lk+waf6 leq
@ ld=dL= eGbf 36L kmf;nfdf /x]sf] x'g'x'“b}g .
%= hf“r M–
-s_ t'nf]sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] dflg; tf}ng] oGqsf] t'nf] d~rdf tf}n gx'b“ f
;dtn cj:yfdf /xg'k5{ .
-v_ oGqsf] Ifdtfsf] Ps rt'yf{z jf To;sf] oyf;+ej lgs6td ef/ d~rsf]
s]Gb|df jf rf/s'gfdWo] s'g} Pss'gfdf /fVbf tf]lsPsf] q'l6sf] xbsf] %)
k|ltztleq /xL tf}ng] oGqn] Pp6} tf}n b]vfpg] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ k"0f{ Ifdtf;Ddsf /]vf°gx? 7Ls 5g\ eGg] osLg ug{ oGq hf“lrg'k5{ .
125
-3_ t'nf]sf] Joj:yf ePsf] dflg; tf}ng] oGqsf] k"0f{ ef/df q'l6 tyf
;]lG;l6e\g];\ hf“lrg'k5{ . dfGotf lbPsf q'l6 / ;]lG;l6e\g];\ tnsf] tflnsf
cg';f/ x'g]5g\ .
-ª_ dflg; tf}ng] oGqdf 8fono'St ;°]tgsf] jf l6s6 5fKg] ;fwgsf] Joj:yf
ePdf o:tf] oGqsf] q'l6 dfq hf“r ul/g'k5{ . dfGotf lbOg] q'l6 s'g} klg
ef/df tflnsfdf tf]lsPsf] xbeGbf Hofbf x'g'x'“b}g .
126
tflnsf g+=– @!
dflg; tf}ng] oGqx?sf] hf“rsf] dfGotf lbOg] xbx?
oGqsf] k|sf/ k"0f{ef/df k"0f{ef/df dfGotf lbOg]

;]lG;l6e\g];\ clwstd q'l6sf] 36L jf a9Ldf xb
! @ #
! t'nf]o'St @% u|fd %) u|fd
@ 8fono'St – @%) u|fd
# l6s6 5fKg] – %)) u|fd
t/ lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf snd # df lbOPsf xbx?sf] bf]Aa/ kl/df0f leq;Dd oGq
7Ls ePsf] dflgg]5 .
v08–(
sfp06/ k|sf/sf :jo+ ;+°]ts tyf cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGq
!= kl/efiffM–
-s_ :jo+ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGq eGgfn] tf}lng] j:t' To:tf] oGqdf /fVbf j:t'sf]
;Dk"0f{ tf}n :jo+ b]vfpg] oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGq eGgfn] tf}lng] j:t' To:tf] oGqdf /fVbf j:t'sf]
cf+lzs tf}n :jo+ / af“sL tf}n 6}/ jf Ifdtf 808Ldf hl8Psf] s'g} tf}n jf
;g]{ ;Gt'ns jf c? s'g} pko'St dfWodåf/f b]vfpg] oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
@= IfdtfM–
:jo+ ;°]ts jf cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGqx?sf] Ifdtf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbP
cg';f/ x'g]5 .
127
-s_ oGqdf ;°]tg Joj:yf sfd ug{ sdfgLsf] k|of]u gu/L 808L jf bf]ns -
k]G8'nd_ ;Da4 lne/x? jf c? lsl;dsf] cj/f]ws pkfo ;+of]u u/L
;fwf/0ftM :jo+ ;°]ts jf cw{ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGqx? tof/ ul/g'k5{ . dfn
/fVg] kNnf / tf}n /fVg] kNnfsf] h8fgx? 808L rn'Gh]n;Dd ;dtndf
/xg] ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dn] lne/x?sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . ;°]tsnfO{ t'?Gt
lj>fdsf] cj:yfdf Nofpg] æ8]; k6Æ jf c? s'g} pko'Qm Joj:yf oGqdf
/x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ kNnfx?sf] cf>o pko'St ckl/jt{gLo agfj6sf] x'g'k5{ . kNnfx? ;'ln;
kmnfd, :6]gn];:6Ln, lkQn jf sf“; cfn'ldlgod jf o;sf ld> wft',
kf]l;{n]g, Ogfd]n kf]ltPsf] :6Ln, sf“r jf Knfl:6s h:tf kbfy{x?af6 tof/
ul/g'k5{ .
-u_ ljol/· ;tx, rSs'wf/ / ;a} c8fg, c+s';L / ;'sf{lgx?sf ;Dks{ laGb'x?
s8f :6Ln jf Pu]6af6 tof/ ul/g'k5{ . 808LnfO{ :jtGqtf;“u rNg x'g]
lsl;dn] / rSs'wf/x? oyf;Dej cfk\mgf] ;Dk"0f{ nDafO{ ljol/+u dfly
c8\g x'g] lsl;dn] rSs'wf/x? / ljol/+ux? h8fg ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . ;a}
lne/x? / cj/f]ws Joj:yf oyf;Dea oGqleq h8fg ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-3_ ;"Id ldnfgsf] lgldQ oGqdf ;Gt'ng afs;sf] k|aGw x'g'k5{ / x'g
;s];Dd o:tf] afs; tf}n /fVg] kNnfd'lg :yfoL lsl;dn] /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
;Gt'ng afs;df oGqsf] Ifdtfsf] ! k|ltzt;Dd ldnfg ug]{ kbfy{x? /fVg
;lsg] x'g'k5{ . c? s'g} ldnfg ug]{ ;fwg oGqdf x'g'x'“b}g . :jo+ ;°]ts
tf}n oGqsf] ;DaGwdf ;Gt'ng afs; dfn /fVg] kNnfsf] 7Ls d'lg /x]sf]
x'g'k5{ .
128
-ª_ oGqx?sf] k6 -rf6{_ ;dfg efux?df ljefhg ul/g' kb{5 / o:tf ljefhg
lrGxx? a[xt\s/0f -DoflUglkms]zg_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s Ps
csf]{af6 !) lsnf] / To;eGbf sd Ifdtfsf] lgldQ !=% ld=dL= / !
lsnf]eGbf dflysf] Ifdtfsf] lgldQ @=) ld=ld= eGbf sd kmf;nfdf
x'g'x'+b}g . ;“u;“u}sf b'O{ ljefhg lrGxx?n] hgfpg] cfwf tf}n, tflnsf g+
=@@ df lbOPsf] clwstd q'l6sf] xbleq /xL 7Ls x'g'k5{ . ;°]tssf] 6'Kkf]
!=) ld=dL= eGbf a9L df]6f] / k6b]lv #=) ld=dL= eGbf dfly x'g'x'“b}g .
oGqdf tf}ng] j:t' g/flv+bf ;°]ts :ki6;“u z"Go lrGxdf /xg'k5{ .
-r_ k6sf] cNk -dfOg/_ /]vfx?sf] dfg ! u|fd, @ u|fd, % u|fd jf ltgsf
bzsf] ckjTo{ cyjf !) sf] 3ftsf cg'kftdf x'g'k5{ .
-5_ w/ftn -n]en_ n] ldnfpg cfjZos gePsf] oGqx?df afx]s ;a} :jo+
;°]ts tyf cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts oGqx?df w/ftn ldnfpgsf] nflu k]rx? /
Pp6f j[Qfsf/ xfjfsf] kmf]sf ePsf] l:kl/6 n]en x'g'k5{ .
-h_ æ6}/Æ 808Lx? ljeflht ul/Psf] v08df k6sf] tyf 6}/Æ 808Lsf] Ifdtf
hf]8\bf tflnsfdf lbOPsf Ifdtfx?sf] cg's"n Ifdtfsf] x'g cfPdfq rng
ug{ kfOg]5 .
b|i6JoM–
z"Go lrGxåf/f dfq cl°t ul/Psf] æ6}/Æ 808Lx? k|rng ul/Psf] v08df
oGqsf] Ifdtf lgsfNbf o:tf 6}/ 808Lx?sf] Ifdtf lx;fa ul/g]5}g .
ljeflht gul/Psf] ;a} 6}/ 808Lx?df z'Gosf] lrGx cl°t x'g'k5{ .
$= hf“rM–
-s_ ;a} :jo+ ;°]ts tyf cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts oGqx?df ;dtn If]qdf hf“r
ul/g'kb{5 .
129
-v_ oGqx?sf] hf“r qmdzM ef/ a9fp“b} nu]/ x/]s ;+Vofl°t ljefhg lrGx
hf“lrg'k5{ / c? ljefhg lrGx klg 7Ls 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf lg/LIfsnfO{ lrQ
a'e\mg'k5{ . dfGotf lbOg] q'l6sf] xb tflnsfdf lbOPadf]lhd eGbf a9L
x'g'x'“b}g .
-u_ oGqsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf ef/ kNnfsf] s]Gb|af6 ;f] kNnfsf] clwstd
nDjfOsf] Ps ltxfO{ kmf;nfleq h'g;'s} :yfgdf /fVbf, 8fonn] b]vfPsf]
tf}ndf -yfxf x'g] lsl;d;“u_ s'g} kof{Kt km/s x'g'x'“b}g .
-3_ kNnf cwf{sf/ ePsf] v08df, k"0f{ ef/sf] cfwf cw{sf] aLrdf / af“sL
cfwf cw{sf] s'g} klg efudf /fVbf oGq dfGotf lbOPsf] q'l6sf] xbleq /xL
7Ls x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ :jo+ ;°]ts / cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts oGqx?df ;]lG;l6e\g];\sf] hf“r ul/g]5}g .
%= 6f“rf nufpg]M– lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ x/]s oGqdf 808Lsf] s'g}
pko'St b]lvg] 7fp“df g/d wft'sf] Ps a'hf] jf k'mnL /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . o:tf]
a'hf] jf k'mnL 808Ldf Kjfn kf/]/ jf c? s'g} pko'St pkfo4f/f cfk\mgf] :yfgaf6
gx6\g] u/fOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
130
tflnsf g+=M–@@
sfp06/ k|sf/sf :jo+ ;°]ts tyf cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGqsf lgldQ
dfGotf lbOg] clwstd q'l6sf] xb
Ifdtf cNk ljefhgsf] clwstd k"0f{ef/df dfGotf lbOg] 36L jf a9L

dfg clwstd q'l6
-s_ :jo+ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGq
!)) lsnf] @)) u|fd @)) ufd
%) ,, !)) ,, !)) ,,
#) ,, !)) ,, !)) ,,
@) ,, !)) ,, !)) ,,
!) ,, %) ,, %) ,,
% ,, @) ,, @),,
#Æ !) Æ !) Æ
@ ,, !) ,, !) ,,
! ,, !) ,, !) ,,
%)) u|fd % ,, % ,,
@)) ,, @ ,, @ ,,
!)) ,, ! ,, !,,
131
-v_ cw{ :jo+ ;°]ts tf}ng] oGq
!)) lsnf] !)) u|fd !)) ufd

%) ,, $) ,, $),,
#) ,, #) ,, #) ,,
@) ,, @) ,, @) ,,
!) ,, !) ,, !) ,,
% ,, !) ,, !) ,,
# ,, !) ,, !),,
@ ,, !) ,, !) ,,
! ,, !) ,, !) ,,
%)) u|fd $ ,, $ ,,
@)) ,, @ ,, @ ,,
!)) ,, ! ,, !,,
-!_ gof“ hf“rdf clwstd q'l6 k6df cl°t cNk ljefhgsf] cfwf eGbf a9L
x'g'x'“b}g .
-@_ k'gM hf“r / lg/LIf0fdf clwstd q'l6 k6df cl°t cNk ljefhgn] hgfpg]
dfg eGbf a9L x'g'x'b}g .
132

cg';"rL–% -s_
-lgod !) sf] pk–lgod -%_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
cfotg gfKg] oGqx?sf] ljj/0f
v08–!
;fwf/0f cfjZostfx?
kl/efiffM–
ægfKg] oGqÆ eGgfn] t/n kbfy{x? cfotgsf] lx;fan] gfKg] / lbg] p2]Zo ag]sf]
oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
@=-s_ ;~rfng ePsf] cj:yfdf b]xfosf cfjZostfx? k"/f ug]{ u/L gfKg] oGqsf] j:t',
9f“rf / agfj6 x'g'k5{ M–
-!_ ;RrfO sfod x'g] .
-@_ ;~rfng x'g] kf6{k"hf{x? ;Gtf]ifk"j{s sfd ug]{ .
-#_ ldnfg -P8h:6d]G6_ oyf;Dej :yfoL x'g'kg]{ .
-v_ gfKg] tyf lbg] sfddf k|of]u x'g] gfKg] oGq?df ;a} c·x? / h8fgx? k"/f
gePdf 6f“rf nufOg] 5}g .
-u_ s'g} oGqdf ;f6\g x'g] jf pN6fpg x'g] c·x? 5g\ eg] o:tf] c· ;f6\bf jf
pN6fp“bf oGqsf] ;RrfOdf s'g} km/s kg'{ x'“b}g .
-3_ ljt/0f ePsf] jf lbOPsf] kl/df0f ;+s]t ug]{ ;a} /]vf°g :ki6 a'lemg] /
gd]l6g] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ gfKg] oGqsf] cl°t dfks jf ;f+s]lts c·x?n] cfk\mgf] z"Gol:ylt / ;f]
oGqsf] gfKg] Ifdtf;Dd lbPsf] kl/df0f ;d]t :jtM b]vfpg ;Sg] ?kdf
lgld{t ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
133
-r_ gfk]sf] / lbPsf] kl/df0f bz{sn] ;lhnf];“u :ki6 / lagf cj/f]w b]Vg] u/L
:yfoL lsl;dsf gfKg] oGqx?sf] h8fg ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-5_ c;fjwfg k|of]u jf cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 oGqsf] ;RrfOdf cg'lrt c;/
oyf;Dej gkg]{ u/L gfKg] oGqsf] 9f“rf / jgfj6 x'g'k5{ .
#= c+sg -dfls{·_ M–
-s_ ljt/0f kDk, ld6/, cfotlgs ef“8f eg]{ d]zLg h:tf ;a} Jokfl/s gfKg]
oGqx?df ;f] oGqsf] Ifdtf, lgdf{tfsf] gfd jf 6«]8dfs{ / kl/rofTds
;+Vof b]lvg] u/L :ki6 / :yfoL tj/n] c+sg ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ lg/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] 6f“rf / v08 -s_ df pNn]lvt c+sgx? nufpg
gfKg] oGqx?df ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fp“df Pp6f pko'Qm kftf -Kn]6_ dha't;“u
h8fg ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
$= hf“rsf] cfjZostfx? M–
-s_ ;a} gfKg] oGqx? ;~rfng ePsf] cj:yfdf hf“lrg]5 .
-v_ ;a} oGqx? ;DalGwt gfKg] oGqnfO{ lbOPsf] q'l6sf] xbleq /xL 7Ls x'g'k5{
.
%= ;Ln nufpg] M– ljt/0f ePsf] kl/df0fdf c;/ kg]{ u/L gfKg] oGqsf] /f]Sg] c· jf
c? ldnfpg] c·x?df s}lkmot ug{ gkfpg] u/L lg/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/Ln] gfKg]
oGqsf] Ps jf a9L :yfgdf ;Ln nufpg]5 .
134
v08–@
ljt/0f -l8:k]lG;+u_ kDk
! kl/efiff M–
-s_ æljt/0f kDkÆ eGgfn] ;~ro 6+}s jf 6}+sx?df h8fg eO{ osLg cfotgsf]
lx;faaf6 t/n kbfy{x? lbg] sfdsf] lgldQ k|of]u ul/g] gfKg] oGq
;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ æcfb|gnL k|0ffnL -j]6xf]h l;:6d_Æ eGgfn] kDd ;~rfng ePsf] jf
gePsf] cj:yfdf k|>fjgnL -l8:rfh{xf]h_ el/P/ g} /xg] k|0ffnL
;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æ;'vfgnL k|0ffnL -8«fOxf]h l;:6d_Æ eGgfn] ljt/0f sfd k"/f ePkl5
k|>fjgnL k"0f{tof ;'vf /xg] k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
@= k|sf/ M–ljt/0f kDkx? ld6/ 6fOk jf ef“8f] -s06]g/_ 6fOksf] x'g]5g\ .
#= ;fwf/0f cfjZostfx? M–
-s_ ljt/0f kDkdf vf; u/L b]xfosf s'/fx? x'g'k5{ M–
-!_ pko'Qm vf]n jf 9s]gL,
-@_ kDk ug]{ c·,
-#_ ld6/ c· jf cfotlgs ef“8f] -sG6]g/_,
-$_ kl/df0f ;+s]t ug]{ .
-%_ 6'6L -gf]hn_ ;lxtsf] nlrnf] gnL .
$+ k|To]s ljt/0f kDkdf ;a} ;+efljt ljt/0fsf] kl/df0f b]vfpg laqmL ;"rs
-;]N; Ol08s]6/_ h8fg ePsf] x'g'k5{ . cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] ulGt ug]{ jf ;+Vof
hf]8\g] ;fwg eP ;f] ;fwgaf6 vf; laqmL ;"rs;“u s'g} k|sf/sf] u8j8L cfpg
g;lsg] u/L ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
135
%= :6fl6{· lne/sf] aGb x'g] cj:yf;Ddsf] rfnåf/f s'g} vf; ljt/0f qmlds lat/0f
rqm -8]lne/L ;fOsn_ k"/f ePkl5 ;+s]t ug]{ c·x? 7Ls ;"Godf gkms{'Gh]n csf]{
qmlds ljt/0f ug{ g;lsg] ug{ Pp6f k|efjsf/L :jrflnt O06/ns ePsf] ld6/
k|sf/sf] ljt/0f kDk lgld{t ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
^= k|To]s ef“8f]af6 k|>fj z'? x'g yfn]kl5 dfq ;DalGwt laqmL ;"rsn] ljt/0f c+s
b]vfpg] u/L ef“8f] k|sf/sf] ljt/0f kDk lgld{Q ePsf] x'g'k5{ . :ki6 / :yfoL
tj/n] b]xfosf] s'/f bzf{pg] u/L kDksf] Kofg]ndf c+u|]hL jf b]jgfu/Ldf ;"rgf
/flvPsf] x'g'k5{ M–
ljt/0f z'? x'g' eGbf cufl8 lglZrt x'g'xf];\ .
-s_ laqmL ;"rs ;"Godf 5 .
-v_ ef“8f] -s06]g/_ k"/f el/Psf] 5 .
&= ef“8f] jf ef“8f]x? 7Ls;“u el/Psf] / ljt/0f ePsf] :ki6 b]lvg] u/L ef“8f] k|sf/sf]
ljt/0f kDkdf x]g]{ e\mofnx? -cAh/e]zg ljG8f]h_ jf c? ;fwgx? h8fg ePsf]
x'g'k5{ .
*= rfkaf6 t/n kbfy{ ljt/0f ug]{ ljt/0f kDk cfb|gnL k|0ffnLaf6 ;~rflnt x'g'k5{
/ o:tf kDkn] rfkaf6 ljt/0f x'g] u/L To:sf] 6'6Ldf ;+of]u lgoGq0f eNj -
slDag]zg sG6«f]n eNj_ / :jrflnt rfk k|>fj eNj -c6f]d]l6s k|]z/ l8:rfh{
eNj_ nufOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
(= u'?Tjfsif{0faf6 t/n kbfy{ ljt/0f ug{ ljt/0f kDk ;'vfgnL k|0ffnLaf6
;~rflnt x'g'k5{ . gnL kfOk -xf]hkfOk_ df k"0f{ / tLj| lgsf; ;lhnf] x'g] u/L
;'vfgnLsf] nDafO / s8fkgsf] plrt Joj:yf x'g'k5{ tyf gnL kfOksf] 6'6Ldf
s'g} eNj /x]sf] x'g'x'“b}g .
!) ljt/0f kDksf] k|>fj gnLsf] nDafO{ kDksf] aflx/ b]lv ljt/0f ug]{ 6'6L;Dd kf“r
ld6/ eGbf nfdf] x'g'x'“b}g .
136
!!= ld6/ k|sf/sf] ljt/0f kDkdf kDk ug]{ c·sf] kl5 / ld6/ c+usf] ;Lwf cufl8
Pp6f k|efjsf/L xjf x6fpg] c· -Po/ Olnldg]6/ o'lg6_ /x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
!@= cfotlgs ef“8f]df xjf c8\g] -Po/ 6«]k_ ;+efjgf /f]Sgsf] nflu ef“8f] k|sf/sf]
ljt/0f kDkdf xjf hfg] pko'Qm Kjfn /x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
!#= hf“r M–
-s_ ;a} ljt/0f kDkx?df ljt/0f ;RrfO{ hf“r x'g'k5{ .
-v_ oGqn] ljt/0f ul/g] t/n kbfy{ ePsf] rfn" cj:yfdf ljt/0f kDk hf“lrg'
k5{ .
-u_ ;a} ljt/0f kDkx? hf“r ug]{ gfkx? -r]s d]h;{_ åf/f k|dfl0ft ul/g]5 .
-3_ k|To]s hf“r ug]{ gfk k|To]s 5 5 dxLgfdf sfo{sf/L :6f088{ gfkåf/f
hf“lrg' k5{ .
-ª_ ljt/0f kDk hf“r ug'{ eGbf cuf8L kDksf ;a} c·x?n] /fd|/L sfd u/]sf]
/ k|>fjgnL leh]sf] osLg ug{ s]xL ldg]6 kDk rnfpg' k5{ .
-r_ ;RrfOsf] hf“r ug{ cufl8 ljt/0f kDkdf r'xfj6 hf“Rgsf] nflu k"/f e/]/
x]g'{k5{ .
!$= ljt/0f kDkx? hf“r ug]{ tl/sf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
-s_ :6f088{ hf“r gfk -:6f088{ r]s d]h/ _ sf leqL ;txx? lehfpg klxn]
eg'{ k5{ / To;kl5 vfnL ug'k{ 5{ .
-v_ /]s8{ ug]{ oGqsf] ;+s]ts -ld6/ k|sf/_ jf l/l8· -s06]g/ k|sf/_
k|s[ofnfO{ z"Godf ldnfpg' k5{ .
-u_ ;+s]ts -ld6/ k|sf/_ km]/L z"Go cj:yf jf l/l8· -s06]g/ k|sf/_ hf“r
gfkdf t/n kbfy{ xfNg kDk rnfpg' k5{ .
137
-3_ nuftf/ b'O{ k6s hf“r ubf{ b'a} k6s 7Ls kl/df0f lbPdf oGq 7Ls dflgg'
k5{ .
-ª_ nuftf/ b'O{ k6ssf] ljt/0fdf dfGotf lbPsf] xbleqsf] kl/df0f glbPdf
hf“r bf]x¥ofpg' k5{ .
!%= k|To]s ljt/0f kDkn] 36Ldf !) ln6/ k|lt ldg]6 dgfl;j tj/n] Psgf;“u g+= !^
df lglb{i6 ul/Psf] q'l6sf] xbleq /xL ljt/0f ug'{ k5{ .
!^= dfGotf lbOPsf] q'l6sf] xbx? b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5g\ M–
dfGotf lbOPsf] q'l6sf] xbx?
ljt/0f klxnf] hf“r kl5Nnf] hf“rx?df
kl/df0f -a9Ldf dfq_ -a9Ldf_ -36Ldf_
! ln6/ !) ldlnln6/ klxnf] hf“rsf] a/fa/ % ldln ln6/
@ ln6/ @) ldlnln6/ ,, ,, ,, !) ldln ln6/
% ln6/ #) ldlnln6/ ,, ,, ,, !% ldln ln6/
% ln6/ eGbf a9L )=% k|ltzt ,, ,, ,, )=@% k|ltzt
!&= ;Ln / 6f“rf nufpg] M– 7Ls ljt/0fsf] nflu ldnfg u/]kl5 ;L;f jf tf/sf]
;Lnx? nufp“bf To:tf] ;Ln jf ;Lnx? glaufl/sg km]l/ ldnfg ug{ g;lsg] u/L
nufOg]5 . ;L;f / tf/sf] ;Ln jf ;Lnx?sf] nflu ;fwf/0f tf/ -Kn]g jfo/_
nufOg] 5}g . ;L;fsf] ;Ln jf ;Lnx?df lg/LIfssf] 6f“rf k]+lr;åf/f nufOg]5 .
138

cg';"rL–% -v_
-lgod !) sf] pk–lgod -%_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
nDafO / ;do gfKg] oGqx?sf] ljj/0f
6ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/

!= kl/efiff M–
-s_ æ6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/Æ eGgfn] ef8fdf lnOPsf]] 6\ofS;L jf

c6f]l/S;fsf] ef8f kmf;nf jf ;do cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] b/df u0fgf u/L
b]vfOg] oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-v _ æd'vÆ eGgfn] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] ef8f b]vfpg] efunfO{

;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æem08fÆ eGgfn] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] ;~rfng k|lqmofnfO{

lgoGq0f ug]{ lne/ jf c? s'g} oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ æef8fa[l4 -dgL 8«k_Æ eGgfn] ef8f b]vfpg]df ef8fsf] a[l4 x'g]nfO{
;Demg'k5{ .
-ª_ æz'?sf] ef8fa[l4 -Olgl;on dgL 8«k_Æ eGgfn] ef8fsf] lgldQ -km/ xfo/_
af6 ef8fdf -xfo8{_ lnOPsf] cj:yfdf em08fnfO{ tn emfbf{ b]vfpg] ef8f
;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ æz'?sf] kmf;nf jf z'?sf] ;dosf] cGt/Æ eGgfn] z'?sf] ef8fa[l4
cg';f/sf] kmf;nf jf ;dosf] cGt/ ;Demg'k5{ .
139
-5_ æcfwf/e"t b/Æ eGgfn] z'?sf] ef8fa[l4sf] b/ afx]s kmf;nf jf ;dosf]

cGt/sf] nflu kmf;nf / k|ltIff u/]sf] ;dosf] b/nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-h_+ æef8fÆ eGgfn] ef8fdf lnOPsf] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/n] kmf;nf /

;do gfKg] oGq -l8:6fG; P08 6fOd d]sflgHd_ sf] ;~rfngsf] cfwf/df
u0fgf u/L b]vfpg] ef8fsf] c+znfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-em_ æcltl/Qm ef8fÆ eGgfn] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ef8fdf lng]x?n] ofqfaf6

nfUg] ef8fsf] cltl/Qm dfn;fdfgsf] kl/jxgsf] nflu ltg'{ kg]{ ef8f
;Demg'k5{ .
-`_ æcfwf/e"t b/x?sf] dfGo ultÆ eGgfn] cfwf/e"t kmf;nf / cfwf/e"t
;dosf] b/sf] ult cg'?k x'g]nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t b/x?sf]
lgldQ dfGo ultdf 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ ;~rfng ubf{ ofqf
u/]sf] kmf;nfsf] ef8fa[l4 lat]sf] ;dosf] 7Ls a/fa/ x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f M–
;dodf cfwfl/t – $) k};f k|To]s ^ ldg]6df
kmf;nfdf cfwfl/t b/ – $) k};f k|To]s !÷@ lsnf]ld6/df
cfwfl/t b/ ta dfq a/fa/ x'g]5 ha !÷@ lsnf]ld6/ kmf;nf ^ ldg]6sf]
;dodf ofqf ub{5, cyf{t\ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ult % lsnf]ld6/ k|lt306f x'g]5 .
-6_ æ;jf/L ;fwgdf x'g] rSsfsf] plrt 3]/fÆ eGgfn] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f
7Ls ofqLx? lnO{ ;Lwf cufl8 a9\bfsf] cj:yfdf rSsf rflnt ;jf/L
;fwgdf plrt dfqdf xfjf el/Psf] 6fo/sf] Ps k"/f kmGsf]nfO{
;Demg'k5{ .

140
-7_ ælks–ckÆ eGgfn] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ult cfwf/e"t b/sf] dfGo ult eGbf
sd jf a9L eP cg';f/ ljt]sf] ;dosf] cfwfl/t b/ jf ofqf u/]sf]
kmf;nfsf] cfwfl/t b/af6 ef8f lgwf{/0f x'g]nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ / oL cfwf/e"t
b'O{ b/x?sf] aLrsf] u0fgfsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ slxn]sfxL lksck / slxn]sfxL
cGt/ -l8km]/]lG;on_ elgG5 .

-8_ æa]~r hf“rÆ eGgfn] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/nfO{ 6\ofS;L jf
c6f]l/S;faf6 5'6\ofO{ ul/g] hf“r ;Demg'k5{ .
-!_ ækmf;nfsf] hf“rÆ eGgfn] ;dosf] c;/ ljgf ef8f j[l4 cg'?k
kmf;nfsf] cGt/x? hf“lrg] hf“rnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-@_ æ;dosf] hf“rÆ eGgfn] ef8fa[l4 aLrsf] ;dosf] cGt/x? hf“lrg]
hf“rnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-9_ æ;8s hf“rÆ eGgfn] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;fsf] ofqfaf6 6\ofS;L jf

c6f]l/S;fdf h8fg e};s]sf] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ lqmofzLn ePkl5
gflkPsf] af6f] -d]h8{ sf]8_ df hf“lrg] hf“rnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-0f_ æluo/ aS;Æ eGgfn] ljleGg 6fo/ ;fOh, 6«fG;ldzg cg'kft / o:t}sf]
lgldQ ldnfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ luo/x?sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .

-t_ æbtf{Æ eGgfn] 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;fdf h8fg ePsf] ld6/n] kmf;nf jf
;dosf] lx;fan] ld6/df ef8f b]vfpg] lqmofnfO{ hgfp“5 / æa9L btf{ x'g]Æ
eGgfn] lglZrt kmf;nf jf ;do eGbf cufl8 g} ef8f b]vfpg]nfO{ /
æ36L btf{ x'g]Æ eGgfn] lglZrt kmf;nf jf ;doeGbf k5fl8 b]vfpg]nfO{
;Demg' kg]{5 .

141
-@_ agfj6 ;DjGwL cfjZostfx? M–


-s_ 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] 9f“rf / agfj6 nfdf] cjlw;Dd l6Sg]
vfnsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ cfwf/e"t b/x?sf] dfGo ultdf jf To;eGbf a9L ultdf ofqf u/]sf]
kmf;nf / 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f /f]sL /fVbf jf cfwf/e"t b/x?sf] dfGo
ult eGbf sd ultdf uO/x“bf ljt]sf] ;dosf] lng' kg]{ ef8f btf{ ug{
?kdf 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ agfOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ kmf;nf gfKg] oGq -l8:6fG; d]sflghd_ åf/f ef8f /]s8{ ul/Pdf ef8fsf]
klxnf] kl/jt{g tf]lsPsf] kmf;nf ofqf u/]kl5 x'g]5 . o;kl5sf] c+s
nx/}l;t kmf;nfsf] cg'kftdf kl/jt{g x'g]5 .
-3_ oflGqs cfjZos ePsf] a]nfdf 38L h:t} oGqn] ;dosf] /]s8{ ug{] sfd
ub{5 . em08f rfnfPkl5 of] lqmof z'? x'g]5 . oflGqs 38L bz 306f;Dd
nuftf/ rNg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ ;do jf kmf;nfåf/f u0fgf ul/Psf] ef8fd'vsf] pko'Qm e\mofnx?df b]lvg]
u/L k|To]s ld6/ agfOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-r_ æ6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ef8fsf] lgldQ 5Æ egL b]vfpg k|sfz ePsf]

;+s]t ld6/df x''g'k5{ . o;df k|of]u ul/Psf cIf/ / c+sx?sf] ;fOh, /ª
/ k[i7e"ld lbg jf /ftdf kRrL; ld6/sf] kmf;nfaf6 k|i6 b]lvg] x'g'k5{ .
em08fdf Kn]6 hl8Psf] 5 eg] o;sf] k[i7 e"ldsf] /ª /ftf] x'g'k5{ .
-5_ k|To]s e\mofndf b]lvg] ;"rgf h:t} ef8f, em08fsf] cj:yf, hDdf kmf;nf
jf ofqf ul/Psf] kmf;nf, l6«k / cltl/Qm ef8fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
?k}of“ / k};f b]vfpg] zAbx? jf lrGxx? rSsf jf 8«dsf] :yfgaf6 7Ls
142
dfly jf tn 5]pdf /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . em08f ef8fdf jf aGb cj:yfdf

/x“bf ld6/sf] d'vdf Ps plrt k|sfzsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-h_ ef8f b]vfpg] cIf/ c+ssf] prfO{ !) ld=ld= eGbf sd prfOsf] x'g'x'“b}g /
ofq'x?n] ;/n tl/sfaf6 k9\g ;Sg] u/L /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . ld6/df b]lvg] cIf/
/ c+sx? k|i6 a'lemg] ;fOh, k|sf/ / /·sf] x'g'k5{ .
-em_ em08fnfO{ Ps cj:yfaf6 csf]{ cj:yfdf 3'dfp“bf o;n] ;'lgg] cfjfhåf/f
;"lrt ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
#= oGqsnf tyf ;~rfngM–
ld6/sf] oGqsnf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] 9f“rfsf] ePsf] x'g'k5{ M–
-!_ em08f 7f8f] /x“bf d'vsf] e\mofndf æef8fsf] lgldQÆ eGf] zJbx?
k|blz{t x'g]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ld6/sf] oGqsnf aGb /xg]5 .
ef8fdf lng rfxg] JolQmnfO{ s'g} ef8f b]lvg] x'g'x'“b}g .
-@_ em08fnfO{ æef8fdfÆ sf] cj:yfdf cl3lNt/ 3'dfOPdf em\ofndf
æef8fsf] lgldQ zJbx?sf] 7fp“df æef8fdfÆ zJb ablng]5 .
æef8fdfÆ sf] cj:yfdf 38Lsf] oGqsnf -Sns d]sflgHd_ rfn"
x'g hfg]5 / kmf;nf gfKg] oGqsnf rnL kmf;nf /]s8{ ug{ ;Ifd
x'g]5 . ef8f b]vfpg] em\ofndf z'?sf] ef8fa[l4 klg b]lvg]5 .

6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f nfO{ k|of]udf NofPkl5 plrt ;dodf c?
ef8fa[l4n] b]lvPsf] ef8fdf a[l4 x'“b} hfg]5 .
-#_ em08fnfO{ cem cl3lNt/ æef8fsf] lgldQÆ sf] cj:yfaf6 æaGbÆ
cj:yfdf 3'dfOPdf em\ofndf æef8fdfÆ zAbsf] 7fp“df æaGbÆ zAb
ablng]5 . 38Lsf] oGqsnf aGb x'g]5 / kmf;nf gfKg] oGqsnf

143
kmf;nf /]s8{ ug{ oyfjt hf/L /xg]5 . ef8f b]vfpg] em\ofndf ef8f
k|blz{t eO{ g} /xg]5 .
-$_ em08fnfO{ æef8fdfÆ sf] cj:yfaf6 æaGbÆ cj:yfdf gnlusg
æef8f] lgldQÆ cj:yfdf nUg ;lsg] 5}g . oGqsnfsf] ;~rfng
æaGbÆ ug]{ oGq -nlsª l8efO;_ åf/f em08fnfO{ æef8fsf] lgldQÆ
cj:yfdf k"/f g/f]sL æaGbÆ cj:yfaf6 æef8fdfÆ sf] cj:yfdf hfg
;Sg] 5}g .
-%_ dfly -!_ b]lv -$_ ;Dddf plNnlvt em08fsf] ;fwf/0f ;~rfngsf]
lqmofåf/f afx]s ;do / kmf;nf oGqsnfnfO{ rfn" cyjf a]rfn" ug{
;lsg] 5}g .
-^_ em08f æef8fsf] lgldQÆ cj:yfdf 5“bf ld6/sf] d'vdf /x]sf] ef8f
/ cltl/Qm em\ofnx? z6/n] aGb ePsf] x'g'k5{ . z6/sf] x6\g] jf
aGb x'g] lqmof qmdzM em08f æef8fsf] lgldQÆ cj:yfaf6 æef8fdfÆ
sf] cj:yf / æaGbÆ cj:yfaf6 æef8fsf] lgldQÆ cj:yfdf rnfp“bf
Ps;fy x'g] x'G5 .
-&_ ld6/n] b]vfPsf] ;do / kmf;nfsf] ef8f tf]lsPsf] cfwf/e"t b/x?
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-*_ cltl/Qm em\ofnsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]df cltl/Qm em\ofndf b]lvg] ef8f
xftn] rnfOg]5 / df}lb|s OsfO{x? tf]lsP adf]lhd a9\b} hfg]5 .
$= hf“rx?M
-s_ ef8f ;"rsx?M– 8fondf b]lvg] ef8fa[l4 ;a} cj:yfdf 7Ls / k"0f{
?kdf Ps c°af6 csf]{ c+sdf ablng]5 . oGqsnf rfn" cj:yfdf
a]rfn" ul/+bf x'g] q'l6 g+= % df lglb{i6 xbx?leq kg'{ kg]{5 .
144
-v_ em08fM– æef8fsf] lgldQÆ sf] cj:yfaf6 em08fnfO{ emfbf{ cufl8

btf{ ePsf] ef8f x6]sf] / ld6/ plrt t/Lsfn] k'gM z"Gosf]
cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 eGg] hf“r x'g'k5{ . ef8f b]vfpg] c+sx? c8]sf]
jf cf“lzs efu x6]sf] jf km]l/ kms{g] ;+efjgf x'g'x'“b}g . Ps /fr]6
nsaf6 csf]{ /fr]6 nsdf pN6f] 3'dfp“bf cg'lrt btf{ gx'g] jf c?
s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+efljt xflg gk'¥ofpg] eGg] hf“r ul/g' k5{ .
em08fsf] cg'lrt k|of]uåf/f v/faL ug{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf gePsf] k"/f
osLg x'g'k5{ . em08fnfO{ tn emfgf{;fy ld6/n] ef8f btf{ ug'{ kg]{5
/ o;sf] c+s d'vdf b]lvg' kg]{5 .
-u_ kmf;nfsf] x“sfO{ -l8:6fG; 8«fOe_M– ef8fdf csf]{ a[l4 /]s8{ x'g
nfu]sf] a]nfdf ef8f btf{ ug]{ oGqsnfdf ;b}j Ps ljz]if cj:yf -
lqml6sn KjfO06_ x'g]5 . ofqf ljz]if cj:yfdf cGt ePdf s'g}
wSsfn] h:t} 9f]sf 9\ofDd aGb ubf{ ef8fdf csf]{ a[l4 x'g hfg
;S5 . ld6/sf] oGqsnfdf s'g} v/faL k}bf x'g gkfj; eGgfsf]
nflu hf“rsf] lgldQ Ps em6\sfbf/ x“sfO{ -hsL{ 8«fOe_ sf] Joj:yf
x'g'k5{ . c;fdlos ef8fsf] a[l4 btf{ x'g] ;+efjgfnfO{ ;se/ /f]Sgf
lgldQ cg]s hf“rx? ul/g]5g\ .
-3_ a]~r hf“rM– plrt tyf e/kbf]{ luo/ aS; h8fg ePsf] 6\ofS;L
jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] a]~r hf“r ul/g]5 .
-!_ pks/0fx?M–
-s_ hf“Rg] a]~rM– lah'nL dL6/df nufOPsf] pks/0fåf/f

6\ofS;L ld6/sf] l:k08n 3'dfP/ 6\ofS;L jf
c6f]l/S;f ld6/ hf“lrg]5 . o; pks/0fnfO{ xftaf6

145
klg 3'dfpg ;lsg]5 . 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/

/fd|f];“u c8fpg a|fs]6x?sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-v_ u0fs -sfp06/_M– l:k08n 3'dfOPsf] bz efusf] Ps
efu;Dd btf{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L u0fs lgld{t ePsf] x'g'
k5{ .
-@_ t/LsfM– hf“r ubf{ 5f]6f] kmf;nf -z6{ xn_ / nfdf] kmf;nf -
n+u xn_ u/L b'O{ cj:yfdf hf“lrg]5M–
-s_ 5f]6f] kmf;nf hf“rM– em08fnfO{ æaGbÆ cj:yfdf /fv]/
b'O{ jf tLg lsnf]ld6/ kmf;nf a/fa/ ld6/
rnfOg]5 . k|To]s ef8fa[l4sf] nflu nfu]sf] kmGsf
u0fsaf6 kQf nufO{ lx;faaf6 lg:sg] ;+Vof;“u
bflhg]5 .
-v_ nfdf] kmf;nf hf“rM– em08fnfO{ æaGbÆ cj:yfdf /fvL

6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/nfO{ ^) lsnf]ld6/eGbf
sd gx'g] kmf;nf;Dd nuftf/ rnfOg]5 . ef8fa[l4 -
dgL 8«k_ c8\g hfg], qmd;fy ef8f a[l4 gx'g], a]7Ls
lsl;d;“u c+ssf] ldnfg jf c? s'g} lsl;dsf]
c;dfGo cj:yf km]nf k/]df ld6/nfO{ /2 ug{ ;lsg]

;Defjgfsf] nflu hf“r cjlwe/ 6\ofS;L jf
c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] lg/LIf0f ul/g]5 .

146
-ª_ ;do hf“rM–

-!_ pks/0fM o; hf“rdf ;]s]08;Ddsf] lg/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
OR5fg';f/ z"Goaf6 z'? u/L km]l/ z"Godf nUg ;lsg] Ps :6k 38L jf
8]S; 38L k|of]u ul/g]5 .
-@_ t/Lsf M– ;do hf“rdf em08fnfO{ æef8fdfÆ sf] cj:yfdf /fvL
ef8fa[l4 aLrsf] cGt/sf] ;do hf“lrg]5 / ;do hf“rnfO{ k|To]s cGQ/
hf“r -Og\l8le8'on O06/en 6]i6_ / nfdf] cGt/ hf“r -n· O06/en 6]i6_
u/L b'O{ efudf af“l8g]5 .
-s_ k|To]s cGt/ hf“r M– k|To]s cGt/ hf“rsf] z'?df em08fnfO{
æef8fdfÆ sf] cj:yfdf emfg'{sf] ;fy} :6k 38L jf 8]:s
38LnfO{ rnfO{g]5 . k|To]s ef8fal[4sf] nflu ljt]sf] ;dosf]
;]s]08;Ddsf] btf{ ul/g]5 . 38LnfO{ aGb gul/sg hf“r
cjlwsf] cGt/;Dd rnfOg]5 . of] hf“r slDtdf Ps
306f;Ddsf] x'g]5 .
-v_ nfdf] cGt/ hf“rM– 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/df btf{

ePsf] c° k|To]s cGt/ hf“rkl5 d]6\g nufOg] 5}g / ;fy}
:6k jf 8]S; 38LnfO{ klg aGb ul/g] 5}g . o; lqmofnfO{
k"0f{ lg/LIf0f ;fy Ps 306f jf Ps 306f eGbf a9L ;do
;Dd hf/L /flvg]5 . hf“r l;l4g] a]nfdf ef8f j[l4sf] nflu
nfu]sf] ;dosf] lg/LIf0f u/L /]s8{ ul/g]5 / To;kl5

6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/nfO{ z"Godf NofOg]5 .

147
%= xbx?M–
-s_ a]~rhf“r M– a]~rhf“rsf] nflu 36L a9Lsf xbx? b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5g\ M–

-!_ a9L btf{ x'g]df – ! k|ltzt

-@_ 36L btf{ x'g]df – z'? cGt/nfO{ cGt/ hf“rdf ;dfj]z
ul/Pdf yk #) ld6/sf] xb;fy !
k|ltzt
-v_ ;do hf“r M– ;do hf“rsf] nflu 36L a9Lsf xbx? b]xfo adf]lhd
x'g]5g\M–
-!_ k|To]s cGt/ hf“rM–
a9L btf{ x'g]df – – % k|ltzt
36L btf{ x'g]df – – !) k|ltzt z'?sf] cGt/df
% k|ltzt c? cGt/df
-@_ nfdf] cGt/ hf“r -z'?sf] cGt/ afx]s_M–
a9L btf{ x'g]df – – 5'6 gePsf]
36L btf{ x'g]df – – # k|ltzt
^= l;n nufpg]M–

-s_ 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ a]~r hf“rdf 7Ls kfOPdf ;Ln nufpg' k5{ .

6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ 6\ofS;Ldf c6f]l/S;fdf h8fg ePsf] pko'Qm
ePdf 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] x]8b]lv 6«fG;ldzg -jf rSsf_ ;Dd
hf]l8g] k[ys–k[ys h8fgx?df klg ;Ln nufOg]5 .

148

-v_ 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ luo/ aS; jf 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f
ld6/df Ps vf; lsl;dsf] cg'df]lbt ;fO{hsf] hl8Psf] Kn]6nfO{ hf“Rg]
clwsf/Ln] nufPsf] ;Ln jf 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ jf 6\ofS;L jf
c6f]l/S;f ld6/ luo/ aS; gvf]lnsg lemSg ;lsg] 5}g . ;f] Kn]6df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] zJb / c°x? p7]sf] jf u8]sf] x'g'k5{ M–

-!_ 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ h8fg ul/g] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|sf/ , /

-@_ 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/ rnfpg tyf o;sf] ;~rfng /
;RrfO hf“Rg ;jf/L ;fwgsf] rSsfdf /xg] 6fo/sf] Go"gtd
k|efjsf/L 3]/f .
& c+sgM–

-s_ 6\ofS;L jf c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] cufl8 Kn]6 / k5fl8 Kn]6df oGqsf] ;+Vof
cls+t ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ ;a} cIf/x?df /f]dg lnkLdf / c+sx? O{08f]–c/]lasdf x'g]5g\ .

149
cg';"rL %u=
-lgod !) sf] pklgod -^_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
kmf;nf dfq gfKg] oGqx?sf]
ljj/0f
kl/efiff M
-s_ ækmf;nf dfq gfKg] c6f]l/S;f ld6/Æ eGgfn] d'vdf ultdfks oGq -
:kL8f]ld6/_ / b"/L;"rs oGq -cf]8f]ld6/_ /fvL jf g/fvL tf]lsPsf] b/df
cfk}mn] b]vfpg] c°x? gd]]l6g] u/L ef8fdf lnPsf] c6f]l/S;fsf] ef8f
kmf;nfs} lx;fan] dfq b]vfpg] oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ æd'vÆ eGgfn] c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] ef8f b]vfpg] efunfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æef8f ;dsf/s -Go"6fnfOh/_Æ eGgfn] ef8f b]vfpg ;"Go c°df Nofpg]
oGqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ æef8fÆ eGgfn] ef8f lnOPsf] c6f]l/S;f ld6/n] kmf;nf gfKg] oGqsf]
;~rfngsf] cfwf/df u0fgf u/L b]vfpg] ef8fsf] c+znfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-ª_ ærSsfsf] plrt 3]/fÆ eGgfn] c6f]l/S;fn] 7Ls ofqLx? lnO{ a9\bfsf]
cj:yfdf plrt dfqfdf xjf el/Psf] 6fo/ ePsf] kf“u|fn] Ps k"/f kmGsf]df
hfg] kmf;nfnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ æa]~r hf“rÆ eGgfn] c6f]l/S;f ld6/nfO{ c6f]l/S;faf6 5'6\ofO{ ul/g] hf“r
;Demg'k5{ .
150
agfj6 ;DaGwL cfjZostfx? M

-s_ c6f]l/S;f ld6/ kmf;nfsf] lx;fan] ef8f b]vfpg] oGq jf b"/L b]vfpg]
oGq;“u ultdfks / ef8f ld6/ ePsf] oGq x'g]5 .
-v_ cufl8sf] kf“u|f jf k5fl8sf] w'/f luP/aS;af6 c6f]l/S;fsf] ;~rfng
x'g]5 .
-u_ Pp6fn] hDdf–hDdL uPsf] b"/L / csf{n] vf; ;km/ jfkt ef8f b]vfpg]
b'O{j6f u0fsx? ePsf] kf“u|fsf] cg'kftdf ldNg] u/L /]vfl°t ePsf]
c6f]l/S;f ld6/ x'g'kg]{5 .
-3_ ?k}of“sf] sfnf] rSsfdf ;]tf] c° / k};fsf] ;]tf] rSsfdf /ftf] c° ePsf]
c6f]l/S;f ld6/sf] ;dsf/s x'g]5 .
-ª_ ef8f ;dsf/s Ps lbzflt/af6 dfq xftn] rnfpg ;lsg] x'g]5 .
-r_ ef8f ;dsf/snfO{ ef8fsf] c° ;"Godf emfbf{ :ki6 ;'lgg] cfjfh cfpg'
kg]{5 / s'g} em6\sf, sDkg / l3;|fOn] ef8f b]vfpg] oGqdf s'g} c;/ kg]{
x'g'x'“b}g .
-5_ c6f]l/S;f jf ld6/df uf8L ef8fdf lnOPsf] 5 eGg] b]vfpg] plrt ;"rs
lrGx x'g'k5{ .
hf“rx? M
-s_ ld6/ rfn" u/]kl5 8fon ;a} cj:yfdf tTsfn 7Ls / k"0f{ ?kdf Ps
c°af6 csf]{ c°df ablng]5 . ef8f ;dsf/snfO{ cufl8sf] cj:yfdf
Nofp“bf cufl8 btf{ ePsf] ef8f x6]sf] 5 eGg] / ld6/ 7Ls;“u} ;"Godf
k]ml/ ldn]sf] 5 eGg] olsg ug'{k5{ . ef8f cl°t ul/Psf] s'g} xfntdf klg
c8fpg] jf s]xL c+z dfq x6g] jf k]ml/ kms{g] x'g'x'“b}g . Ps /fj]6 nsaf6
csf]{df pN6f] 3'dfp“bf cg'lrt btf{ gx'g] jf c? s'g} ;Defljt xfgL gx'g]
151
eGg] hf“r x'g'k5{ . ef8f ;dsf/ssf] cg'lrt k|of]uåf/f ef8f b]vfpg]df

s'g} lsl;dn] s}lkmot ug{ g;lsg] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ kmf;nfsf] OsfO{ -l8:6fG6 6fOd_ M ef8fsf csf]{ j[l4 cl°t x'g nfu]sf]
a]nfdf ef8f btf{ ug]{ oGqsnfdf ;b}j Ps ljz]if cj:yf -lqml6sn
KjfOG6_ x'g]5 . ofqf ljz]if cj:yfdf cGt ePdf s'g} wSsfn] -h:t} 9f]sf
9\ofDd aGb ubf{ ef8fdf csf]{ j[l4 x'g hfg ;S5_ ef8fdf csf]{ ef8f j[l4
x'g hfg] ld6/sf] oGqsnfdf s'g} v/faL k}bf x'g gkfj;\ eGgfsf] nflu
hf“rsf] lgldQ Ps em6\sfbf/ O{sfO{ -hls{g 8«fOe_ sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
c;fdlos ef8fsf] j[l4 btf{ x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ /f]Ssf ug{sf] lgldQ cg]s
hf“Rfx? ul/g]5g\ .
-u_ a]~r hf“r M a]~r hf“rdf 36a9 ug{ x'g] lah'nLsf] ld6/sf] k|lt ldg]6
3'dfOx? btf{ ug{ u0fs / ld6/ /fd|f];“u c8fpg] a|fs]6 k|of]u ul/g]5 .
$= xbx? M
-s_ a]~r hf“r M a]~r hf“rsf] nflu 36La9Lsf] xb b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-!_ 36La9L btf{ x'g]df– ! k|ltzt
%= l;n nufpg] M ld6/ h8fg u/L ld6/ xf“Sg] tf/sf] b'j} 5]pdf l;n nufpg' k5{ .
^= c+sg M
-s_ ld6/ hf“r ul/g] c6f]l/S;fsf] kf“u|fsf] cg'kft -/]l;of]_ ld6/sf] k5fl8
gd]l6g] u/L cl°t ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-v_ oGqsf] ;+Vof klg cl°t x'g'kg]{5 .
-u_ ;a} cIf/x? /f]dg lnlkdf / c°x? O08f]c/]ljsdf x'g]5g\ .
152

cg';"rL %-3_
-lgod !) sf] pklgod -&_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu dfGotf lbOg] 36La9Lsf] xb
kbfy{ hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf] xb

a9Ldf 36Ldf
d;nf
!= a];f/, wlgof“, vf];f{gL, n;'g OToflb )=@%∞ )=@%∞
@= d/Lr, lh/f, Njfª, cn}+rL OToflb )=!∞ )=!∞
#= ;f]km, bfnlrgL, uf]nldr{ OToflb )=@∞ )=@∞
t]nxg
!= t]n -cfn;, tf]/L, ;:o"{, ltn, gl/jfn / cGo o:t} )=@%∞ )=@%∞
lsl;dsf] t]n_
@= dl§t]n, k6«f]n, l8h]n / cGo o:t} lsl;dsf n'la|s]G6 )=%∞ )=%∞
#= lkgf )=%∞ )=%∞
;'Vvf kmnk"mn
!= abfd, cf]v/, gl/jn OToflb )=@∞ )=@∞
@= sfh' )=!∞ )=!∞
vfBfGg
!= rfdn, ux'“, rgf, d';'/f], d'uL, /x/, s]/fp, e6df; OToflb )=@%∞ )=!@∞
@= wfg, ds}, sf]6f]], ux'“ hf} / ltnsf] lk7f] )=%∞ )=@%∞
153
#= t]nxg tyf cGo u'8fu'8L )=@%∞ )=!@%∞

t/sf/L
!= cfn', Kofh, k/j/, /fdtf]l/of OToflb !=)∞ !=)∞
@= xl/of] t/sf/L @=)∞ @=)∞
tfhf kmnk"mn
!= :ofp, c+u"/ / cGo o:t} kmnk"mn )=!∞ )=!∞
@= cf?, cDaf, gf:kftL / c? ;:tf] kmnk"mn )=% ∞ )=%∞
kbfy{ hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf] xb

a9Ldf 36Ldf
!= dfly gk/]sf cGo s[lifhGo kbfy{ !∞ )=%∞
@= b"w / b"waf6 tof/ x'g]vfB kbfy[ -dvg, l3p kfp8/, b"w_
OToflb )=!∞ )=!∞
ljljw
!= ;"lt{, v}gL )=!∞ )=)%∞
@= skf; )=!∞ )=)%∞
#= u'+8, ;v/ tyf pv'af6 k}bf x'g] cGo o:t} j:t'x? )=%∞ )=%∞
$= lrgL )=!∞ )=)%∞
%= g"g !=)∞ )=%∞
^= kmfk/ )=!∞ )=!∞
&= lrof / skmL )=!∞ )=%∞
154
*= /+u / cGo /+uffpg] sfddf k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|L )=!∞ )=)%∞

(= l;d]06 !=%∞ !=)∞
!)= sf]Onf !=%∞ !=)∞
!!= r"g !=%∞ !=)∞
!@= bfp/f !=%∞ !=)∞
!#= kmnfd / To;af6 ag]sf ;fdu|L )=@∞ )=@∞
!$= v'bf] )=%∞ )=%∞
!%= pv' )=@%∞ )=@%∞
!^= dnvfb )=%∞ )=@%∞
wft'
! h:tf, lkQn, tfdf, lzzf OToflb )=)%∞ )=)%∞
@= -s_ ;'g, Knfl6gd / cGo ax'd"No wft' )=))@∞ )=))@∞
-v_ rf“bL )=))%∞ )=))%∞
#= cGo ax'd"No hjfx/ft )=))!∞ )=))!∞
df+;fxf/
!= df;' )=%∞ )=%∞
@= df5f )=%∞ )=%∞
#= 5fnf #∞ @∞
155
cg";rL – ^
-lgod !! sf] pk–lgod -@_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
!= bzdnj ckjTo{ / pk;u{ PsfO{sf] cg'?k dfg ;+If]k gfd

lsnf] -Kilo_ !))) ls= k.
x]S6f] -Hecto_ !)) x]= h.
8]s -Deca_ !) 8]= da.
8]l; -Deci_ )=!-!)_–! 8]= d.
;]lG6 -Centi_ )=)!-!)_–@ ;]=c.

ldln -Milli_ )=))!-!)_–# ld= m.
dfOqmf] - Micro_ )=)))))!-!)_–^ Do"= m.
@= ;1fM– dfg ;+If]kdfg

tf}n -Weights_
d]l6«s 6g -M.Ton_ !))) lsu|f 6 t.
lSjG6n -Quintal_ !)) lsu|f SjL q.
lsnf] u|fd -kilogram_ ! u|f lsu|f kg.
x]S6f]u|fd -Hectogram_ !)) u|f x]u|f hg.
8]sfu|fd -Decagram_ !) u|f 8]sfu|fd dag.
u|fd -Gram_ ! u|f u|f g.
8]l;u|fd -Decigram_ !)) ldu|f 8]u|f dg.
;]lG6u|fd -Centigram_ !) ldu|f ;]u|f cg.
ldlnu|fd -Milligram_ ! ldu|f ldu|f mg.
156
Sof/]6 -Caret_ @)) ldu|f Sof c.
#= u|flxtf -Capacity_
lsnf]ln6/ -Kilolitre_ !))) ln6/ ls=ln kl.
x]S6f]ln6/ -Hectolitre_ !)) ln x]= ln= hl.
8]sfln6/ -Decalitre_ !) ln 8]s= ln=dl.

ln6/ -Litre_ ! ln ln= l.
8]l;ln6/ -Decilitre_ !)) ldln 8] =ln= dl.
;+1f M–
$= cfotg
So"ljs dL6/ -Cubic metre_ dL3 jf So"=dL m3
So"ljs 8]l;dL6/ -Cubic decimeter_ !)–3 dL jf !)) ;]dL3 So" 8]dL dm3
So"ljs ldlndL6/ -Cubic milimetre_ ld=dL=3 So"lddL mm3
%= nDjfOM–
lsnf]dL6/ -Kilometre_ !))) dL lsdL km.
x]S6f]dL6/ -Hectometre_ !)) dL x]=dL hm.
8]sfdL6/ -Decametre_ !) dL 8]sf=dL dam.
dL6/ -Metre_ ! dL dL= m.
8]l;dL6/ -Decimetre_ !) = ;] =dL 8] =dL dm.
157
ldlndL6/ -Millimetre_ ! ld=dL= ld =dL mm.
;]lG6dL6/ -Centimetre_ ! ;] =dL ;]dL cm.
dfOqmf]g -Micron_ !)–3 ld dL jf Do" m.
!M!)))
^= If]qkmnM–
:Sjfo/ lsnf]dL6/ -Sq. kilometer_ !,))),))) dL2 lsdL km.2
:Sjfo/ dL6/ -Sq. Metre_ dL2 dL2 m.2
:Sjfo/ ;]lG6dL6/ -Sq. Centimetre_ ;] dL2 ;]=dL2 cm.2
:Sjfo/ ldlndL6/ -Sq. Millimetre_ ld=dL=2 ld=dL2 mm.2
&= e"ld gfkx?M–

cf/ -Are_ !)) dL2 cf a.
x]S6f/ -Hectare_ !)) cf x]= ha.
;]lG6cf/ -Centiare_ dL2 ;]=cf ca.
158
cg';"rL–&
-lgod !@ sf] pk–lgod -#_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
gfk tf}n / gfKg] tf}Ng] oGqx?df nufpg] 6f“rfx?M–

g]kfnsf] lg;fgf 5fk @ OG:k]S6/ g+=
@& ;fn
 kf“rf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
159

cg';"rL–*
-lgod !@ sf] pklgod -%_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
kmf/fd g+= M–
g]kfn ;/sf/
pBf]u dGqfno
=================================g]kfn
hf“r u/]sf] k|df0f
lg/LIfssf] gfd M–
6f“rf g+= M–
>L =========================c~rn ========================lhNnf =====================gu/÷ufp“
cg'dlt g+= =============== sf clwsf/sf lgDglnlvt gfktf}n tyf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq
;DalGwt P]g tyf lgod adf]lhd hf“r u/L 6f“rf nufOPsf] k|dfl0ft ub{5' .
kl/df0f ;+1f tf}ng] oGqx? gfKg] hf“r
gfkx? z'Ns
tf}nx? gfkx? Ifdtf >]0fL lgdf{tfsf] gfd k|sf/ g+= ?= k}=
160
of] k|df0fkq k|d'v :yfgdf 6f“u]/ /fVg'xf];\ . hf“r gu/]sf] gfktf}n tyf gfKg] tf}ng]
oGqx? sbflk k|of]u gug'{ xf]nf .
hDdf ?= a's g+= /l;b ldlt M–
cfufdL hf“r ldlt M– ======================= leq u/fpg' kg]{5 .

================
kfpg]sf] x:tfIf/ lg/LIfs
161

cg';"rL–(
-lgod !$ sf] pk–lgod -!_ / -@_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
hf“r tyf 6f“rf z'Ns
;+1f b/ k|lt yfg .
?= k}=
tf}nx? a'lnog ! ldlnu|fd b]lv %) u|fd;Dd @ ))
!)) u|fd b]lv %)) u|fd;Dd % ))
! lsnf] b]lv % lsnf];Dd * ))
!) lsnf] b]lv –@) lsnf];Dd !^ ))
Sof/]6 ) =% b]lv @ Sof/]6;Dd $ ))
% Sof/]6b]lv %)) Sof/]6;Dd ^ ))
Tff}nx? Jofkfl/s ! ldlnu|fd b]lv %) u|fd;Dd @ ))
!)) u|fd b]lv %)) u|fd;Dd # ))
! lsnf] b]lv @ lsnf];Dd $ ))
% lsnf] ^ ))
!) lsnf] b]lv @) lsnf];Dd !) ))
%) lsnf] @) ))
gfkx? u|lxtf !) ldlnln6/b]lv @)) ldlnln6/;Dd @ ))
%)) ldlnln6/b]lv @ ln6/;Dd $ ))
% ln6/b]lv !) ln6/;Dd !% ))
162
@) ln6/b]lv %) ln6/;Dd @% ))
!)) ln6/b]lv %)) ln6/;Dd !)) ))
!))) ln6/b]lv %))) ln6/;Dd !))) ))
%))) ln6/b]lv dflynfO{ !%)) ))
Gffkx? nDafO )=% b]lv @ dL6/;Dd !% ))
)=% b]lv !) ld6/;Ddsf] 6]k ld6/ # ))
!) ld6/eGbf dflysf] 6]k ld6/ % ))
tf}ng] oGq >]0fL æuÆ %)) u|fd;Dd % ))

/ æ3Æ %)) u|fdeGbf dfly % lsnf];Dd !) ))
% lsnf]eGbf dfly @) lsnf];Dd !% ))
@) lsnf]eGbf dfly %) lsnf];Dd @% ))
%) lsnf]eGbf dfly !)) lsnf];Dd #% ))
!)) lsnf]eGbf dfly @%) lsnf];Dd %) ))
@%) lsnf]eGbf dfly !))) lsnf];Dd &% ))
!))) lsnf]eGbf dflynfO{ !%) ))
tf}ng] oGq >]0fL @)) u|fd;Dd !) ))
æuÆ/æ3Æ %)) u|fdsf] !% ))
afx]s c? %)) u|fdeGbf dfly % lsnf];Dd @) ))
% lsnf]eGbf dfly @) lsnf];Dd @% ))
@) lsnf]eGbf dfly @%) lsnf];Dd %) ))
@%) lsnf]eGbf dfly !))) lsnf];Dd !)) ))
163
!))) lsnf]eGbf dfly %))) lsnf];Dd @)) ))

%))) lsnf]eGbf dfly !)))) lsnf];Dd #%) ))
!)))) lsnf]eGbf dfly @%))) lsnf];Dd ^)) ))
@%))) lsnf]eGbf dflynfO{ !))) ))
gfKg] cfotg k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ljt/0f kDk #)) ))
nDafO / jNs ld6/ %) ))
;do gfKg] 6\ofS;L !)) ))
ld6/ c6f]l/S;f %) ))
164

cg';"rL–!)
-lgod !& sf] pklgod -@_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
cg'dltkq
cg'dltkq g+============================= ldltM–=========================
g]kfn ;/sf/
pBf]u dGqfno
u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
==============g]kfn
P]gsf] bkmf @% adf]lhd Jofkf/L jf Joj;foL >L ========================= nfO{
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] gfktf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq k|of]u ug{ of] cg'dltkq lbOPsf] 5 .
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-ª_
======================
lg/LIfs
 rf]yf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

165
cg';"rL–!! -s_
-lgod !* -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
>L g]kfn ;/sf/

pBf]u dGqfno
u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
=================
-:6f088{_ gfk tf}n P]g,@)@% sf] bkmf ===== cGtu{t gfk tf}n tyf gfKg] tf}ng]
oGq lgdf{0f ug{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ eg'{ kg]{ s'/fx?_
b|i6JoM– cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf lgdf{tfx?n] lgdf{0f ul/Psf j:t'x? Ohfhtkq k|fKt
u/]sf] laqmL stf{x?nfO{ dfq a]Rg tyf 8]lne/L ug{ kfpg]5g\ . v'b|f laqmL ug{
lgdf{tfx?n] 5'§} Pp6f laqmLstf{sf] Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug'{k5{ .
lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldlt====================

lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] ldlt=========================
lgj]bgstf{n] lg/LIf0f ug]{

eg'{ kg]{ clws[tsf] s}lkmot
!= Ohfhtkq dfu ug]{ gfk tf}n
 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .
166
sf/vfgfsf] gfdM–
@= k"/f 7]ufgfM–
-s_ sf/vfgfsf]
-v_ sfof{nosf]
#= sf/vfgf :yflkt ePsf]
ldltM–
$= k|f]kfP6/ . lx:;]bf/ jf
;Lldt ;+Vof ePdf ;+rfnsx?
lgb]{zsx?sf] gfdM–

%= =========================
^= k|f]k|fP6/ -x?_ . lx:;]bf/ -x?_
;+rfns lgb]{zs -x?_ sf] :yfoL
7]ufgfM–
&= xfn eO/x]sf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lsl;dM–
*= s:tf] vfnsf j:t'x?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{
k|:tfljt ul/Psf] xf] ;f] n]Vg] .
b]xfosf j:t'x?M–
-s_ 9sx?
-v_ gfkx?
-u_ tf}ng] oGqx? tyf
 kf“rf}+ ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] .

167
-3_ gfKg] oGqx? lj:t[t

ljj/0f;fy lbg]M–
(= cfk"mn] lgdf{0f ug]{ j:t'x?df
k|of]u ul/g] lgdf{0fstf{sf] gfd
jf 6]«8 dfs{M–
!)= k|:tfljt j:t'x? lgdf{0f ug{ pko'Qm
/ cfjZos js{zksf] tyf lgk'0f
sflnu9x?sf] aGbf]j:t eP gePsf] .
olb eP lj:t[t ljj/0f lbg] M–

lgdf{0f ug]{ Ohfhtkq dfluPsf] j:t'x?sf] gd"gfsf] ;]6 lg/LIf0f tyf cg'df]bgsf]
lgldQ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
d}n] :6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g,@)@% tyf To; cGtu{tsf lgodx? k9]sf] 5' / ;f]
P]g tyf lgodx?sf] kfng ug]{5' .
dfly n]lvPsf] ljj/0f 7Ls 5 em'6\7f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'“nf a'emfp“nf .
lgj]bssf] ;xL=================
ldlt==========
7]ufgf==================
168
sfof{non] dfq eg]{M–

Ohfhtkq lbOPsf] . c:jLs[t ul/Psf]
Ohfhtkq g+============= =======================
ldlt========================= lg/LIf0f ug]{ clws[tsf] ;xL
b:tvt ======================
lg/LIfs
169
cg';"rL – !! -v_
g]kfn ;/sf/

pBf]u dGqfno
u''0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
u''0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n sfof{no
=================, g]kfn
-:6f088{ gfk tf}n P]g,@)@% sf] bkmf ====== cGtu{t gfk tf}n tyf gfKg] tf}ng]
oGq dd{t ug]{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ eg'{ kg]{ s'/fx?_
lgj]bgstf{n] lg/LIf0f ug]{
eg'{ kg]{ clws[tsf] s}lkmot
!= Ohfhtkq dfluPsf] gfk tf}n dd{t ug]{ js{zksf] gfd -sf/vfgf_
@= k|f]kfP6/ jf kf6{g/ jf -dflns_ -;xof]uL_ ;Lldt ;+Vof ePdf

;~rfng lgb]{zsx?sf] gfd
#= js{zksf] k"/f 7]ufgf
$= js{zkdf xfn eO/x]sf] sfdsf] lsl;d
%= js{zk :yfkgf ePsf] ldlt
170
^= dfly -@_ df plNnlvt k|f]k|fP6/ - x?_ cflbsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf
&= 9s, t/fh' / c? gfk tf}n gfKg] jf tf}ng] oGq dd{t ug{ pkof]u
ul/g] cfk"m;“u ePsf Hofjn, oGq / c? cf}hf/sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f
*= ;fk6L lbg] j:t' -h:tf] 9s, gfk, t/fh' cflb_ sf] cfjZos df}Hbft
eP gePsf] . s] slt df}Hbft cfk"m;“u ePsf] v'nfO{ k"0f{ ljj/0f
lbg]
(= gfk tf}n cflbsf] dd{tdf cfkm\gf] ePsf] cg'ej
!)= cfjZos sflnu9L sfdsf] Joj:yf eP gePsf] . olb ePdf,

cfkm\gf] js{zkdf o:tf slt sfdbf/x? nufOPsf 5g\ jf nufpg]
k|:tfj 5 .

!!= cfk"mn] dd{tstf{ eO{ sfd ug{ rfx]sf] If]q ljj/0fM
-s_ c~rn M–
-v_ lhNnf M–
-u_ gu/÷ufp“ M–
d}n] :6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g, @)@% tyf o; cGtu{tsf lgodx? k9]sf] 5' / ;f]
dfly n]lvPsf] ljj/0f 7Ls 5 em'6\7f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'“nf a'emfp“nf .
171
lgj]bssf] ;xL =============

ldlt ===============
gfd =================
7]ufgf ===============

Ohfhtkq lbOPsf] . c:jLs[t ul/Psf] =============================
Ohfhtkq g+====================== lg/LIf0f ug]{ clws[tsf] ;xL M–
ldltM============================= b:tvt===========================
lg/LIfs
172
cg';"rL – !! -u_
g]kfn ;/sf/

pBf]u dGqfno
u''0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
u''0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n sfof{nfo
==============, g]kfn
-:6f088{ gfk tf}n P]g,@)@% sf] bkmf ================== cGtu{t gfk tf}n tyf
gfKg] tf}ng] oGq laqmL ug{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ eg'{ kg]{ s'/fx? _
lgj]bgkq k|fKt ePsf] ldlt============ lg/lIf0f ul/Psf] ldlt ==============
lgj]bsn] eg'{kg]{ lg/LIf0f ug]{

clws[tsf] s}lkmot
!= Ohfhtkq dfu ug]{ ;+:yfsf] gfd

@= ;+:yfsf] / ePdf zfvfx?sf] ;d]t k"/f 7]ufgf
#= k|f]k|fP6/ jf lx:;]bf/ / ;Lldt ;+Vof ePdf ;~rfns
lgb]{zsx?sf] gfd
173
$= sf/f]af/sf] xfnsf] gfd / ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] ldlt

%= xfn rfn" ul/Psf] sf/f]af/sf] lsl;d
^= dfly g+= # df plNnlvt k|f]k|fP6/ cflbsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf
&= cfk"mn] s'g s'g j:t'x? laqmL ug{ rfx]sf] xf], n]Vg] b]xfosf
j:t'x?
-s_ 9sx?
-v_ gfkx?
-u_ tf}ng] oGqx?
-3_ gfKg] oGqx?
*=g]kfn ======== aflx/af6 gfk tf}n cflb k}7f/L ug]{ u/]sf]
eP o:tf] ;KnfO{ ug]{ ;+:yf j:t'x?df lgdf{tfn] k|of]u ug]{
lrGx 6]«8dfs{ s] s] x'g lbg] . ;fy} cfk"mn] lgdf{tf;“u x'g]
;Demf}tf jf s/f/kq u/]sf] eP pNn]v ug]{ / pSt lgdf{tf
Ohfhtkq k|fKt eP gePsf] ;d]t pNn]v ug]{ .
-s/f/kqsf] k|dfl0ft gSsn lgj]bg;fy /xg'k5{ ._
(= g]kfn ========= leq jf gfk tf}n P]g nfu" ePsf] c? s'g}
d'n'sdf laqm]tfsf] ?kdf btf{ x'g olb slxNo} lgj]bg u/]sf]
eP, o:tf] slxn] u/sf] / lgj]bgsf] glthf s] ePsf] lyof],
n]Vg] .

d}n] :6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g,@)@% tyf To; cGtu{tsf lgodx? k9]sf] 5' / ;f]
 kf“rf}+ ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] .

174
dfly n]lvPsf] ljj/0f 7Ls 5, em'¶f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'“nf a'emfp“nf .
lgj]bssf] ;xL ====================
ldlt ====================
gfd =====================
7]ufgf ===================

Ohfhtkq lbOPsf] . c:jLs[t ul/Psf] =============================
Ohfhtkq g+====================== lg/LIf0f ug]{ clws[tsf] ;xL M–
ldltM============================= b:tvt===========================
lg/LIfs
175

cg';'rL – !!-3_
-lgod !*-!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
g]kfn ;/sf/
pBf]u dGqfno
g]kfn u''0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
u''0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n sfof{no
===============, g]kfn
-:6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g, @)@% sf] bkmf ======================cGtu{t gfktf}n tyf
gfKg] tf}ng] oGqåf/f k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf nflu Ohfhtkq k|Kt ug{sf] lgldQ ug'{ kg]{
s'/fx?_
lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldlt ==============
lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] ldlt ================
lgj]bsn] eg'{ kg]{
lg/LIf0f ug]{
clws[tsf] s}lkmot
!= Ohfhtkq dfu ug]{ ;+:yfsf] gfd
@= ;+:yfsf] / ePdf zfvfx?sf] ;d]t k"/f 7]ufgf
#= k|f]k|fO6/ jf ;~rfns
lgb]{zsx?sf] gfd ========================
176
7]ufgf ============================================
$= xfn k|bfg ug{ nfluPsf] ;]jfsf] lsl;d
%= cfk"mn] s'g / slt;Dd Ifdtf ePsf] gfktf}n
jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGqåf/f ;]jf k|bfg ug{ vf]h]sf]
-s_ tf}ng] sf“6fx?
-v_ tf}ng] 9sx?
-u_ tf}ng] oGqx?
-3_ gfKg] oGqx?
^= cfkm"n] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ k|of]u u/]sf] gfk tf}n jf gfKg]
tf}ng] oGqx?sf] dd{t ;Def/ af/] ul/Psf] Joj:yf
&= cfkm"n] ;]jf k|bfgstf{ eO{ sfd ug{ rfx]sf]
If]q
c~rn
lhNnf
gu/÷ufp“
d}n] :6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g,@)@% tyf To; cGtu{tsf lgodx? k9]sf] 5' . /
;f] P]g tyf lgodx?sf] kfng ug]{5' .
dfly n]lvPsf] ljj/0f 7Ls 5 . em'¶f 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'“nf a'emfp“nf .
=====================
lgj]bssf] ;xL
177
===================================
lg/LIf0f ug]{ clws[tsf] ;xL
Ohfhtkq lbOPsf]÷c:jLs[t ul/Psf]

Ohfhtkq g++ ==================================
ldlt ===================================== b:tvt ==================================
lg/LIfs
178

cg';"rL–!!-ª_
-lgod !* sf] pklgod -@_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
Ohfhtkqsf] nflu nfUg] w/f}6L /sd / b:t'/
w/f}6L /sd b:t'/
-s_ gfktf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq agfpg Psxhf/ ?k}of“ b'O{;o ?k}of“
-v_ gfktf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq dd{t ug{ b'O{;o ?k}of“ Ps;o ?k}of“
-u_ gfktf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq laqmL ug{ b'O{;o ?k}of“ krxQ/ ?k}of“
-3_ gfktf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] ;DaGwL ;]jf

k|bfg ug{
-!_ Ps 6g;Dd Ifdtf ePsf]nfO{ Ps;o krf; krxQ/ ?k}of“

?k}of“
-@_ bz 6g;Dd Ifdtf ePsf]nfO{ Psxhf/ ?k}of“ kf“r;o ?k}of“
-#_ bz 6geGbf dfly hlt;'s} Ifdtf b'O{xhf/ ?k}of“ Psxhf/ ?k}of“

ePsf]nfO{
179

cg';"rL !@
-lgod !*-@_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
g]kfn ;/sf/
pBf]u dGqfno
============, g]kfn
Ohfhtkq
:6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g, @)@% cGtu{t gfktf}n jf gfKg] tf}ng] oGq agfpg] .
dd{t ug]{ . laqmL ug]{ . ;]jf k|bfg ug]{nfO{ lbOg] Ohfhtkq .
!= >L ============================================ nfO{ lgDglnlvt lsl;dsf gfktf}n jf
gfKg] tf}ng] oGq agfpg . dd{t ug{ . laqmL ug{ . ;]jf k|bfg ug{ of] Ohfhtkq
lbOPsf] 5 .
@= agfpg . dd{t ug{ . laqmL ug{ . ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht lbOPsf] gfktf}n jf gfKg]
tf}ng] oGqsf] ljj/0f
-s_ ================================
-v_ ===================================
-u_ =========================================
-3_ ========================================
#= dfly n]lvPsf >L ==================================== nfO{ lbOPsf] of] Ohfhtkq
lghsf] lgdf{0f . dd{t . laqmL k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] :yfgsf] lgldQ dfq dfGo
x'g]5 .
180
$= of] Ohfhtkq ldlt =============================== b]lv ldlt =========================

;Dd jxfn /xg]5 .
%= of] Ohfhtkq lgodfg';f/ gjLs/0f u/]df gjLs/0f ljj/0fdf pNn]v ePsf]
cjlw;Dd jxfn /xg]5 .
^= gfktf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGq agfpg] 6«]8dfs{ . df]gf]u|fd o; k|sf/ x'g]5 .
======================================
====================================== ================================
ldlt M– lg/LIfs
b|i6Jo M– -of] Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] o;sf] k5fl8 n]lvPsf zt{x? kfngf ug'{k5{ ._
Ohfhtkqsf] k5fl8 /flvg]

Ohfhtkq ;DaGwL zt{x?
-!_ of] Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] P]g / P]g cGtu{tsf lgodx? tyf cfb]zsf]
kfngf ug'{k5{ .
-@_ P]g / ;f] P]g cGtu{tsf lgod tyf cfb]zx? pNn+3g ug{ s;}nfO{ b'?T;flxt ug{
x'“b}g / s;}n] P]g / P]g cGtu{tsf lgodx? tyf cfb]zsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] yfxf
kfPdf cljnDa lg/LIfsnfO{ ;"Rfgf lbg'k5{ .
-#_ of] Ohfhtkq ;a}n] b]lvg] u/L ;DalGwt :yfgdf /fVg'k5{ .
-$_ lg/LIfsåf/f lbOPsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug'{k5{ .
-%_ js{zknfO{ rflxg] ;'ljwf jf bIf sd{rf/Lsf] cefj b]lvPdf OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{
;"Rfgf lbO{ ;f] Ohfhtkq :ylut jf ab/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-^_ lg/LIfsn] of] Ohfhtkq k]z ug'{ eg]df lgh ;dIf k]z ug'{k5{ .
181
Ohfhtkq k5fl8sf] kfgf

g]kfn ;/sf/
pBf]u dGqfno
=========================== g]kfn
gjLs/0f ljj/0f
Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f ldlt jxfn ldlt gjLs/0f ug]{ lg/LIfssf]

;+Vof ldlt b]lv ldlt ;Dd b:tvt . ldlt
182

cg';"rL– !#
-lgod !* -#_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f ug{ lbOg] lgj]bgsf] 9f“rf
g]kfn ;/sf/

pBf]u dGqfno
=================== g]kfn
!= cg'dltkq kfpg]sf] gfd M– ==============================
@= 7]ufgf M– ====================================
c~rn M– ==================================
lhNnf M– ================================
gu/ . ufp“ M– ================================
#= Ohfhtkq g+= M– =============================
$= Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/]sf] ldlt M– ==============================
%= Ohfhtkqsf] Dofb l;l4g] ldlt M– ===========================
===========================
lgj]bssf] ;xL
ldlt M–
b|i6Jo M– Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f u/fpgsf] lgldQ n]lvPsf] lgj]bg lg/LIfsnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L k'/fgf] Ohfhtkqsf] Dofb ;lsg' eGbf #% lbg cufj} lg/LIfs ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
183

cg';"rL–!$
-lgod !* sf] pklgod -^_ ;“u ;DalGwt_
Ohfhtkq k|fKt gfktf}n / gfKg] tf}ng] oGqx?sf] lgdf{tf . dd{tstf{ .
laq]mtf . ;]jf k|bfgstf{sf] /lhi6/
nfO;] lgdf{tf, js{zk k|of]u ug]{ k'/fg/fj]
lgdf{0f cg'dltkq
G; dd{t stf{, sf] 6«]8 dfs{ bgsf]
ug]{, dd{t ab/ ePsf]
g+= laq]mtf, 7]ufgf df]gf]u|fd kl/0ffd
ug]{, laqmL cfb]z
s}lkmot
ldlt ;]jf
ug]{, ;]jf cg'zf;gsf]
k|bfgstf{
k|bfg ug]{ sf/jfO{ olb
sf] gfd,
rLhx? s'g} eP
7]ufgf
b|i6Jo M– -!_ olb s'g} kmd{ eP o;sf] gfdsf] ;fy} ;a} lx:;]bf/x?sf] gfd ;d]t dxn #
df b]vfpg' k5{ .
-@_ dd{tstf{, laq]mtf / ;]jf k|bfgstf{sf] lgldQ dxn ^ nfu" x'g] 5}g .
184

स्टाण्डर्ड नाप र ताैल निय

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:6f088{ gfk / tf}n lgodx?, @)@&

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

%= dfWolds :6f088{sf] j:t' l8hfOg / ljj/0fM -!_ dfWolds :6f088{ j:t',

^= sfo{sf/L :6f088{sf] j:t' l8hfOg / ljj/0f M -!_ sfo{sf/L :6f088{sf] j:t',

 rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] .

-@_ pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhd lg/LIfssf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] sfo{sf/L

 rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] .

 bf];|f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

-$_ pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] Ohfhtkq Jofkf/L tyf Joj;foLn]

-^_ lg/LIfsn] pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhd Ohfhtkq k|fKt Jofkf/L tyf

-&_ lg/LIfsn] pk–lgod -@_ adf]lhd Ohfhtkq k|fKt Jofkf/L tyf

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

-!_ lsnf]u|fd >]0fL u|fd >]0fL ldlnu|fd >]0fL

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

-@_ kbfy{M @) lsnf]b]lv !) ldlnu|fd ;Ddsf] tf}nx? :6]gn]; :6Lnsf] x'g]5g\ / %

-lgod % sf] pklgod -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

-@_ kbfy{M– -c_ !) lsnf]b]lv ! lsnf];Ddsf tf}nx? lgDg adf]lhdsf] lg:t's

-$_ dfGotf lbOPsf] xbM–

dfWolds :6f08{8{ cfotg gfkx?M–

;+1f dfGotf lbPsf] 36La9Lsf] xb

!= kbfy{M– %* k|ltzt lgSs]n :6Ln .

@= v08 -;]Szg_M– #) ld=ld=×  !% ld=ld= sf] ;dsf]0f rt'e'{h cfsf/sf]

-lgod ^ sf] pklgod -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_

lsnf]u|fd >]0fL -lsnf] u|fd >]0fL -u|fd_ ldlnu|fd >]0fL -

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

-@_ kbfy{M– -s_ @) lsnf]b]lv ! u|fd;Ddsf] tf}nx? tn n]lvPadf]lhd wft'x?sf]

;+1f 36La9Ldf -ldu|f_

$= dfGotf lbOg] q'l6x?M–

Ifdtf ;]G;L6LeL6L Go"gtd ;]G;L6LeL6Lsf] gfksf] Go"gtd oyfy{tf

@= k|To]s dfWolds t/fh'sf] !) qmlds lj>fd laGb'x?sf] :6f088{ 8]lePzg !

#= ;dfg afx' ePsf dfWolds t/fh'x?sf] afx' ;dfg jf a/fa/ gePdf

Ifdtf ;]G;L6LeL6L ;]G;L6LeL6Lsf] gfksf] Go"gtd oyfy{tf

Ifdtf ;]G;L6LeL6L ;]G;L6LeL6Lsf] gfksf] Go"gtd oyfy{tf

%) lsnf] %) ld=u|f= @) k|ltzt %) ld=u|f= !) lsnf]df

@)) u|fd ^ ld=u|f= ,, % ld=u|f= % u|fddf

@= k|To]s sfo{sf/L t/fh'sf] !) qmlds lj>fd ljGb'x?sf] :6f088{ 8]lePzg !

-v_ wft' kftfsf tf}nx?

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

! lsnf] $# !&=% !^ !% !) @& $* ! @=% % ^% $ & !$=% !=% @=% @ % @

@ ,, %$ @^ @$ @@ !$ #^ ^) !=% $ ( *) % ( @!=% !=% % # % @

$ ,, &@ @^ @$ @@ !^ $^ *) !=% $ ( !@) ^=% !@ @!=% !=% % # !) @

;a} cfofd ldlnld6/df cfofdsf] 36La9L xb % k|ltzt .

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

;a} cfod ldlnln6/df cfofdsf] 36La9L xb % k|ltzt .

 rf}+yf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt .

-ª_ kmnfd / :6Lnsf 9sx?

;+1f hf“rsf] 36La9Lsf] xb

@) lsnf] !## !%& &! !)^ $! !^ %% ^! @% @^ !$ @%

!) lsnf] !)^ !#) ^$ *% ## !$ %) $( @% @^ !# @%

;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdsf] 36La9Lx? % k|ltzt .

;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdsf] 36La9Lsf] xb –

;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdx?sf] xb ± !) k|ltzt

;a} cfofdx? ldlnld6/df cfofdx?sf] ± !) k|ltzt

lrq g+= &

tflnsf g+= &

-ª_ Ohfht lbOPsf 36La9Lsf xbx? M

 kf“rf} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt .