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Design and Implementation of Digital Speedometer: A Project Report On
Design and Implementation of Digital Speedometer: A Project Report On
IN
Submitted By :
AMIT THAPA
SG - 190479
This is certified that AMIT THAPA has carried out project work
presented in this thesis entitled “Design And Implementation Of
Digital Speedometer” for the award of IETE, under my
supervision. The report embodies result of original work and
studies carried out by students himself and the contents of the
thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other degree or
diploma to the candidate or to anybody else.
Place:-
Date :-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very much thankful from the core of my heart for the precious
contribution of my guide who provided his possible help the
successful completion of this project has been possible due to
sincere co operation guidance, inspiration moral support and
timely advice of my guide who devoted his utmost co-operation in
this project work. I also give special thanks to my colleagues for
that endless flow of ideas and all those who helped in this project
in some way or the other.
AMIT THAPA
SG - 190479
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I have not submitted the matter embodied in this project for the award of any
other degree or diploma. and all the content given in this project and can be
believed.
AMIT THAPA
SG - 190479
CONTENTS
Introduction
Aim
Area of Project
Motivation
Detailed Discussion
Block Diagram
Input Section
Timer Section
Output Section
Component Details
Principle and Working
Design and Implementation
Design
Implementation
Main Circuitry
Input Section
Mechanical Section
PCB Layout
Cost of Production
Hurdles Faced
Application
Conclusion
Bibliography
ABSTRACT
It.s dealing with Digital Electronics Circuits and Instrumentation. The main
sections of the circuitry are IR section, Comparator, Timer, Counter,
Latching section and LED display.
MOTIVATION
The aim of our experiment is to create an efficient low cost Digital
Speedometer. It was inspired by the fact that most of the modern-day
vehicles use analog speedometers which have resolution of about 5kmph
and the range is also limited.
TIMER SECTION
Timer section consists of astable and monostable multivibrator circuits. So
we use IC 556 for his purpose. Astable section is used to trigger the
monostable multivibrator. IC 7400(AND gate) is used to set the gating
period.
OUTPUT SECTION
Output section consists of counter and latching sections along with LED
display. IC 7490 is used to implement the counter section. The number of
pulses counted during the gating period is he
speed N in kmph. IC 74175(Quad D flip-flop) is used as the latching circuit.
It helps in keeping the LED display constant for a particular period of time
so that displayed value could be read. IC 7447 is used as BCD to seven
segment decoder. Common anode LEDs are used in the output section to
view the speed measured.
COMPONENT DETAILS
IC 74175
IC 74175 is a quad, edge-triggered D-type flip-flop with individual D inputs
and both Q and Q out puts. The common buffered clock (CP) and Master
Reset (MR) inputs load and reset (clear) all flip flops simultaneously.
IC 7490
IC 7490 is a monolithic counter contain four maser-slave flip flops and
additional gating to provide a divide by two counter and a three stage
binary counter for which the count cycle length is divided byfive. It has
gated zero reset.
IC 7447
It.s a decoder driver IC used to drive a seven segment indicator. There are
two types of decoder
drivers suitable to two types of seven segmented displays. Logic circuit
inside the 7447 convert
the 4 bit BCD input to seven bit output which are active low.
IC 7400
It.s output will be „low. if all the inputs are in „high. state. IC 7400 is a Quad
2 input NAND gate.
It.s logic diagram and functional table are shown below.
IC 556
This device provide two independent timing circuits of the NA555, NE555,
SA555 or SE555
type each package. These circuits can be operated in the astable or
monostable mode with the
external resistor capacitor timing control .
IC LM 324
IR LED
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
RESISTORS: -
A Resistor is a heat-dissipating element and in the electronic circuits
it is mostly used for either controlling the current in the circuit or developing
a voltage drop across it, which could be utilized for many applications.
There are various types of resistors, which can be classified according to a
number of factors depending upon:
(I) Material used for fabrication
(II)Wattage and physical size
(III) Intended application
(IV) Ambient temperature rating
(V) Cost
Basically the resistor can be split in to the following four parts from
the construction viewpoint.
(1) Base
(2) Resistance element
(3) Terminals
(4) Protective means.
The following characteristics are inherent in all resistors and may be
controlled by design considerations and choice of material i.e. Temperature
co–efficient of resistance, Voltage co–efficient of resistance, high frequency
characteristics, power rating, tolerance & voltage rating of resistors.
Resistors may be classified as
(1)Fixed
(2)Semi variable
(3)Variable resistor.
In our project carbon resistors are being used.
CAPACITORS
The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates
separated by a dielectric material is given by:-
C=0.08854KA/D
Where: -
C= capacitance in pf.
K= dielectric constant
As its name implies it is a diode, which emits light when forward biased.
Charge carrier recombination takes place when electrons from the N-side
cross the junction and recombine with the holes on the P side. Electrons
are in the higher conduction band on the N side whereas holes are in the
lower valence band on the P side. During recombination, some of the
energy is given up in the form of heat and light. In the case of
semiconductor materials like Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Gallium phoshide
(Gap) and Gallium arsenide phoshide (GaAsP) a greater percentage of
energy is released during recombination and is given out in the form of
light. LED emits no light when junction is reverse biased.
TRANSISTOR: -
A transistor consists of two junctions formed by sandwiching either p-
type or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types.
Accordingly, there are two types of transistors namely: -
(NPN) (PNP)
TRANSFORMER
Definition: -
The transformer is a static electro-magnetic device that transforms
one alternating voltage (current) into another voltage (current). However,
power remains the some during the transformation. Transformers play a
major role in the transmission and distribution of ac power.
Principle: -
DIODES
- +
RELAY
In this circuit a 12V magnetic relay is used. In magnetic relay,
insulated copper wire coil is used to magnetize and attract the plunger .The
plunger is normally connected to N/C terminal. A spring is connected to
attract the plunger upper side. When output is received by relay, the
plunger is attracted and the bulb glows.
P.C.B. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
It is an important process in the fabrication of electronic
equipment. The design of PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) depends on circuit
requirements like noise immunity, working frequency and voltage levels etc.
High power PCBs require a special design strategy.
The layout of a PCB has to incorporate all the information of the board
before one can go on the artwork preparation. This means that a concept
which clearly defines all the details of the circuit and partly defines the final
equipment, is prerequisite before the actual lay out can start. The detailed
circuit diagram is very important for the layout designer but he must also be
familiar with the design concept and with the philosophy behind the
equipment.
BOARD TYPES:
The following steps have been followed in carrying out the project.
From the constructor’s point of view, the main attraction of using PCB
is its role as the mechanical support for small components. There is less
need for complicated and time consuming metal work of chassis
contraception except perhaps in providing the final enclosure. Most straight
forward circuit designs can be easily converted in to printed wiring layer the
thought required to carry out the inversion cab footed high light an possible
error that would otherwise be missed in conventional point to point wiring
.The finished project is usually neater and truly a work of art.
Actual size PCB layout for the circuit shown is drawn on the copper
board. The board is then immersed in FeCl3 solution for 12 hours. In this
process only the exposed copper portion is etched out by the solution.
Now the petrol washes out the paint and the copper layout on PCB is
rubbed with a smooth sand paper slowly and lightly such that only the oxide
layers over the Cu are removed. Now the holes are drilled at the respective
places according to component layout as shown in figure.
Plan the layout looking at the topside to this board. First this should
be translated inversely, later for the etching pattern large areas are
recommended to maintain good copper adhesion. It is important to bear in
mind always that copper track width must be according to the
recommended minimum dimensions and allowance must be made for
increased width where termination holes are needed. From this aspect, it
can become little tricky to negotiate the route to connect small transistors.
Before going to next stage, check the whole pattern and cross
check
with the circuit diagram. Check for any free metal on the copper. The
etching bath should be in a glass or enamel disc. If using crystal of ferric-
chloride these should be thoroughly dissolved in water to the proportion
suggested. There should be 0.5 lt. of water for 125 gm of crystal.
The board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than is
needed to remove just the right amount of copper. Inspite of there being a
resistive coating there is no protection against etching away through
exposed copper edges. This leads to over etching. Have running water
ready so that etched board can be removed properly and rinsed. This will
halt etching immediately.
Drilling is one of those operations that calls for great care. For most
purposes a 0.5mm drill is used. Drill all holes with this size first those that
need to be larger can be easily drilled again with the appropriate larger
size.
The most popular method of holding all the items is to bring the wires
far apart after they have been inserted in the appropriate holes. This will
hold the component in position ready for soldering.
Although transistors and integrated circuits are small items there are
good reasons for leaving the soldering of these until the last step. The main
point is that these components are very sensitive to heat and if subjected to
prolonged application of the soldering iron, they could be internally
damaged.
All the components before mounting are rubbed with sand paper so
that oxide layer is removed from the tips. Now they are mounted according
to the component layout.
(E) SOLDERING: -
This is the operation of joining the components with PCB after this
operation the circuit will be ready to use to avoid any damage or fault
during this operation following care must be taken.
1.A longer duration contact between soldering iron bit & components lead
can exceed the temperature rating of device & cause partial or total
damage of the device. Hence before soldering we must carefully read the
maximum soldering temperature & soldering time for device.
3.To protect the devices by leakage current of iron its bit should be earthed
properly.
4.We should select the soldering wire with proper ratio of Pb & Tn to
provide the suitable melting temperature.
5.Proper amount of good quality flux must be applied on the soldering point
to avoid dry soldering.
PRINCIPLE AND WORKING
This instrument displays the speed of the vehicle in kmph. An opaque disc
is mounted on the spindle attached to the front wheel of the vehicle. This
disk has ten equidistant holes on its periphery. On one side of the disc an
Infrared LED is fixed and on opposite side of the disc, in line with the IR
LED, a phototransistor is mounted. IC LM324 is wired as a comparator.
Let „N. be the number of pulses in time „t. seconds and numerically equal
to the number of kilometer per hour (kmph).
Thus the counters are rest and counting begins afresh at t=0.520. up to the
time t=0.520 + 0.5068 sec. However the „D. flip-flops are not enabled and
the previous speed is displayed. The new speed is displayed at t=
0.520+0.5068 sec. In this way speed will be updated every 0.520 sec. This
speedometer can measure up to 999kmph with a resolution of 1kmph.
3 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 DESIGN
Gating Period:
Let „N. be the number of pulses in time „t. seconds and numerically equal
to the number of
kilometer per hour (kmph).
(N pulses)/t = N kmph
= (N×1000)/(3600×1.38) m/s
Let C= 0.47µF.