UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SAN FERNANDO CAMPUS

Workshop and CNC Machining

(WKSH 1002)

STUDENT: Adrian Ali (I.D 74833)

DATE: Monday 3rd February, 2020.

PROGRAMME: NETD Mechanical Engineering

COHORT: 19 (Part Time)

TITLE: Assignment #2: Equipment used in CNC Machining.

LECTURER: Lynford Cheddie

 Assignment #2:

Equipment used in CNC Machining.

Prepared by: Adrian Ali (I.D 74833)

University of Trinidad & Tobago.
Date: Monday 3rd February, 2020.
 Workshop & CNC Machining: Assignment 2
Table1.0: brief description of drill types commonly used for CNC Operations.
Type Description
Manufactured having a hardened steel body with
two overlapping inserts, a central and peripheral
insert.
There are several overlapping inserts (dependent
on bit diameter), a central insert and a peripheral.
Insert Hole diameter tolerance achievable is typically
Drill +0.25 mm.
Coolant is delivered through the drill body to the
point of the drill, to reduce the temperature at the
cutting edge and flush out chips through the
flutes.
Stub-length screw machine twist drills (or stub
drills) have a shorter overall length than jobbers'
length bits for maximum rigidity and longer tool
life.
Stub
Drill
Carbide variants are highly durable having three
to five times the penetration of HSS drills, often
eliminating the need for reaming and spot drilling.
These drills are designed to be extremely rigid to
precisely spot a hole for a twist drill.
Spot Because of its overall size, spot type drill bits are
Drill very rigid and are less likely to deflect during
drilling operations.
Tapping is the process of cutting a thread of a
desired pitch, inside a hole so that a cap screw or
bolt can be threaded into the hole. Likewise, this
Tap method is used to make thread on nuts.
These thread taps have a spiral cut with relief
grooves. the spiral angle on the front cutting
edges helps eject the chips and the angled edge
Spiral also gives superior cutting performance.
Tap
Threa Thread mills are cutters used in CNC milling
d Mill machines to cut internal and external threads
using a process called “thread milling.”
Thread milling is a slow process used as a time
saving method over larger dimensions and
provides a superior accuracy and a more refined
finish.
Application Diagram
The cutting speed at the periphery
is more than the cutting speed at
the center.
At the center the cutting is very
poor because of the low cutting
speed, therefore the insert drill is
used to scrape the surface of the
material instead of cutting it.
Designed primarily for machining
operations in screw machines but
can also be used in manual hand
held drills.
They are often used in screw
machine setup where spindle
clearance is limited.
The purpose of these drills is to
ensure that the position of the pilot
hole is accurately located.
This ‘dimple’ created in the
workpiece keeps the twist drill
from ‘walking’.
The spiral angle on the front cutting
edges helps eject the chips. least
expensive thread tap you might
consider using for power tapping,
and can be run at slightly higher
speeds than hand taps.
Thread Milling techniques are
generally used harder materials
allowing the operator cut the
material in smaller
incrementations, at varying speed
and feeds. It is as preferred for
more expensive jobs as broken bits
can be easily removed as oppose to

Type Description
A shell mill is any of various milling cutters
(typically a face mill or endmill) whose
construction takes a modular form. The shank
Shell (arbor) made separately from the body of the
Mill cutter, which is called a “shell” and attaches to the
shank/arbor via any of several standardized
joining methods.
A boring bit with its supporting boring bar and
arbor, used to enlarge and accurately finish a large
bore previously formed by casting or otherwise.
Boring
Tool
End mills are the cutting tools used for milling
with a CNC router. Similar to drill bits, they are
available in a wide range of sizes, types and
materials.
2 Flute
End
If the end mill is fluted, this means that the chips
Mill
caused by the cutting process will gather in the
spaces between the flutes as they are cutting.
Ball end mills with two straight flutes are single
ended, have two cutting edges, and have a zero-
2 Flute degree helix.
Ball
End The straight flute minimizes the fraying of the
Mill edges and provides better surface finishes than
general purpose end mills.
Four flute end mills are used for all end mill
operations.
4 Flute
Although the larger number of flutes allows for a
End
faster feed rate, these mill types do not perform
Mill
as well in grooving operations, since the chips
produced are crowded.
taps.
Application Diagram
Shell mills provides quality face
milling operations. There are
several inserts on the outer edge of
the cutter that removes a small
amount of stock dependent on the
cutting depth.
End mills with two flutes are most
commonly used for creating
grooves or slots.
This type of mill is also known as a
plunge mill, because it can drive
vertically into the workpiece. The
cutting end of the bit has two
blades, of unequal lengths.
They are used to mill plastics,
composites of epoxy and glass, and
are also used for special profile
milling applications where a full
radius is required.
4-flute mills are most often used
for surface milling and side milling
although this type of mill can
produce the same effect as a 2-
flute mill, such as making pockets
and slots.