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Updated Management Strategies For Mastoiditis and PDF
Updated Management Strategies For Mastoiditis and PDF
Updated Management Strategies For Mastoiditis and PDF
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ear, Nose and Throat Dept., Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
KEYWORDS Abstract Mastoiditis remains a problem in Egypt. Despite the widespread use of antibiotics for
Mastoiditis; otitis media, many patients still present with complications.
Mastoid abscess; Treatment options for mastoiditis vary from simple incision and drainage of the tympanic mem-
Otitis media; brane to radical mastoidectomy.
Management; There seems to be no unanimous agreement on the best management strategy for this problem.
Guidelines In this study, we will review various management protocols for mastoiditis and mastoid abscess.
Along with our experience with 12 cases of mastoiditis and mastoid abscess, we will propose our
own management guidelines summarized in an easily accessible flowchart.
ª 2012 Egyptian Society of Ear, Nose, Throat and Allied Sciences.
Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
According to Dudkiewicz et al., the incidence of acute mas- – Definitive surgery: cortical, radical or modified radical mas-
toiditis in patients with acute otitis media (AOM) has dropped toidectomy was performed according to pathology, patient
from 50% at the turn of the 20th century to 6% in 1955 and to presentation and age.
0.4% in 1959, by 1993, only 0.24% of patients with acute otitis
media (AOM) developed acute mastoiditis.1 The Patients were followed up after 1, 3 and 6 months.
Petersen et al. reported a decline in the incidence of acute
mastoiditis from 20% in 1938 to 2.5% in 1945. Acute mastoid- 3. Results
itis has become rare, approaching 0%. It is, however, uncertain
whether this is directly associated with the antibiotics or if an Patients were classified according to their presentation into the
altered nature of the disease/microorganisms and/or the state following groups:
of health is involved.4
There is evidence that the incidence of acute mastoiditis has 1- Cases with mastoid abscess: There were nine cases; these
recently been rising again; this phenomenon could be due to cases were classified according to aetiopathology into
the increasing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms like the following groups.
Streptococcus to penicillin.5 a. Acute otitis media: There were three cases. Two of
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphy- them were below 5 years of age. These patients pre-
lococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are the most com- sented with antritis (Fig. 1) since the mastoid pro-
mon organisms recovered in acute mastoiditis. Pseudomonas cess is not fully pneumatized at this age, they
aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus are the predomi- were treated with medical treatment in addition to
nant isolates that have been recovered from chronically inflamed incision and drainage of the abscess. The third case
mastoids. The role of P. aeruginosa in many of these cases is received medical treatment followed by cortical
questionable because it colonizes the external ear canal and mastoidectomy.
can contaminate specimens obtained through the non-sterile b. Cholesteatoma: There were five cases, two of them
ear canal. Some reports described the recovery of anaerobes, presented with a complication (one with sigmoid
including Bacteroides species, from cases of chronic mastoiditis sinus thrombosis and the other with an extradural
in children.6 abscess). All cases were treated with open mastoid-
ectomy in addition to the treatment of the compli-
2. Materials and methods cation in the two complicated cases.
c. Safe chronic suppurative otitis media: We saw one
This study was conducted on patients who presented with mas- case which was treated with medical treatment in
toiditis or mastoid abscess to the ENT Department at Cairo addition to incision and drainage of the abscess.
University Hospital between June 2007 and June 2009. One Later on after acute inflammation had subsided,
patient presented with a mastoid abscess and postauricular fis- tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy was
tula but was lost to follow up. performed.
This study included 12 patients, 8 males and 4 females. The
age ranged between 2 and 23 years with a mean age of 11.5 years. 2- Cases with mastoiditis: There were three cases; they were
All the patients were subjected to the following assessment classified according to aetiopathology into the following
protocol: groups.
a. Acute otitis media: There were two cases. One of
1. Full otologic examination. them was complicated with facial nerve paralysis
2. Culture and sensitivity obtained for patients who did not and was treated with cortical mastoidectomy and
receive previous antibiotic therapy.
3. CT scan, in cases of a suspected complication, MRI was
performed.
4. Neurosurgical consultation when needed to exclude any
intracranial complications.
4. Discussion
3. CT scan (Fig. 2) is considered the imaging modality of choice Diagnosis of acute coalescent mastoiditis.
for patients with acute mastoiditis. CT images should be Failure of medical therapy programme despite ade-
obtained in every patient with acute mastoiditis. If a compli- quate antibiotic treatment for 48–72 h.
cation is detected, MRI should follow. CT should be repeated Otorrhoea persisting for more than 2 weeks despite
if improvement is inadequate or incomplete and to detect any adequate antibiotic treatment.
complications that may arise during hospitalization Cholesteatoma.
4. The diagnosis should be made with cooperation between
the clinical pathology department, the radiodiagnosis team b. Methods:
and if required, neurosurgical consultation to exclude any
intracranial complication. 1. Minimally invasive procedures:
a. Incision and drainage of the mastoid abscess: Incision
5.2. Treatment guidelines and drainage (I&D) should be performed as soon as
fluctuation appears. The incision should be in line with
1. Medical treatment: any future surgical incisions. Hilton’s method is used to
a. Indications: open all the abscess loculi and to achieve complete
Absence of toxic appearance or signs of intracranial drainage of the pus. A pack of gauze soaked with Beta-
involvement that point towards complicated dine can be placed in the abscess cavity and changed
mastoiditis. daily with wound nursing.
Absence of postauricular fluctuation. b. Myringotomy: with or without tympanostomy tube
Absence of CT signs of mastoid bone cell placement. It should be considered as an established
destruction. treatment in every case of mastoiditis with an intact
Safe type of suppurative otitis media and absence of tympanic membrane or inadequate drainage.
cholesteatoma. a. Definitive surgery:
If cholesteatoma is present, an open mastoid-
b. Methods: ectomy should be performed.
If cholesteatoma is not found, cortical mas-
Administration of parenteral antibiotic therapy: Culture toidectomy is the best choice.
and sensitivity should be obtained prior to therapy and antibi-
otics should be modified according to the organisms recovered
and their susceptibility. Gram-stain preparation of the speci- A postauricular fistula (Fig. 3) should be followed through
men can provide initial guidance for the empirical choice of the mastoid and totally excised, the skin edges should be fresh-
antimicrobial therapy. ened, undermined and carefully sutured in 2 layers.
The empiric antibiotics given were 3rd generation cephalo- The timing of surgery depends mainly on the patient’s con-
sporin (e.g. cefotaxime) and metronidazole. The antibiotics dition and his response to the medical treatment. If the patient
were given intravenously 1gm/12 h for adults and half the dose is deteriorating, surgery should be carried out promptly to save
was given for children. the patient’s life.
However, if the patient’s response to medical treatment is
2. Surgical treatment: good, as evidenced by clinical improvement and a follow-up
a. Indications: CT scan, the surgery may be postponed for one week to avoid
Intracranial complications. perichondritis.
Evidence of postauricular fluctuation and subperios-
teal abscess. 5.3. Guidelines of management of mastoid abscess according to
aetiopathology
Myringotomy is needed in cases with insufficient drain- 3. Acute mastoiditis with postauricular abscess.
age e.g. intact drum or small high perforation. Treatment is surgical in the form of cortical mastoidec-
Treatment of the cause e.g. acute suppurative otitis tomy after medical preparation with intravenous
media antibiotics.
In unfavourable circumstances, the abscess may be inc-
2. Acute coalescent mastoiditis presenting with a complication ised and drained followed a few days later by
e.g. facial nerve paralysis or intracranial complications e.g. mastoidectomy.
lateral sinus thrombophlebitis. Treatment of the cause.
Treatment is mainly surgical under cover of broad spec-
trum intravenous antibiotics. 4. Acute mastoiditis complicating safe type of chronic suppu-
Treatment of the cause. rative otitis media.
Intracranial complications such as brain abscess or Medical treatment similar to acute suppurative otitis
meningitis should be co-managed with the neurosur- media.
gery department with priority going to the neurosurgery. Treatment of the cause after the abscess has resolved e.g.
When the patient is neurologically stable, management tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy.
of the ear disease can be addressed.
If ICC detected by
MRI CT or positive CT scan
neurological signs
Co-Management
Follow-up
48 M. Abdel Raouf et al.
5. Acute mastoiditis on top of unsafe type of chronic suppura- [3]. Holt GR, Gates GA. Masked mastoiditis. Laryngoscope.
tive otitis media (cholesteatoma). 1983;93:1034–1037.
Treatment is surgical in the form of open mastoidec- [4]. Petersen CG, Ovesen T, Pedersen CB. Acute mastoidectomy in a
tomy under cover of intravenous broad spectrum Danish county from 1977 to 1996 with focus on the bacteriology.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;45:21–29.
antibiotic.
[5]. Tarantino V, D’Agostino R, Taborelli G, Melagrana A, Porcu A,
Stura M. Acute Mastoiditis: a 10 year retrospective study. Int J
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