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3.4 Hardware Specification

3.4.1 Monocrystalline Solar Panel

This type of solar panel (made of monocrystalline silicon) is the purest one. Anyone can easily

recognize them from the uniform dark look and the rounded edges. The silicon‟s high purity

causes this type of solar panel has one of the highest efficiency rates, with the newest ones

reaching above 20%. Monocrystalline panels have a high power output, occupy less space, and

last the longest. Of course, that also means they are the most expensive of the bunch. Another

advantage to consider is that they tend to be slightly less affected by high temperatures compared

to polycrystalline panels
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Figure 3.2: Monocrystalline Solar Panel

3.4.2 Solar Charge Controller

This device regulates rates of flow of electricity from the generation source to the battery and the

load. The controller keeps the battery fully charged without over-charging it. When the load is

drawing power, the controller allows the charge to flow from the generation source into the

battery, the load, or both. When the controller senses that the battery is fully (or nearly fully)

charged, it reduces or stops the flow of electricity from the generation source, or diverts it to an

auxiliary or "shunt" load (most commonly an electric water heater).

Many controllers will also sense when loads have taken too much energy from batteries and will

stop the flow until sufficient charge is restored to the batteries. This last feature can greatly

extend the battery's lifetime. Also,

with this controller, lights can be

switched ON at any particular time

and can be switched OFF at any

particular time automatically.

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Figure 3.3: MTTP Charge Controller

3.4.3 Deep Cycle Battery

A deep cycle battery is a lead battery designed to provide sustained power over a long period

and run reliably until it is 80% discharged or more, at which point it needs to be recharged. It is

important to note that although deep cycle batteries can be discharged up to 80%, most

manufacturers recommend not discharging below 45% to extend the life of the battery.

The level of discharge is the “deep cycle” and stands in contrast to other types of batteries that

provide only short bursts of energy

before they need to be recharged.

Deep cycle batteries

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provide sustained energy, making them ideal for certain applications that require more than a

quick start.

Figure 3.4: Deep Cycle Battery

3.4.4 Inverter

A power inverter, or inverter, is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct

current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the

design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is

provided by the DC source. A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination
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of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not

use moving parts in the conversion process.

Power inverters are primarily used in electrical power applications where high currents and

voltages are present; circuits that perform the same function for electronic signals, which usually

have very low currents and voltages, are called oscillators. Circuits that perform the opposite

function, converting AC to DC, are called rectifiers.

Figure 3.5:

Inverter

3.4.5 Dc Motor

A permanent magnet motor is a type of electric motor that uses permanent magnets rather than

windings on its field.

This type of motor is used in the Chevy Bolt, the Chevy Volt, and the Tesla Model 3. Other

Tesla models use traditional induction motors. Front motors in all-wheel drive Model 3 Teslas

are also induction motors. Permanent magnet motors are more efficient than induction motor or

motors with field windings for certain high-efficiency applications such as electric vehicles.
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A permanent magnet motor is a type of electric motor that uses permanent magnets rather than

windings on its field. This type of motor is used in the Chevy Bolt, the Chevy Volt, and the Tesla

Model 3. Other Tesla models use traditional induction motors. Front motors in all-wheel

drive Model 3 Tesla are also induction motors. Permanent magnet motors are more efficient than

induction motor or motors with field windings for certain high-efficiency applications such as

electric vehicles.

Figure 3.6: DC motor

3.4.6 Water Filter

Water filtration is a general term that refers to any system

or process that is used to filter out particles and pollutants

from water. It doesn't necessarily need to be a

purifier to make the cut. Anything that removes any

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amount of particles, sediment, bacteria, and the chlorine taste can be called water filtration. If it

has a filter of any type, it's a filtration system.

Figure 3.7: Water Filter

3.4.7 Water Sanitary Tank

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Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking

water, irrigationagriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and

livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other

uses. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of

construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water

tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel(welded or

bolted, carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots, such as matki used in South Asia, can also

be used for water storage. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries

to store clean water.

Figure 3.8: Water Sanitary Tank