Surface Anatomy

De La Salle-Lipa
College of Law
 People vs Lorenzo Raytos
June 7, 2017; GR 255623

u The medico legal report shows the following wounds:

u (+) stab wound, scapular area, (R) 2 cm.
u (+) stab wound, posterior axillary line (R), 3 cm.
u (+) stab wound, (R) flank area, 3.5 cm.
u (+) stab wound, infrascapular area, (L)
 What is Anatomy?
u The term anatomy is derived from the Greek word “anatomne”
u Ana-means “on, upon” and
u tomne means “ I cut”.
u Anatomy is defined the study of the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another
 Anatomical Position
u Anatomical position is the position that provides the standard reference point
for describing the structures of the human body.
u The Anatomical Position
u In this position, the body is standing erect with good posture and the face is
looking directly forward.
u The feet are about 6 inches apart, flat on the floor and the toes pointing forward
u The arms are down at the sides with the palms turned forward and thumbs pointing
away from the body.
Anatomical Position

From the starting point of

the anatomical position it
is possible to describe the
relative positions of
structures using a
standardized set of terms
Relative Positional Terms
Anatomical Planes
Relative Positions
BODY CAVITIES
Body Cavities (Dorsal and Ventral
Cavities)
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
 Organ Systems of the Body
u Integumentary system (skin)
u Forms the external body covering
u Composed of the skin, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair, and nails
u Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
u Skeletal system
u Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments [with the joints they make up]
u Protects and supports body organs
u Provides the framework for muscles
u Site of blood cell formation
u Stores minerals
 Organ Systems of the Body
u Muscular system
u Composed of muscles and tendons
u Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
u Maintains posture
u Produces heat
u Nervous system
u Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
u Is the fast-acting control system of the body
u Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
 Organ Systems of the Body
u Cardiovascular system
u Composed of the heart and blood vessels
u Artery: oxygenated blood
u Veins unoxygenated blood

u The heart pumps blood

u The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
u Lymphatic system
u Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic
vessels
u Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
u Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
u Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
 Organ Systems of the Body
u Respiratory system
u Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
u Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
u Digestive system
u Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, anus, and liver
u Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
u Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
u Urinary system
u Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
u Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
u Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
 Organ Systems of the Body
u Male reproductive system
u Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
u Main function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormones
u Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
u Female reproductive system
u Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
u Main function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex
hormones
u Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
u Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn
 Organ Systems of the Body

u Endocrine system
u Consists of the pancreas, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, testes, ovary, pituitary
gland
u Produces hormones
u Controls metabolism
u Special Senses
u Eyes: vision
u Ears: hearing and equilibrium
u Nose: smell
u Skin: touch
u Tongue: taste
SURFACE ANATOMY
 What is Surface Anatomy?
u A branch of gross anatomy that examines shapes and markings on the surface
of the body as they relate to deeper structures.
u Essential in locating and identifying anatomic structures prior to studying
internal gross anatomy.
u Health-care personnel use surface anatomy to help diagnose medical
conditions and to treat patients.
u The ability to locate anatomical structures via the surface of the body using
observation, palpation and reference landmarks is an essential part of clinical
medicine.
 4 Techniques in the Examination of
Surface Anatomy
1. Visual Inspection
1. Directly observe the structure and markings of surface features

2. Palpation
1. Feeling with firm pressure or perceiving by the sense of touch
2. Precisely locate and identify anatomic features under the skin

3. Percussion
1. Tap sharply on specific body sites to detect resonating vibrations

4. Auscultation
1. Listening to sound emitted by organs
SURFACE ANATOMY: THORAX (CHEST)
Surface Anatomy Anterior Thorax (Chest)
Bone

• three (3) internal hematomas on the chest which were not fatal or more or less,
superficial;
• one stab wound just below the nipple measuring 3.2 inches that hit the lungs which
could cause internal hemorrhage; inflicted with use of sharp pointed knife; a fatal
wound (People vs Marlon Soriano; GR 216063; June 5, 2017)
Surface Anatomy Anterior Thorax (Chest)
Muscles
Surface Anatomy Anterior Thorax (Chest)
Vertical Body Lines
Surface Anatomy Anterior Thorax (Chest)
Anterior Lungs
Surface Anatomy Anterior Thorax (Chest)
Heart
Surface Anatomy Posterior Thorax (Chest)
Bone
Surface Anatomy Posterior Thorax (Chest)
Vertical Body Lines
Surface Anatomy Posterior Thorax (Chest)
Posterior Lungs
Surface Anatomy Lateral Thoracic Wall (Chest)
Axillary Lines and Folds
SURFACE ANATOMY: ABDOMEN
Margins of the Abdomen
Horizontal Plane of the Thorax and Abdomen
Four Regions or Quadrants of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Four Regions or Quadrants of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Visceral Contents
Nine (9) Regions of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Nine (9) Regions of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Visceral Contents
 Anterior Abdomen
Visceral Contents (Small and Large Intestines
UPPER LIMB OR EXTREMITY
 Composition of the Upper Extremity

u The upper limb is formed by the arm, forearm and hand.

u It articulates proximally with the pectoral girdle at the shoulder joint.
u The pectoral girdle, formed by the scapula, clavicle and associated muscles,
acts as a mobile articulation with the outer surface of the thoracic wall and
sternum.
u Within the forearm the terms medial and lateral are synonymous with ulnar
and radial, respectively.
Posterior View of the Upper Extremity
Anterior View of the Upper Extremity
Muscles of the Scapula, Shoulder and Rotator Cuff
Posterior View
Anterior Pectoral Girdle and Arm Muscles
Neurovasculature of the Axilla and Arm
Elbow: Anterior View
Elbow: Posterior View
Forearm: Posterior View
Forearm: Anterior View
Wrist and Hand: Posterior View
Wrist and Hand: Anterior View
Digits: Anterior View
LOWER LIMB OR EXTREMITY
 COMPONENTS OF THE LOWER LIMB

u The lower limb is formed by the gluteal region, thigh, leg and foot.
u It articulates proximally with the pelvic girdle via the hip joint.
u The pelvic girdle is formed by the left and right hip bones and the sacrum.
u It contributes to the lower part of the trunk and encloses the greater and
lesser pelvis.
u The girdle connects the lower limb with the axial skeleton and transmits
weight and locomotive forces between them.
Anterior Pelvic Girdle, Hip, Femur and Knee
Osteology
Anterior View Bones of the Right Leg
Anterior View of the Right Knee
Lateral View of the Foot
Osteology
PELVIS and PERINEUM
 Definition

u Pelvic region
u The pelvic region is located at the inferior end of the abdominopelvic cavity. The
term pelvis, pelvic cavity and pelvic girdle are often interchanged.
u Perineum
u The perineum is a diamond-shaped region located below the pelvic floor.
u It can be divided into urogenital and anal triangles.
u The urogenital triangle contains the external genitalia of both sexes and voluntary urinary
sphincter muscles.
u The anal triangle contains the anal canal and the voluntary and autonomic anal
sphincters.

u The lateral parts of the perineum also contain the fat- filled ischio- anal fossae,
which are prone to abscess and fistula formation.
Female Pelvis: Anterior
Female Pelvis: Posterior
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND BACK
 Structures Forming the Back

u The back is formed from multiple layers of structures including:

u The vertebral column, meninges and spinal cord
u The posterior thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles)
u The scapula and superficial muscles acting on the pectoral girdle
u The deep intrinsic muscles acting on the vertebral column
 Function of the Vertebral Column

u The vertebral column forms the midline structure of the back to which the
head, limbs, thoracic cage and abdominal wall are attached.
u The column is a dynamic weight-bearing structure able to absorb shock and
transmit forces between the upper body and the lower limbs.
u The column also conveys and protects the spinal cord and nerves in their
meningeal coverings.
u The dynamic stress-bearing nature of the back and vertebral column means
that it is a common site of pain via mechanical or neural injury.
 Vertebral Column

u The vertebral column is normally

formed of 33 vertebrae and associated
ligaments, intervertebral discs and
facet (zygapophyseal) joints. The
column is divided into five regions
Regions of the Vertebral Column
MRI of Lumbar Spine
Sacral Triangle and Hiatus
HEAD AND NECK
 HEAD
u The head comprises the cranium and associated
tissues. It contains the brain, brainstem,
cerebellum and organs of special sense, speech,
feeding and breathing. The cranium is formed from
a set of irregular bones united mostly via brous
suture joints. It consists of two main parts (Figure
8.1):
u The neurocranium (calvaria and skull base), which
houses the brain and associated neural tissues
u The viscerocranium (facial skeleton), which
includes the nasal cavity, orbits, oral cavity, palate,
teeth and mandible
 NECK

u The neck connects the head and

associated viscera with the trunk
and upper limbs. For descriptive
purposes the neck is bordered
(Figure 8.2):
Anterior Skull
Lateral View of the Skull
Lateral View Skull: Mandible and Temporomandibular Joint
Neurovasculature in the Neck
Nerves
Vasculature in the Neck
Arteries and Veins
LARYNX, TRACHEA AND THYROID GLAND
THANK YOU