ASSIGNMENTS (Group of 2): Chapter 4 Semiconductor and Diode

Name /Matric No. Group members involvement

(Tick √ the following)

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

1. Noor Ashikin binti / / / / / /

Lamat (E20182022981)

2. Nazreen Nasrullah Bin / / / /

Mohamad
(E20182023012)

1. Draw the energy band diagram for conductor, insulator and semiconductor.

SEMICONDUCTOR

CONDUCTOR INSULATOR
 2. Explain the difference between conductor, insulator and semiconductor in terms of energy gap.
Conductor
Insulator
Semiconductor
3. Difference between n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor
P-type Semiconductor
The P-type semiconductor can be formed by
adding trivalent impurities
Once the impurity is added, then it creates holes
or vacancy of electrons. This is called an acceptor
atom.
The III group elements are Ga, Al, In, etc
The majority charge carriers are holes & minority
charge carriers are electrons.
The valence band is partially filled, and since
there are numerous empty levels, the electrons are
free to move under the influence of an electric
field, thus, in a metal the valence band is also the
conduction band.
Electrons completely fill the valence band; and
the gap between it and the next band, which is the
conduction band, is large. The electrons cannot
move under the influence of an electric field
unless they are given enough energy to cross the
large energy gap to the conduction band.
The gap to the conduction band is smaller than in
an insulator. At room temperature, the valence
band is almost completely filled. A few electrons
are missing from the valence band because they
have acquired enough thermal energy to cross the
band gap to the conduction band; as a result, they
can move under the influence of an external
electric field.
N-type Semiconductor
The N-type semiconductor can be formed by
adding pentavalent impurities
Once the impurity is added, then it gives extra
electrons. This is called a donor atom.
The V group elements are As, P, Bi, Sb, etc.
The majority charge carriers are electrons &
minority charge carriers are holes.
4. What is a Diode?

A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current.
It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from
flowing in the opposite direction.

5. Sketch Diode Symbol

6. Sketch the p-n junction for forward and reverse bias mode by showing the circuit connection and
depletion region

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

7. Sketch the voltage and current characteristics for the forward and reverse bias p-n junction.
 8. Draw the circuit diagram and output waveforms of half-wave, full-wave with center-tapped and
bridge rectifiers.

Half-wave Rectifier
Circuit diagram Input waveform

Output waveform

Full-wave Rectifier with center-tapped transformer

Circuit diagram Input waveform

Output waveform
 Bridge Rectifier
Circuit diagram Input waveform

Output waveform

9. List at least THREE (3) special purpose diodes and its function

GUNN DIODE

Gunn diode is a PN junction diode, this sort of diode is a semiconductor device that has two terminals.
Generally, it is used for producing microwave signals

PHOTODIODE

The photodiode is used to detect light. It is found that when light strikes a PN-junction it can create
electrons and holes

ZENER DIODE

The Zener diode is used to provide a stable reference voltage

10. In semiconductor, there are electron current and hole current. What do you understand about hole
current? explain.

At room temperature, some of the co-valent bonds in a pure semiconductor crystal break, thus
setting up free electrons. Under the influence of electric field, these free electrons constitute
electric current. At the same time, another current for example hole current, also flows in the
semiconductor.

When a co-valent bond is broken due to thermal energy, the removal of one electron leaves a
vacancy and a missing electron in the co-valent bond. This missing electron is called a hole
which acts as a positive charge. For one electron set free, one hole is created. Therefore,
thermal energy creates hole-electron pairs. That means number of free electrons is equal to
number of holes.