Chemical equation show reactants combining in a fixed molar

ratio
 
All questions on reacting rations involve a variation of this approach:
 
 Write the balanced equation
 Workout the mole ratio for species identified in the question
 Workout the mole ration by mass for these species using
m=n M
 Insert data from the question and solve the data
 

 
 
 
The theoretical yield is determined by the limiting reactant
 
Limiting reactant - determines the amount of product that can form
 
Theoretical yield - the quantity of product that can form from the
complete conversion of the limiting reactant
 
The reactant that is not fully used are in excess
 
 
How to solve:
 
 Write the balanced equation, focus on the moles ratio
 Convert the given mass of reactants to moles
 Compare the given mole ratios with the ratio of coefficients
 Identify the limiting reactants from above ratio
 Calculate the moles of product from given moles of limiting
reactant
 
 
 
The percentage yield can be calculated from the experimental
and theoretical yields
 
When comparing the experimental yield with theoretical yield, we get
a measure of the efficiency of the conversion of products.
 
This is expressed as percentage yield, expressed as :
 
experimental yield
percentage yield= ×100 %
theoretical yield
 
 
Avogadro law directly relates gas volumes to moles
 
Avogadro's law states that:
 
Equal volumes of all gases, when measured at the same
temperature and pressure, contain an equal number of particles.
 
Using V for volume and n for number of moles:
 
V∝ n
 
This relationship enables us to relate gas volumes to the number of
moles and so to reacting ratios in equations
 

 
 
 
 
All gases under the same conditions have the same molar
volume
 
At standard temperature and pressure (STP) one mole of gas has a
volume of 2.27 * 10-2 m3 mol-1 ( 22.7 dm3 mol–1)
 
The conditions at STP:
 
 A temperature of 273 K (0 C)
 Pressure of 100 kPA
 
The molar volume can be used to calculate the amount of gas:
 
volume
number of moles of gas=
molar volume
 
 
The gas laws describe pressure volume and temperature
relationships for all gases
 
1. Relationship between volume and pressure
 
The volume of gas is always the volume of its container as the
particles spread out fully
Its pressure is the result of particles colliding with the walls of the
container and will increase when the frequency or energy of these
collisions increases.
 
If the temperature is held constant, increasing the pressure on a fixed
mass of gas decreases its volume.
 
 
This is known as Boyle's law:
 
1
P∝
V
 
PV = constant
 
 
2. Relationship between volume and temperature
 
An increase in temperature represents an increase in the average KE
of the particles
 
If the pressure is held constant, increasing the temperature of a fixed
mass of gas increases its volume
 

This is known as Charles' law:

 
V∝T
 
V
=a constant
T
 
 
 
3. Relationship between pressure and temperature
 
If the volume is held constant, increasing the temperature of a fixed
mass of gas proportionally raises its pressure
 

 
P∝T
 
P
=a constant
T
 
 
 
The three gas laws applied to a fixed mass of gas can be summarized
as:
 

 
 
Combined to give one equation for a fixed mass of gas :
 
 

 
 
The ideal gas equation is :
 
PV=nRT
 
 
Real gases show deviation from ideal behavior
 
All gases deviate to some extend from ideal behavior
 
Example:
 

 
Conclusions:
 
 The gas behaves most like an ideal gas at low pressure and
shows the greatest deviation at high pressure
  The gas behaves most like an ideal gas at high temperature
and shows the greatest at low temperature
 
 
The concentration of a solution depends on moles of solute
and volume of solution
 
A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
 
 
Unlike gases, the volume of liquid is not directly related to its amount
- instead, it's expressed through concentration.
 
The concentration of a solution ( c) is determined by the amount of
solute (n) and the volume of solution (V).
Expressed as mol dm -3
 
n
c=
V
 
A different unit of concentration is known as ppm:
 
mass of components
ppm= ×10 6
total mass of solution
 
 
Dilutions of solutions reduce the concentration
 
As solution is diluted, the number of moles of solute remains the
same, but the concentration decreases
 
Thu, an equation to calculate :
 
c1V1 = c2V2
 
 
The concentration of a solution can be determined by
volumetric analysis
 
Most common one- titration
 
Calculation process (from GCSE)
 
 Concentration
 Volume
 Moles
 Ratio (!)
 
 
Back titration:
 
 first write the equation for the reaction;
 look for the reactant whose volume and concentration are
given and calculate
its number of moles from n = cV;
  use this answer and the mole ratio in the equation to
determine the number
of moles of the other reactant;
  use the number of moles and volume of the second reactant
to calculate its concentration from
n
c=
V